福建省花岗岩类Nd-Sr同位素特征及其意义

本文报道了福建省范围内前人分析数据稀疏或空白区域内的１８个古生代－中生代花岗岩体的Ｎｄ、Ｓｒ同位素组成：εＮｄ（ｔ）＝－３．６～－１６．４,（８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ）ｉ＝０．７０５５～０．７３１８,ｔＤＭ＝１．２～２．３Ｇａ。结合前人分析数据,区分出三个地域区带：福安－南靖断裂以东的沿海带：εＮｄ（ｔ）＝－１．５～－６．８,（８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ）ｉ＝０．７０５６～０．７０９９,ｔＤＭ＝１．１～１．４５Ｇａ,弧后伸展构造背景下的幔－壳岩浆混合是该带花岗岩的主要成岩方式;福安－南靖断裂以西的内陆区域：εＮｄ（ｔ）＝－４．０～－１６．４,（８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ）ｉ＝０．７０６４～０．７４１０,ｔＤＭ＝１．３～２．３,其中加里东－印支期花岗岩主要由与麻源群相当之地壳物质部分熔融形成,而燕山期花岗岩,一部分由与麻源群相当或较年轻的地壳物质部分熔融产生,也有一部分可能由壳－幔岩浆混合形成;福建省南部的纬向带：εＮｄ（ｔ）＝－３．６～－７．５,（８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ）ｉ＝０．７０５５～０．７０９９,ｔＤＭ＝１．２～１．５５,同位素特征与沿海带相似,但该带构造拉张发育时间较沿海带略早     

冀西北水泉沟正长岩杂岩体的成因

水泉沟碱性正长岩杂岩体侵入于太古宇桑干群变质岩中，岩体主要由碱性长石正长岩、角闪碱长正长岩、正长岩、石英碱长正长岩等组成，属碱性岩系列，在岩石的石英颗粒中见有熔融包体的存在。岩石的稀土元素分布模式呈平滑的右倾模式，无明显的铕异常。岩石的Ｐｂ同位素组成为２０６Ｐｂ／２０４Ｐｂ＝１６．４５７～１８．２８６、２０７Ｐｂ／２０４Ｐｂ＝１５．２７０～１５．４７２、２０８Ｐｂ／２０４Ｐｂ＝３６．５３９～３７．３９３，石英的δ１８Ｏ值为８．０‰～８．５‰，（８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ）ｉ≈０．７０５，岩石的ｔＤＭ为１．６～１．９Ｇａ，εＮｄ（ｔ）为－７．４５～－１３．１，明显大于区域基底的εＮｄ（ｔ）值（－２０±）。以上结果表明，岩体为上地幔和下地壳物质部分熔融的产物。岩体角闪石３９Ａｒ－４０Ａｒ年龄３２７Ｍａ，为海西期岩浆作用的产物     

K2CO3—CaCO3体系中复碳酸盐的热化学

在熔融的２ＰｂＯ．Ｂ２Ｏ３中（９７４Ｋ）,用滴溶量热法测定了２９８Ｋ下由组分Ｋ２ＣＯ３和ＣａＣＯ３形成的复碳酸盐Ｋ２Ｃａ（ＣＯ３）２（它有胶方解石和碳钾钙石两种多型）和Ｋ２Ｃａ２（ＣＯ３）３为－７．２±５．８ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ。同时推算出了复碳酸盐生砀熵变ΔＳｔ。假定具有序结构的胶方解石的ΔＳｔ＝０,则碳钾钙石的生成熵为４０．９±５．１Ｊ／ｍｏｌ．Ｋ,Ｋ２Ｃａ２（ＣＯ３）３为３９．４±７．３Ｊ／ｍｏｌ．     

新疆阿尔曼太蛇绿岩时代的Nd—Sr同位素地质研究

本文通过测定采自新疆阿尔曼太兔子泉一带蛇绿岩的堆晶辉长岩、辉绿岩和安山玢岩，获得Ｓｍ－Ｎｄ等时年龄为５６１±４１Ｍａ，εＮｄ（ｔ）＝６．１，Ｒｂ－Ｓｒ等时年龄为３９２±１７Ｍａ，（８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ）ｉ＝０．７０４１，前者为蛇绿岩的形成时代，后者为蛇绿岩遭受后期变质作用的时间。札河坝－阿尔曼太蛇绿岩的形成环境可能是古亚洲洋向南俯冲引起的弧后盆地     

