基于共轭梯度法的全波形反演

全波形反演是一种全新的地震成像方法,主要利用全波形信息反演地下介质参数,通过非线性优化波场理论值和观测值的残差实现波形反演。基于时间域声波方程,建立了时间域波场残差目标函数,以分层模型为例,分别从波场精度、目标函数收敛性和运行时间3个方面,比较了共轭梯度（Conjugate Gradient,CG）算法和拟牛顿算法（Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno,BFGS）反演的效果。同时,应用共轭梯度法对正、逆断层模型和Marmousi模型进行了速度结构反演。反演结果表明：共轭梯度法计算效率较高,反演得到的速度模型精度更高,反演效果较好,是一种有效的波形反演方法。     

基于梯度投影法的全变差正则化全波形反演

为降低地震全波形反演的不适定性,常用方法是引入未知模型的先验信息,从而将反演问题正则化。但是,传统正则化方法在包含多个先验信息的情况下,仍然面临挑战。本文提出一种扩展的全波形反演公式,其中包含对模型的凸集约束。本文以慢度平方作为反演的模型参数,展示了如何在施加全变差约束的同时,施加边界约束令其保持在一个物理意义上的可行范围内。为验证本文所提算法的适用性,分别开展简单模型及国际标准地质模型数值实验研究,结果表明,全变差正则化的引入可以提高光滑背景模型下高速扰动体的重构效果。     

基于截断牛顿法的频率域全波形反演方法

全波形反演方法可以视为大型非线性最小化问题.其中Hessian算子对反演结果有着重要的影响,传统的优化方法只能近似地表示Hessian算子,反演精度较低,收敛速度较慢,且对于反演目标照明不足的深部区域,往往出现参数无法聚焦的情况.而一种新的优化方法截断牛顿法,通过计算Hessian矩阵与已知向量乘积的形式,能够获得更精确的Hessian算子信息,从而解决以上问题.本文基于截断牛顿法在频率域实现全波形反演,通过模型试算表明,截断牛顿法相对于有限内存BFGS(Limited-memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno,L-BFGS)法,能够得到更精确的反演结果,同时能提高收敛速度,尤其对于照明不足的深部区域,截断牛顿法有更明显的优势.     

频率域反射波全波形速度反演

全波形反演不仅利用相位和振幅信息,还利用波形的细节变化,具有刻画模型精确细节的能力.在对稀疏矩阵直接LU分解求解的基础上,采用梯度预处理方法对声波介质速度模型进行了反射波全波形反演.采用误差反向传播算法计算目标函数梯度以及伪Hessian矩阵的对角线元素来做梯度预处理.数值模型的实验结果表明,利用有效的频率段便能反演出分辨率较高的速度结构,用低频反演出的结果作为高频反演的初始模型,减少了解的非唯一性.二维高斯光滑初始模型提供了有利的低频信息,得到较好的反演结果.伪Hessian矩阵的预处理吸收了高斯牛顿法的二次收敛优势,在不增加计算量的前提下,加快收敛速度.      

层析成像中的波形反演

在波动方程有限差分数值模拟基础上，用波形记录残差平方并建立目标函数。对目标函数进行梯度优化，我们得出了介质速度的迭代公式。通过计算目标函数梯度我们可以对介质进行速度校正，从而获得反演解。经数值试验证明这是一种很有效的反演方法。     

基于共轭梯度法的垂直有限线源三维电阻率反演

利用垂直有限线源研究油田注水分布和剩余油分布成为一种新型电测方法。本文对该方法实际应用的有效性进行了分析和说明,并利用共轭梯度迭代技术实现了垂直有限线源三维电阻率反演。结果表明,反演稳定可靠,计算速度快。     

变密度声波全波形反演中密度影响因素及反演策略

密度信息可预测储层流体饱和度,因此获取可靠的密度参数已成为全波形反演中首要考虑的问题。为了获得更稳定的反演密度,本文从频率、初始速度模型、初始密度模型和密度速度同时反演四个方面对密度的影响进行了研究。根据研究测试结果制定了稳定的反演策略：首先将密度固定,反演速度,此时波动方程中不再含有密度项,因而可以得到准确的速度模型;将其作为初始速度模型进行速度、密度同时反演,可以较好地减小速度对密度的影响。理论模型测试结果充分说明了策略的有效性。     

基于L—BFGS算法的全波形反演Q值方法研究

估计地层品质因子Q对描述地下构造分布和油气预测都有着重要的意义。考虑到地震波在介质中传播时的黏滞吸收作用,笔者选择2D黏滞性声波方程全波形反演,将观测波场与正演模拟计算得到的波场构建一个目标函数,引入L--BFGS算法反演出地层品质因子。将该方法应用于异常体模型和Marmousi模型测试,结果均表明反演的模型与理论模型的相对误差较小,计算精度高,反演效果好。     

