煤岩结构与煤体裂隙分布特征的研究

通过对河东煤田太原组8#煤层的19个煤样进行煤岩结构划分、裂隙微观分形特征和裂隙密度测量,研究了煤岩结构与裂隙分布特征的关系。结果表明:不同煤岩类型条带中,裂隙密度具有较大的差异,镜亮煤条带是裂隙分布的主要部位;镜煤条带中裂隙的密度和分维数与条带厚度、相邻条带煤岩类型有关;全煤样裂隙密度和裂隙分维数与煤岩结构类型有密切关系。煤岩结构的研究在预测煤层的渗透性方面有重要意义。      

重庆中梁山矿区主要煤层的煤岩学和煤相特征

结合国际煤岩学会（ICCP）对显微组分的新分类系统,通过绘制显微组分三元图和煤相图,对重庆中梁山矿区主要煤层显微组分和煤相特征进行了研究。结果表明：该矿区宏观煤岩类型以半亮煤为主,且构造煤较发育;显微组分中以镜质组为主,其中以基质镜质体和碎屑镜质体最为常见。煤相研究表明,本区主要煤层形成于下三角洲平原或下三角洲平原到陆相沉积的过渡环境,属于近陆相的低位沼泽环境,成煤环境受海水作用明显。     

神府大柳塔2~(-2)煤层煤岩学特征

对神府大柳塔矿区 2 - 2煤层系统的煤岩学研究表明 ,该煤层以镜质体和丝质体为主 ,其它组分较少 ,矿物质中以粘土类和石英为主 ,显微煤岩类型以两组分微类型为主 ,宏观煤岩类型以半暗煤和半亮煤为主 ,壳质组具有较强的荧光 ,其荧光光谱为单峰形 ,不同的壳质组分其荧光特征不同     

煤岩特征和煤化作用的研究在大地构造学中的应用前景

<正> 陈国达教授创立的历史—因果论大地构造学既全面研究地球(现阶段主要指岩石圈)的诞生、成长、运动、变化和发展的全过程,又探索过程的发生与演变的根本原因和力源机制。怎样研究和恢复地质体、沉积盆地以至壳体在据今久远的地质时期所发生的由诞生到成长、运动、变化和发展的全过程(大致     

干湿循环条件下重塑膨胀土的裂隙发育特征及量化研究

裂隙性是膨胀土的典型工程地质特性之一,对其工程性质有重要影响,直接或间接地导致各种工程问题。通过对重塑膨胀土开展室内干湿循环试验,对获得的裂隙数字图像采用图像处理技术进行一系列预处理操作,提出了表面裂隙率、裂隙条数、裂隙总长度、裂隙平均宽度和绝对收缩率等量化指标,定量描述裂隙的形态特征,分析干湿循环过程中压实膨胀土的裂隙发育规律。结果表明:含水率和干湿循环次数是影响膨胀土裂隙发育的重要因素。随着含水率的减小,重塑膨胀土的裂隙发育程度总体上有增加的趋势。表面裂隙率、裂隙条数和总长度随含水率的减小逐渐增加,绝对收缩率随含水率减小而增大,而裂隙宽度与含水率之间没有明显的规律;随干湿循环次数的增加,裂隙进一步发育,裂隙条数、裂隙总长度、表面裂隙率增加,绝对收缩率总体增大,但裂隙平均宽度存在减小的现象,这与后期发育的大量微裂隙有关。     

煤岩演化程度对煤储层孔裂隙结构的控制作用

为研究煤岩演化程度对孔裂隙结构发育的影响,运用压汞、低温氮吸附/解吸、镜质组反射率测试和SEM、荧光显微观察等手段,分析煤岩变质程度对孔隙度、BET比表面积、BJH总孔体积、裂隙结构和密度等的影响。结果表明:随变质程度升高,煤岩孔隙度呈先增大后减小再略微增大的波动变化特征;微孔占比随煤岩镜质组反射率升高呈"U"形变化特征,小孔占比变化与之相反;煤岩BET比表面积和BJH总孔体积均随煤级升高呈"U"形变化特征;中高变质程度煤岩中B、C、D型裂隙密度随煤级的升高都呈"U"形变化,并在R_o,m=1.1%左右出现最小值,裂隙密度下降阶段中D型裂隙密度降低最快。结合镜质组反射率分析发现,煤岩孔(裂)隙的发育与煤岩演化的4次跃变有着密切关系。     

