江西武功山中生代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素特征及其地质意义

江西省武功山地区主要发育早古生代和中生代两期花岗岩,后者主要为二云二长花岗岩和黑云母二长花岗岩等,分布于三江村、明月山及和平村等地区, 为了研究其形成时代、岩石成因、源区特征和构造环境,分别选取三江地区和和平地区的细中粒斑状黑云母二长花岗岩及细粒斑状二云二长花岗岩进行岩石学、矿物学、地球化学、锆石U-Pb同位素测年和锆石Lu—Hf同位素研究。花岗岩SiO2含量为72.96%~74.16%,Na2O+K2O含量为6.68%~8.42%,MgO含量为029%~0.70%,铝饱和指数A/CNK为1.11~1.36,为强过铝质高钾钙碱性花岗岩。ΣREE较低,稀土配分曲线呈右倾型,具强烈δEu负异常,为S型花岗岩。花岗岩锆石n（206Pb）/n（238U）年龄加权平均值为152.41±0.89 Ma和149.31±0.71 Ma,为晚侏罗世岩浆活动的产物。花岗岩 fLu/Hf值均小于-0.9,εHf（t）均为负值,岩浆来源于演化的元古宙陆壳物质。地质演化背景结合样品构造判别图解,综合分析认为武功山中生代花岗岩形成于陆内俯冲环境。     

内蒙古狼山地区浩日格山二长花岗岩的地球化学特征、LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb定年及Hf同位素组成

内蒙古狼山地区浩日格山岩体位于中亚造山带南缘及华北北缘的结合位置,对其进行系统的岩石地球化学探讨有助于加深对中亚造山带晚古生代—早中生代构造- 岩浆演化及地球动力学背景的认识。该岩体主体岩性为二长花岗岩,可进一步划分为二云母二长花岗岩及斑状黑云母二长花岗岩,LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb测年分别获得二者的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为244.9±1.6Ma及230.2±1.5Ma,指示其形成于三叠纪早—中期。地球化学分析结果表明,浩日格山二长花岗岩SiO2含量介于72.58%~74.42%之间,K2O含量为4.06%~5.82%,Na2O含量为3.08%~3.88%,Al2O3含量为13.39%~14.55%,具有高钾钙碱性和过铝质特征。岩石稀土总量较低,轻稀土相对富集,重稀土相对亏损,具有较明显的负铕异常。岩体富集Rb、U、Hf;亏损Ba、Nb、Ta、Ti和Zr,显示出高分异花岗岩的特点。锆石Hf同位素分析结果显示：εHf(t)值总体为负值,并且与华北北缘三叠纪花岗岩εHf(t)值基本一致,表明源区主要为华北古老地壳。对浩日格山二长花岗岩的研究表明狼山地区在三叠纪早—中期为后碰撞构造环境,可能与古亚洲洋的最终闭合关系密切。     

江西武功山早古生代花岗岩的岩石学、锆石U- Pb和Lu—Hf同位素地球化学特征及其地质意义

武功山造山带位于华夏地块与扬子地块碰撞缝合带南侧,记录了新元古代以来的多次构造运动。本文对其中的黑云母二长花岗岩和二云母二长花岗岩进行了全面的矿物学、岩石地球化学、锆石U- Pb同位素年代学及Lu—Hf同位素研究。LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb同位素年代学研究指示武功山黑云母二长花岗岩和二云母二长花岗岩结晶于早志留世（441. 6~442. 2 Ma）。武功山早志留世花岗岩具有富硅（SiO2含量为67. 43%~73. 06%）、富碱（Na2O+K2O含量为6. 47%~8. 46%）、贫钙（CaO=0. 78%~2. 64%）、贫镁（MgO=0. 46%~1. 61%）等特征,为强过铝质高钾钙碱性花岗岩（A/CNK=1. 09~1. 35）。同时,岩相学和地球化学指示岩石属于亚碱性系列,分异程度较低,ΣREE较低,轻重稀土分异程度较高,为S型花岗岩且岩浆源区物相为角闪石+斜长石+石榴子石。结合花岗岩锆石fLu/Hf 值均小于-0. 9,εHf（t）均为负值（-6. 7到-4. 8）,指示岩浆来源于古元古代古老陆壳物质,形成于陆内造山构造背景下,为武功山地区对武夷—云开造山运动的响应。     