东秦岭陡岭群变质杂岩Sm-Nd、Rb-Sr、40Ar/39Ar、207Pb/206Pb年龄

本文用单颗粒锆石逐级蒸发２０７Ｐｂ／２０６Ｐｂ、ＳｍＮｄ、ＲｂＳｒ、４０Ａｒ／３９Ａｒ年代学方法对东秦岭陡岭群变质杂岩的形成时代、变质时期和构造归属进行了研究。结果表明：陡岭群变质杂岩形成于早元古代，年龄为２０００Ｍａ左右，在其形成后遭受了多期变质作用。片麻岩ＳｍＮｄ等时年龄１８７８±２５６Ｍａ（εＮｄ（ｔ）＝＋２．８±２．６）代表了ＳｍＮｄ同位素系统重新发生均一化作用的时间。主期变质作用发生在８３３±１７Ｍａ（角闪石４０Ａｒ／３９Ａｒ高温坪年龄）；另一期变质作用发生于４２２±１６Ｍａ（片麻岩Ｒｂ     

贵州织金地区晚二叠世的沉积环境分析

主要根据Ｂ,Ｂ／Ｇａ和Ｓｒ,Ｓｒ／Ｂａ的含量和比值大小来判断水的盐度,以及岩石类型和古生物组合,推断当时的沉积环境为过渡相偏海相的沉积特征。     

盘山花岗岩裂隙水研究

盘山花岗岩裂隙水起源于大气降水，赋存于各种成因的裂隙中，裂隙水年龄从小于４ａ到接近４０ａ，差异较大。裂隙水中常量元素和微量元素主要来源于长石类矿物的水解，特别是钙长石的水解，其中ＳｉＯ２和Ｓｒ在裂隙水中含量较高，已达到饮用矿泉水标准。裂隙水可开采资源量多年平均为１２９１．５６万ｍ＾３／ａ，富水规律明显。     

南秦岭宁陕地区花岗岩类Pb,Sr,Nd同位素组成及其深部地质信息

本文报道了南秦岭印支期（—２００Ｍａ）宁陕岩体群中８个花岗岩类岩体的Ｐｂ、Ｓｒ、Ｎｄ同位素组成。宁陕岩体群花岗质岩石以低放射成因Ｐｂ同位素组成为特征，初始（８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ）ｔ比值变化于０．７０４９５—０．７０９０８之间，εＮｄ（ｔ）值变化于－２．４１—－８．５５之间，Ｎｄ同位素模式年龄（ＴＤＭ）变化于１．２０—１．７１Ｇａ之间，从该岩体群的东部到西部，呈现εＮｄ（ｔ）逐渐降低而ＴＤＭ逐渐增高的规律变化。宁陕岩体群的岩浆源区主要来自于南秦岭的深部地壳，在岩浆源区中，类似南秦岭耀岭河群的基性火山岩占有主要比例，南秦岭较古老的地壳物质仅有少量参与，然而，从该岩体群的东部到西部，这种古老地壳物质参与比例逐渐增高。根据花岗岩对深部地壳物质组成的指示，佛坪穹窿的深部地壳主要由垫托于佛坪群之下的晚元古代基性岩浆物质组成。从该穹窿的东部到西部，地壳深部含有古老地壳物质的比例逐渐增高，由此反映佛坪穹窿的深部地壳物质呈现出东西分带，具南北向构造，这不同于佛坪穹窿地表浅部物质的环形分布特征。     