西北地区侏罗纪煤的煤岩学特征

我国西北侏罗纪煤储量巨大,煤质优良,多低灰、低硫,被称为“优质煤”。在总结前人研究成果基础上,对其煤岩学特征及其地质控制因素进行了探讨。研究认为,不同地质背景下形成的煤其煤岩学特征表现各异,如新疆的艾维尔沟、阜康等矿区的煤可用于炼焦,神华煤可直接液化,吐哈盆地的煤具有成油潜力。西北中侏罗世煤普遍富含惰质组,贫矿物质最为显著,与我国东部石炭－二叠纪煤以及国外“冈瓦纳煤”均存在较大差异,西北侏罗纪煤煤岩类型独特,是大型内陆型盆地演化的产物,多属低变质烟煤,局部也有中、高变质烟煤和无烟煤,还出现一个褐煤矿点。在煤地质学与煤岩学、煤化学等方面的深入研究,对今后洁净、高效、合理地利用西北侏罗纪优质煤资源十分重要。     

巴彦诺日公地段花岗岩微裂隙发育特征研究

花岗岩是高放射核废料地质处置库的主要围岩之一,其水力学特征优劣直接决定了花岗岩体能否有效地阻隔地下水对处置库中核废物的侵袭。围岩微裂隙结构和化学风化程度是水力学特征的直观表现,微裂隙结构量化和化学风化程度计算对高放射核废料地质处置库埋藏深度的比选有一定的科学意义。本文以阿拉善某600 m的花岗岩钻孔内不同深度的岩芯作为研究对象,得到大量的微裂隙显微照片;通过测网法和图像处理技术,获得岩芯数字化的裂隙空间分布图像,并从中提取了微裂隙特征参数（裂隙条数、隙宽、裂隙率、裂隙面密度参数等）;然后,对微裂隙特征参数进行了统计分析,描述了裂隙空间分布变异性。花岗岩样品的化学风化程度评价指标有:天然含水率、CIA。同时,利用SEM-EDS探测裂隙部位形貌特征及元素含量等数据。最后,对花岗岩完整性与核废料处置库适宜性进行综合评价。通过本研究,得到了以下结论:（1）研究区的花岗岩微裂隙发育情况随深度增大逐渐变弱。（2）花岗岩受外力作用后微裂隙首先发育在石英中,其次是在长石和黑云母中。（3）临近破碎带,裂隙率、平均隙宽、裂隙条数均增大,同时受后期热液填充的影响,CIA也会表现出高值。（4）破碎带的发育,对周边完整岩体的微观破裂影响距离可以超过10.6 m,后期热液对下方完整岩体的侵染蚀变影响距离可以超过50.27 m。（5）通过综合评价,来自该钻孔不同深度的7个样品中,取自地下598.8 m处的样品所代表的位置最适宜作为核废料处置库深埋区。     

含油污水在微裂隙发育粘性土层中的迁移特征

根据多相流理论的残余饱和度观点，计算了我国某乙烯厂土层达到油类残余饱和度的油类浓度，评价了该厂渗漏点土层非溶相油类的稳定状况及发展趋势。     

干湿循环条件下膨胀土裂隙特征分形研究

通过膨胀土多次干湿循环的三轴和直剪实验,从试样裂隙率计算结果可以得出,三轴试样,经第1次循环,其表面裂隙率增幅最大, 2~4次循环增幅较大,第5次循环增幅较小。直剪试样,试样表面裂隙率经1~3次循环增幅较大,第4次循环增幅较小,第5次循环以后试样表面裂隙率有所降低,但降低的幅度不大。总的说来,随干湿循环次数的不断增加,膨胀土试样表面裂隙率不断增大。     

高压电脉冲破岩试验装置的研制

高压电脉冲破岩钻进在国际上被认为是一种在深部钻探中具有广阔发展前景的破岩方法,但在国内研究还很少。本文设计制造了一套高压电脉冲破岩试验装置,包含伺服电动缸、控制柜、岩石容器等部件,试验装置配套了?60 mm和?100 mm的电脉冲钻头,可选择手动或自动加压放电破碎岩石。在放电电压为120 kV、放电频率为1 Hz的条件下进行了红砂岩等岩石的钻进试验,实现了60 mm口径的钻进碎岩。试验结果表明,该装置能满足电脉冲破岩试验的基本要求,可用于电脉冲碎岩室内研究。     