幕阜山南缘似斑状黑云母花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素组成及其地质意义

幕阜山复式花岗岩基南缘的长庆黑云母花岗岩与其内部Be伟晶岩呈渐变接触关系,为Be伟晶岩的母岩,其成岩时代及同位素特征可指示幕阜山地区黑云母花岗岩阶段的Be成矿时代及成矿物质来源。本次研究对长庆地区的似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素组成测试,结果显示,该岩体成岩年龄为(142.9±0.9)Ma,代表了幕阜山复式花岗岩体黑云母花岗岩演化阶段的稀有金属成矿时代,此次成矿为华南地区中生代大规模成岩成矿作用的组成部分;继承锆石核的存在表明区域可能存在古老基底。长庆地区似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩的εHf(t)值主要变化于-9.2～-5.5,二阶段模式年龄主要为1.6～1.8 Ga,与幕阜山岩体不同类型花岗岩的εHf(t)和Hf同位素TDM2相近,暗示它们的源岩具有相似源区特征,为同源岩浆不同演化阶段的产物。此外,长庆似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩的源区物质中还有少量古元古代壳源物质(εHf(t)=-16)和新元古代地层物质加入,反映源区物质的复杂性。结合区域内其他年代学与同位素研究资料,表明幕阜山地区伟晶岩稀有金属成矿作用发生于早白垩世,岩浆连续分异演化过程中伴随着多阶段稀有金属成矿作用,最早在黑云母花岗岩阶段开始出现Be矿化,之后随着岩浆的分异演化程度不断增高,矿化规模越来越大,矿种由单一元素(Be)向综合演化(Be-Nb-Ta-Li)。成矿物质来源方面,幕阜山岩体锆石的TDM2与冷家溪群的锆石Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄的一个峰值(1.7～2.0 Ga)接近,表明二者的源岩在此时同时脱离地幔形成,为幕阜山岩体形成于冷家溪群部分熔融提供了支持,冷家溪群可能为稀有金属成矿提供了主要的物质来源。     

辽南岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、岩石地球化学特征及其地质意义——以盖州万福-岫岩龙潭地区三叠纪侵入岩为例

辽宁南部盖州万福-岫岩龙潭地区位于华北板块北缘东段,辽东-辽南中生代岩浆弧带上。该地区中生代早期侵入岩主要由黑砬沟岩体和前豹沟岩体两个岩体构成,其中黑砬沟岩体岩性为中细粒黑云母二长花岗岩,前豹沟岩体岩性为似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩。中细粒黑云母二长花岗岩和似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄加权平均值分别为（219.8±0.7）和（220.9±2.1）Ma,时代为晚三叠世。岩体均属于钙碱性、准铝质岩石系列,K、Rb、Sr质量分数较高,Ta、Yb、Y质量分数偏低,稀土配分曲线右倾,负Eu异常不明显,轻稀土较富集,重稀土相对亏损。通过岩石学、年代学、岩石地球化学、构造环境及就位机制的分析,并结合邻区构造演化研究,认为该地区侵入岩为扬子板块与华北板块碰撞,在挤压的环境下地壳硅铝层增厚重熔,产生的同碰撞S型花岗岩。     

胶西北新城金矿床二长花岗岩岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb年龄及Lu-Hf同位素组成