陕南铁船山岩体的地球化学特征、成因及其形成的构造环境

扬子克拉通北缘的铁船山岩体形成于新元古代，其岩石类型为霓石－钠铁门石花岗岩，岩石富碱质、Ｓｔ、Ｆｅ、ＲＥＥ和高场强元素，而贫Ａｌ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｓｒ、Ｂａ、Ｃｏ、Ｎｉ等组分，δＥｕ＝０．２０，Ａ／ＫＮＣ＝０．８５，Ｋ２Ｏ＋Ｎａ２Ｏ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３＝１．０９，Ａ·Ｒ＝９．２８，岩石属典型的Ａ型花岗岩，Ｎｄ、Ｓｒ和Ｏ同位素示踪反映其成岩物质来自于壳幔混合源区。根据区域地质背景的综合分析，岩体形成于活动陆缘的张裂构造环境，属活动板块边缘拉张型花岗岩。     

海南岛中元古代花岗岩地球化学及成因研究

海南岛中元古代花岗岩岩体主要由二长花岗岩、花岗冈长岩等岩石组成，构成一个明显的 自花岗岩向花岗闪长岩和英云闪长岩的岩浆演化系列及钙碱性演化趋势。该岩体为一套板块碰撞 后隆起期原地一半原地过铝质花岗岩。是板块碰撞引起的地壳增厚升温和随之的玄武岩浆底侵加 热联合作用下，主要由抱板群变质沉积岩及斜长角闪片麻岩部分融熔、并在幔源物质的参与下形 成的，所形成的花岗质岩浆在“走滑扩容泵吸”机制驱动下沿戈枕剪切带上升、固结就位，因而具壳 幔二元混合成因特点。化学成分以高 ＳｉＯ２、Ｋ２Ｏ、Ｒｂ、Ｂａ、Ｔａ、Ｃｅ和贫Ｐ、Ｔｉ、Ｚｒ、Ｓｒ、Ｆｅ２Ｏ３＋ＦｅＯ、 ＭｇＯ、ＣａＯ为特征；元素比值Ｚｒ／Ｎｂ、Ｌａ／Ｎｂ、Ｂａ／Ｎｂ、Ｒｂ／Ｎｂ、Ｋ／Ｎｂ、Ｂａ／Ｌａ及Ｃｒ、Ｃｏ、Ｎｉ、Ｖ均接近 大陆中下地壳成分，Ｒｂ、Ｓｒ、Ｂａ、Ｔａ、Ｚｒ及比值Ｋ／Ｓｒ、Ｒｂ／Ｓｒ石ｒ／Ｂａ变化范围小，反映岩浆源区成分 或熔融方式上的一致性；轻重稀土较强分馏，负铕异常明显，稀土配分模式总体相似，呈左高右低 型，和抱板群变质沉积岩稀上元素组成基本一致；εＮｄ（ｔ）值普遍高于抱板群地层，（８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ）ｉ值变化 大，暗示幔源参与信息。结合抱板群变基性火山岩的     

准格尔矿区环境水文地质问题及对策

准格尔矿区地下水开采资源量为16760t/d,而开采量为74973t/d,长期开采将引起一系列环境水文地质问题,如泥沙充填带运移和水质恶化,所以应合理开采地下水资源;开拓新的供水水源;建立新的供水水源地;减少集中开采;建立地面污水处理系统,避免污水排入地下      

Assessing potential effects of global climate change on tropical freshwater fishes

Climate change will affect both the quality and the quantity of water in freshwater environments. Changes in air temperature and precipitation will alter the annual water temperature cycle and the annual water level cycle. Initial assessments of the effects of climate change on freshwater fishes of North America have focused on the potential thermal effects of climate change because of the strong influence of water temperature on the life histories of temperate fishes. Paralleling the influence of water temperature on temperate fishes is the influence of water quantity on tropical fishes, especially on riverine fishes. The extreme seasonal fluctuations in discharge of tropical rivers, through the effects on fish habitat availability and habitat conditions, have produced a range in preferred habitat types among riverine fishes. We suggest that initial assessment of potential effects of climate change on tropical freshwater fishes should focus on changes to water quantity variables in riverine environments. Assessments should begin at a coarse level of resolution. A useful starting point would be comparative analyses of the sensitivity of blackfishes and whitefishes to changes in habitat availability, oxygen levels and desiccation stress that will likely accompany changes in the seasonal flow regimes of tropical rivers.This paper formed part of a symposium held at the XVII Pacific Science Congress in Honolulu, Hawaii June 1991. The theme of the symposium was Aspects of Global Environmental Change: Freshwater Ecosystems which focused on southern Pacific environments.     