高温预损伤下煤岩蠕变声发射及分形特征

为了研究高温条件下煤岩微裂缝发展及破坏规律,对煤样进行不同温度预损伤和三轴蠕变声发射实验,探讨煤岩在经历高温预损伤过后的力学行为特征。研究结果表明：随着温度升高,煤岩预损伤呈幂函数型递增;较低温（≤ 200℃）预损伤下,煤岩呈脆性破坏特征,加速蠕变特征不明显;较高温（>200℃）预损伤下,煤岩呈韧-脆性破坏特征,且加速蠕变特征较明显;稳态蠕变速率ε_s的对数值与预损伤D之间呈线性相关关系;温度越高,煤岩的声发射振铃计数率水平越小,呈低频低幅值变化,且蠕变3阶段越趋于\     

Fatigue damage evolution of coal under cyclic loading

The experimental study of fatigue damage to coal under cyclic loading is important for guiding the design of pillars in underground coal mines where the pillars may be affected by repeated mining activity. In this paper, the strength, deformation, energy dissipation, and fatigue of samples of coal from a mine in China are studied using cyclic loading with a servo-controlled rock mechanical test system. The results indicate that coal is more likely to suffer fatigue damage than other, harder, rock lithologies. Under uniaxial cyclic loading, the fatigue failure “threshold value” for the coal samples studied is less than 78% of its uniaxial strength, but there is also a certain amount of fatigue damage when the cyclic loading/unloading experiments are carried out below the threshold value for fatigue failure. Axial deformation during the tests can be divided into three stages: initial deformation, constant steady deformation, and accelerated deformation. Transversal deformation can be divided into two stages: stable deformation and accelerated deformation. During cyclic loading experiments, imminent sample failure is signaled when transversal deformation increases significantly and quickly and the deformation recovers little when the load is removed. With an increasing number of loading/unloading cycles, a graph of energy dissipation per unit volume versus number of cycles presents an L-shaped curve when the coal samples do not suffer fatigue failure. However, for the coal samples that do rupture due to fatigue, the curve is U-shaped. Under cyclic loading, the evolution of compaction, strain hardening, strain softening, and failure of coal can be revealed in great detail by fatigue damage experiments.     

较低和较高围压下煤岩三轴试验及其塑性特征新表述

对煤岩进行了较低和较高多个围压下的常规三轴加卸载试验研究,给出了系统的试验成果。试验表明,较低围压下,卸载路径和加载路径几乎完全重合,煤岩应力-应变特性呈现明显的线弹性特征,并表现出一定的脆性破坏特性;而较高围压下,应力-应变呈现明显的非线性特征,卸载路径不再原路返回,呈明显的塑性变形特征。为了定量刻画煤岩的塑性硬化特性,提出了根据硬化参量的几何意义计算其值的方法,并选择累积塑性应变作为塑性硬化参量,计算了27 MPa围压下试验曲线的硬化参量,作为对比还计算了采用直接卸载法计算的该试验曲线的累积塑性应变值。结果发现,随着轴向变形逐渐增加,煤岩的塑性硬化逐渐增长,并且用该方法计算出的塑性硬化参量远大于用直接卸载法计算的结果。由于该方法完全符合路径积分的限制条件,因此,更加合理。     

循环荷载下土体变形特性研究

为研究循环荷载下土体变形特性,基于已有的分数阶黏壶构建循环荷载下分数阶黏壶,并将其替换为西原模型黏塑性体中的常值黏壶,建立了可描述循环荷载下土体变形规律的分数阶西原模型。当循环荷载应力幅值大于土体临界应力幅值时,模型为反映土体破坏型变形规律的分数阶西原模型;反之,则为反映土体稳定型、临界型变形规律的广义Kelvin模型。采用应力分解法,将循环荷载分解为一个静力荷载和一个平均应力值为0的循环荷载,基于流变力学理论给出了静力作用下基于该模型的流变本构方程,再根据黏弹性力学理论构建了交变应力作用下基于该模型的动态响应本构方程,将已获得的土体流变本构方程与动态响应本构方程叠加,得到新的土体本构方程。结果表明:与既有的试验结果相比,基于分数阶西原模型所建立的本构方程可较好描述循坏荷载下土体各种类型的变形特征,对土体各类型变形曲线的拟合效果较好,拟合系数均在0.90以上,且模型参数值随循环荷载动应力幅值的增大而以幂函数形式减小。     