胶东是我国最重要的金矿集区,也是环太平洋中、新生代金成矿系统的重要组成部分,其内花岗质岩石分布广泛,95%以上的金资源储量赋存在晚侏罗世玲珑型花岗岩和早白垩世早期郭家岭型花岗质岩中。关于花岗岩类的成因,尤其是早白垩世花岗质岩的岩石类型及其源区仍存有争议。新城金矿床位于胶东西北部焦家断裂带北段,是迄今为止在胶东矿集区内发现的赋存在早白垩世花岗质岩中最大的金矿床,其内已探明金资源储量大于200t。该金矿床的赋矿围岩为新城花岗岩体,由中细粒石英二长岩和中粗粒似斑状二长花岗岩组成,形成于127~132Ma。进一步的地质观察表明中粗粒似斑状二长花岗岩两侧的岩石粒度逐渐变细,斑晶逐渐变小,长英质矿物增多,明显不同于中粗粒似斑状二长花岗岩,应为中细粒似斑状二长花岗岩。论文对该中细粒似斑状二长花岗岩进行了系统的岩石地球化学、锆石LA-ICP-MS定年和Lu-Hf同位素组成研究,并进一步探讨了该类岩石的地球化学类型、形成时代、岩浆源区性质及其与新城花岗岩体的关系。岩石地球化学研究表明中细粒似斑状二长花岗岩具有高的SiO2(71.18%~73.72%)、全碱(K2O+Na2O=7.07%~8.64%)、Ba(793×10-6)、Sr(729×10-6)和轻稀土含量(71.14×10-6),低的Al2O3(13.57%~15.73%)、MgO(0.22%~0.39%)、Rb(91.7×10-6)、Th(7.4×10-6)、U(4.51×10-6)、Nb(4.49×10-6)、Ta(0.26×10-6)、Y(3.67×10-6)和重稀土含量(7.47×10-6),无明显的铕异常,明显亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素,显示出典型的高Ba-Sr花岗岩所具有的地球化学特征,属高BaSr花岗岩。锆石LA-ICP-MS定年结果表明中细粒似斑状二长花岗岩形成于123±1Ma,而石英二长岩和中粗粒似斑状二长花岗岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS年龄为127±2Ma~132±1Ma,3种类型岩石具有相似的主量元素组成及稀土和微量元素分布模式,表明新城花岗岩体的形成时代应为123±1Ma~132±1Ma。Lu-Hf同位素测试结果显示中细粒似斑状二长花岗岩岩浆锆石的εHf(t)为-20.76~-18.66,二阶段模式年龄tDM2为2351~2479Ma;在εHf(t)-锆石U-Pb年龄图解中,所有数据点均落在球粒陨石演化线之下的壳源区域。金矿床已有石英二长岩、中粗粒似斑状二长花岗岩和区域玲珑型花岗岩Hf同位素组成及该中细粒似斑状二长花岗岩中2个太古代(2629±14Ma、2402±18Ma)和3个中生代(150±7Ma、151±1Ma、147±1Ma)的继承锆石年龄,表明新城金矿床内中细粒似斑状二长花岗岩应来源于前寒武纪变质基底岩石,岩浆上升过程中遭受了上地壳(主要是玲珑黑云母花岗岩)的混染。     

江西武功山早古生代花岗岩的岩石学、锆石U- Pb和Lu—Hf同位素地球化学特征及其地质意义

武功山造山带位于华夏地块与扬子地块碰撞缝合带南侧,记录了新元古代以来的多次构造运动。本文对其中的黑云母二长花岗岩和二云母二长花岗岩进行了全面的矿物学、岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb同位素年代学及Lu—Hf同位素研究。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年代学研究指示武功山黑云母二长花岗岩和二云母二长花岗岩结晶于早志留世(441.6～442.2 Ma)。武功山早志留世花岗岩具有富硅(SiO₂含量为67.43%～73.06%)、富碱(Na₂O+K₂O含量为6.47%～8.46%)、贫钙(CaO=0.78%～2.64%)、贫镁(MgO=0.46%～1.61%)等特征,为强过铝质高钾钙碱性花岗岩(A/CNK=1.09～1.35)。同时,岩相学和地球化学指示岩石属于亚碱性系列,分异程度较低,ΣREE较低,轻重稀土分异程度较高,为S型花岗岩且岩浆源区物相为角闪石+斜长石+石榴子石。结合花岗岩锆石f_Lu/Hf值均小于-0.9,ε_Hf(t)均为负值(-6.7到-4.8),指示岩浆来源于古元古代古老...     