化学沉积过程中元素间线性关系的研究──以盐类沉积为例

本文研究了半封闭体系的盐类化学沉积过程。在获得单个元素浓度变化规律的基础上，推导了元素间线性关系的数学模型。提出元素定性分配系数和定量分配系数概念，给出元素拟合直线截距和斜率的地球化学意义，并讨论了制约元素间关系的影响因素。最后给出了应用实例。     

黄河头道拐水沙变化多元驱动因子贡献率分析

根据1950—2010年水沙实测资料,采用统计分析方法,通过构建非线性响应模型,辨识了水沙变化主导驱动因子,定量评估了多因子对黄河上游头道拐水沙变化的贡献率.结果表明:头道拐1950—2010年多年平均径流量减少速率为2.23亿m3/a,多年平均输沙量减少速率为0.027亿t/a,1987—2010年径流泥沙减少趋势更为明显,同期输沙量减幅明显大于径流量减幅;1969—2010年气候因子和下垫面因子对头道拐站年径流模数和年输沙模数变化的贡献率均约为2:8,下垫面因子明显占主导地位,其中宁蒙灌区年引水量对年径流模数变化的贡献率最大,达到42%,龙羊峡和刘家峡等水库运用对年输沙模数变化的贡献率最大,达到34%.预计今后兰州以上径流变化和兰州至头道拐区间主要支流来沙变化两大自然因素将是头道拐水沙变化的主导因子;灌区引水和支流水土保持综合治理减沙对头道拐水沙变化的贡献率将居主导地位.     

北京地区地热资源开采评价

地热通常指那些能够为人类所开发和利用的地球内部的热资源。地热资源是可供工业、农业利用的生态型能源,具有巨大的市场潜力。地热资源作为一种相对清洁的替代能源,对其进行开采评价有助于地热资源合理有效地利用。以北京某地热井为例,从地热温度、矿物质含量、开采量及水质等方面对地热资源进行了评价。在水质评价中通过医疗应用评价、饮用矿泉水评价、生活饮用水评价等方面对地热资源的应用类型进行分析评价,其中医疗应用评价中对地热水的机械、温度、化学成份等的医疗作用进行评价。     

Temperature predictions and predictive temperatures in deep tunnels

Summary Reliable assessments of the underground temperature are needed for construction projects like deep tunnels, shafts and storage facilities. In areas of pronounced topographic relief, special attention must be given to the influence of three-dimensional topography on the subsurface temperature field. Further parameters for the prediction include ground surface temperature, local heat flow density, geological factors (structure/schistosity, thermal conductivity, erosion rate, water circulation). A first prediction was attempted for the planned Gotthard railroad tunnel (NEAT). This tunnel will have a total length of 56 km with a maximum cover of 2500 m. The temperature predictions were calculated, based on the RIMINI topography array, for points at 1-km-intervals along the planned axis. Maximum temperature (conservative upper limit) is about 45°C; the error of the predicted temperatures could be, in view of the uncertainties involved, in general ca. ±5–10°C.Since little is known at present about the deep water circulation system in the realm of the planned Gotthard tunnel, the prediction calculations assume heat transport by pure conduction. Significant subsurface water flow would mainly lead to the reduction of rock temperatures by cold infiltrations from the surface, as demonstrated by observations in the Simplon and Mont Blanc tunnels. In fact, the deviation of actual measurements (performed right behind the advancing face) from conductive previsions should be used as a predictive tool of large water flows which could be encountered during tunnel construction.     