Studies of the relationship between coal petrology and grinding properties

The maceral and microlithotype composition of selected coals has been investigated with respect to the grinding properties, specifically Hardgrove grindability index (HGI), of the coals. The study expands upon previous investigations of HGI and coal petrology by adding the dimension of the amount and composition of the microlithotypes. Coal samples, both lithotypes and whole channels, were selected from restricted rank ranges based on vitrinite maximum reflectance: 0.75–0.80% R_max, 0.85–0.90% R_max and 0.95–1.00% R_max. In this manner, the influence of petrographic composition can be isolated from the influence of rank. Previous investigations of high volatile bituminous coals demonstrated that, while rank is an important factor in coal grindability, the amount of liptinite and liptinite-rich microlithotypes is a more influential factor. In this study, we provide further quantitative evidence for the influence of microlithotypes on HGI and, ultimately, on pulverizer performance.     

Application of organic petrology and geochemistry to coal waste studies

Coal wastes produced during mining activities are commonly deposited in nearby dumps. These wastes mostly composed of minerals and variable amounts (usually 20-30%) of organic matter start to weather immediately after deposition. Oxidation of the organic matter can lead to self heating and self combustion as a result of organic and mineral matter transformations. The degree of alteration depends on the properties of the wastes, i.e., the maceral and microlithotype composition of the organic matter and its rank.Alteration of wastes also depends on the heating history, i.e., the rate of heating, final heating temperature, duration of heating, and the degree of air access. Although air is probably necessary to initiate and drive the heating processes, these usually take place under relatively oxygen depleted conditions. With slow heating, color of organic matter particles changes, irregular cracks and oxidation rims develop around edges and cracks, and bitumen is expelled. As a result, massive and detritic isotropic and strongly altered organic matter forms. On the other hand, higher heating rates cause the formation of devolatilization pores, oxidation rims around these pores and along cracks, vitrinite-bands-mantling particles, and bitumen expulsions.Organic compounds generated from the wastes include n-alkanes, iso-alkanes, alkylcyclohexanes, acyclic isoprenoids, mainly pristane, phytane and, in some cases, farnesane, sesquiterpanes, tri- and tetracyclic diterpanes, tri- and pentacyclic triterpanes, and steranes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (mostly with two- to five rings, rarely six rings), and phenols. The compounds formed change during the heating history. The fact that phenols are found in dumps where heating has not yet been completed, but are absent in those where heating ceased previously suggests the presence of water washing. The organic compounds formed may migrate within the dumps. However, when they migrate out of the dumps, they become a hazard to environment.This paper is a review on transformations of organic matter (both maceral composition and reflectance and chemical composition) in coal wastes deposited in coal waste dumps. Immediately after deposition the wastes are exposed to weathering conditions and sometimes undergo self heating processes.     

“特殊”煤光片制备及对煤岩分析的主要影响

煤岩分析在煤相研究、地质勘查、炼焦配煤等诸多方面有广泛应用;合格的煤光片是煤岩分析的前提。为解决易碎裂样品、老化煤光片等\     

循环荷载下红层泥岩土的动态特性

针对红层泥岩土这种特殊的粒类材料,通过动三轴试验研究了其在循环荷载下的动态特性。分析了应变和围压对动态参数(动模量、阻尼比)的影响,在对动模量归一化的基础上,并考虑最大阻尼比与围压的关系,提出了一个阻尼比的计算方法。引入了动应力水平的概念,由试验数据得到红层泥岩土的临界动应力水平为30%左右。动强度随围压增加而增大,而随振次的增加减小;在较小的破坏应变标准下,动应力对动强度的影响起主导作用,破坏应变标准增大时,振次的影响起主要作用。根据累积应变曲线的发展趋势,把红层泥岩土的累积变形分为稳定型和破坏型,分析了产生不同变形曲线的原因,并分别采用不同的经验公式对两种累积变形进行计算,得到了各参数的取值范围。