辽宁兴城新立屯地区岩浆杂岩岩石学特征、侵位顺序及地质意义

辽宁兴城新立屯地区岩浆杂岩主要由4种不同的岩石单元组成,分别为似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩,中细粒石英闪长岩,花岗细晶岩和花岗伟晶岩,前两者分布广泛且为研究区的主要岩石单元,后两者则呈脉状侵入到前两者中。应用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年方法,测得似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩,中细粒石英闪长岩及花岗细晶岩的年龄分别为2 496±18 Ma,2 490±19 Ma,2 479±29 Ma,形成于古元古代早期。结合野外地质特征,侵位顺序由早到晚依次为:似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩,中细粒石英闪长岩,花岗细晶岩,花岗伟晶岩。岩石地球化学特征显示,新立屯地区岩浆杂岩主量元素方面具高硅(SiO2=61.38%~74.99%),富碱(Na2O+K2O=6.86%~9.41%),富Mg#(56~70)特征;A/CNK=0.91~1.18,属准铝质-过铝质岩石;微量元素方面,相对富集轻稀土元素,亏损重稀土元素,具有Eu异常(δEu=0.50~0.96);富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素;锆石Lu-Hf同位素特征εHf(t)值为-1.12~+6.13;TDM2(Hf)介于2 594~2 937 Ma,显示该套岩浆杂岩可能为地幔物质加入新生地壳再造的产物。     

柴达木盆地南缘晚奥陶世万宝沟花岗岩:锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素和元素地球化学

柴达木盆地南缘万宝沟花岗岩体主要由似斑状黑云母石英二长岩、环斑结构黑云母二长花岗岩和中粒黑云母二长花岗岩组成,岩体中发育岩浆暗色包体。环斑结构黑云母二长花岗的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年为441±5Ma,表明其形成于晚奥陶世。该花岗岩的SiO2含量变化较大(62.20%～75.32%),高钾(3.58%～5.15%)和碱(K2O+Na2O>7%),A/CNK为0.98～1.09,属弱过铝质高钾钙碱性系列;K2O/Na2O(>1)、FeOT/MgO(3.4～6.5)和Ga/Al(2.3～3.1)比值较高,亏损不相容元素Ba、Sr、Nb、P和Ti,相对富集Ta、Hf和Zr,具有A-型花岗岩的特征。黑云母二长花岗岩的εHf(t)=-1.1～10.5,tDM2=744～1490Ma,变化范围较大,表明其物质来源具有多源性,但以壳源为主。较高的εHf(t)(达10)值和较年轻的tDM2(仅为744Ma)暗示,源区中有年轻组分的参与。结合区域地质特征分析,认为该花岗岩形成于后造山的拉张环境。万宝沟花岗岩在结构和地球化学特征上与典型环斑花岗岩有相似之处也有差异,与秦岭中生代环斑结构花岗岩基本相似,表明中央造山带存在古生代和中生代两期环斑结构花岗岩。这将对中央造山带构造演化的进一步研究具有重要的科学意义。     

东昆仑祁漫塔格地区乌兰乌珠尔早古生代花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及其地质意义

为确定东昆仑祁漫塔格乌兰乌珠尔地区片麻状黑云母花岗岩和二长花岗岩的形成时代、岩石成因、源区性质和构造背景,对该岩石样品进行了锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学和锆石Hf同位素研究.结果显示:片麻状黑云母花岗岩加权平均年龄为457.5±2.3 Ma,铝饱和指数A/CNK介于0.98～1.02,属准铝质岩石,Na2O/K2O比值...     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.