Large-scale water transfers in the USSR

In order to counter water shortages in the agricultural regions along the lower Volga and in Kazakhstan and Central Asia and to alleviate falling water levels in southern seas, the Soviet Union proposes to transfer substantial quantities of water south from its northern Arctic-flowing rivers. We describe the background to these proposals, the need for greater agricultural production in the Soviet Union, current irrigation practice, and the development of schemes for large-scale water transfers. We discuss the Soviet philosophy of the transformation of nature, the problems encountered in implementing irrigation schemes, and the likely time scale of larger water transfers. The Soviet authorities consider the transfers essential. Even if the efficiency of existing irrigation schemes is improved, demand will surpass supply in many southern agricultural regions within the next 10 to 15 years. Work is to proceed on the first of the second, the Siberian scheme, is unlikely to be taken until any problems encountered in the implementation of the European scheme are assessed. Finally, we consider the potential impact of the diversions. There will certainly be local ecological and environmental consequences and it is considered that the net impact will, on balance, be adverse. There is also concern that the diversion of water away from higher latitudes may affect the Arctic ice cover and, possibly, global climate.     

基于以气驱水技术的含水地层灌浆改性试验研究

当对含水地层进行灌浆改性时,通常会受到土体孔隙中自由水的不利影响。为此,考虑将以气驱水技术应用于含水地层化学灌浆中,以提高改性效果。对饱和黏土与粉质砂土开展以气驱水可行性试验,结果显示在饱和粉质砂土中充气驱替孔隙中自由水具有较好的可行性,在饱和黏土中则难以顺利进行。这是因为土体内部孔隙大小会直接影响初始进气值Pc,同时充气压力亦不能超过极限压力Pmax,否则土体内部会发生劈裂破坏,形成大范围空气通道;研制含水地层以气驱水化学灌浆模拟装置,以粉质砂土为研究对象进行对比试验,试验结果显示在以气驱水技术的辅助下进行化学灌浆可更加显著地改善原有土体的渗透性、无侧限抗压强度与微观结构,电子显微镜扫描也显示出相似结果,这是因为通过充气能够在含水地层中产生空气隔幕,为浆液提供良好的灌注、凝硬环境。     

Assessing the environmental status and identifying the dominant pressures of a trans-boundary river catchment,to facilitate efficient management and mitigation practices

Implementing efficient water resources management plans at trans-boundary river catchments is a difficult task that requires strong international cooperation, intensive monitoring programs, and common understanding of the impacts imposed on water resources by human pressures. Evros River, which flows through Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey, is an ecologically important water body, protected by international legislation but nevertheless it is susceptible to numerous significant pollution sources that may lead to the deterioration of its environmental status. In this study, a water monitoring program was applied, incorporating chemical and biological parameters to assess the environmental status in the Greek part of the river and identify the associated pollution pressures. For this purpose, seasonal water sampling occurred in 13 sites along the longitudinal course of the river and a series of parameters were recorded including nutrients, heavy metals, microbiological loads, macroinvertebrate, and fish assemblages and abundance. The results indicated that the water quality of Evros River illustrate substantial spatiotemporal fluctuations, which can be well related to specific human activities and associated pressures. Therefore, a trans-boundary monitoring program should be initiated that will provide continuous information for the development and revision of the catchment’s adaptive management plan in order to restrict pollution impacts and achieve a good ecological status as required by the Water Framework Directive 2000/60EC.     

基于copula函数的三峡水库预泄对鄱阳湖防洪影响分析

三峡工程的运行对鄱阳湖防洪形势存在潜在影响。以三峡-鄱阳湖系统为典型,采用基于copula理论的多维联合分布函数,建立三峡工程运行前长江-鄱阳湖-"五河"(赣江、抚河、信江、饶河、修河)系统中水文要素之间的联合概率分布及条件概率分布,并假设该条件分布关系在三峡工程运行前后保持不变;估计三峡工程运行后长江水文要素的概率分布,结合前面的条件概率分布,可以得到三峡工程运行后研究变量的概率分布;对比分析前后概率分布的变化,即可从统计角度评价三峡水库运行对鄱阳湖水文情势的影响。研究表明:三峡工程运行对鄱阳湖水位有一定影响;5、6月份三峡预泄,将增高鄱阳湖水位,其中,平均水位的增幅大于最高水位增幅,低水增幅大于高水增幅;三峡预泄影响下,湖区圩堤堤前水位没有超过原有堤防设计水位,没有降低湖区圩堤的防洪标准。