基于多目标函数的黏弹性全波形反演

全波形反演是勘探地球物理领域兴起的核心技术之一,不但可以构建地下速度结构,也能够反演衰减参数(品质因子Q)模型,有助于识别地下介质类型和构造(如流体和煤层陷落柱),对煤和油气等自然资源的勘探和开发有重要意义。参数串扰是黏弹性全波形反演的关键难点,受速度误差影响,反演的Q模型会包含非常强的串扰噪声。针对该问题,提出了基于多目标函数的黏弹性全波形反演理论与方法,首先通过旅行时反演速度结构,再通过中心频率目标函数反演Q模型,最终使用波形差目标函数同时反演速度和Q模型。由于中心频率主要受衰减影响,因此,可有效减弱速度误差对Q反演的影响。最后,通过数值模拟验证了算法可有效地反演速度和Q模型。     

Some improvement strategies for the time-domain dual-sensor full waveform inversion

Full waveform inversion (FWI) is an effective method in retrieving high-resolution subsurface parameters from seismic data. In this paper, we review the dual-sensor FWI previously studied and present some improvement strategies. We first modify the low-pass Wiener filter to band-pass Wiener filter for time-domain FWI to reduce the overlapped regions. Secondly, we use spectral conjugate gradient method to update the models instead of the conventional conjugate gradient method to speed up the convergence and improve the inversion accuracy. At last, we further improve the efficient boundary storage method which is suitable for the first-order velocity-stress acoustic wave equation to reduce the storage burden. After that, we validate these new strategies for the modified Marmousi model, and the synthetic example shows the feasibility and robustness of these new strategies in terms of improving computational efficiency and alleviating large amounts of data storage.     

Reconstruction of a depth velocity model by full waveform inversion

Doklady Earth Sciences - The consecutive numerical method is implemented for construction of a depth velocity model by full waveform inversion. The inverse dynamic seismic problem is reduced to...     

崎岖海底OBC地震数据全波形反演策略

针对崎岖海底引起的波场传播和全波形反演处理的复杂性,本文提出相应的反演策略。通过对崎岖海底网格特殊处理解决正演和静校正时的地形近似问题。全波形反演采用快速多尺度算法、宽角补偿策略和静校正处理策略。结果表明,该反演策略在大大提高反演效率的同时,能兼顾深部和远偏移距反演效果,并能针对海水误差情况选择策略,在崎岖海底情况下得到好的全波形反演结果。     

Acceleration strategies for elastic full waveform inversion workflows in 2D and 3D

Full waveform inversion (FWI) is one of the most challenging procedures to obtain quantitative information of the subsurface. For elastic inversions, when both compressional and shear velocities have to be inverted, the algorithmic issue becomes also a computational challenge due to the high cost related to modelling elastic rather than acoustic waves. This shortcoming has been moderately mitigated by using high-performance computing to accelerate 3D elastic FWI kernels. Nevertheless, there is room in the FWI workflows for obtaining large speedups at the cost of proper grid pre-processing and data decimation techniques. In the present work, we show how by making full use of frequency-adapted grids, composite shot lists and a novel dynamic offset control strategy, we can reduce by several orders of magnitude the compute time while improving the convergence of the method in the studied cases, regardless of the forward and adjoint compute kernels used.     

S-wave velocity profiling from refraction microtremor Rayleigh wave dispersion curves via PSO inversion algorithm

The refraction microtremor method has been increasingly used as an appealing tool for investigating near surface S-wave structure. However, inversion, as a main stage in processing refraction microtremor data, is challenging for most local search methods due to its high nonlinearity. With the development of data optimization approaches, fast and easier techniques can be employed for processing geophysical data. Recently, particle swarm optimization algorithm has been used in many fields of studies. Use of particle swarm optimization in geophysical inverse problems is a relatively recent development which offers many advantages in dealing with the nonlinearity inherent in such applications. In this study, the reliability and efficiency of particle swarm optimization algorithm in the inversion of refraction microtremor data were investigated. A new framework was also proposed for the inversion of refraction microtremor Rayleigh wave dispersion curves. First, particle swarm optimization code in MATLAB was developed; then, in order to evaluate the efficiency and stability of proposed algorithm, two noise-free and two noise-corrupted synthetic datasets were inverted. Finally, particle swarm optimization inversion algorithm in refraction microtremor data was applied for geotechnical assessment in a case study in the area in city of Tabriz in northwest of Iran. The S-wave structure in the study area successfully delineated. Then, for evaluation, the estimated Vs profile was compared with downhole data available around of the considered area. It could be concluded that particle swarm optimization inversion algorithm is a suitable technique for inverting microtremor waves.     

用改进的共轭梯度算法解波阻抗反演问题

研究快速有效的波阻抗反演算法,是地震反演中一直追求的目标。这里从目标函数出发,推导的反演方程,在常规共轭梯度算法的基础上,对算法搜索的共轭梯度方向提出了具体的改进措施,并在阻尼项及松弛因子的给定上实现了自适应化。另外,在整个算法过程中实现了向量运算,无需额外的内存。通过合成记录及实测资料试算对比发现,该算法具有精度高,运算速度快及抗病态能力强的特点。