General relations in the trace-element composition of zircons from eclogites with implications for the age of eclogites in the belomorian mobile belt

Analysis of currently available data (877 individual high-precision zircon analyses) on the composition of zircons from eclogite complexes worldwide reveals general relations in the zircon composition: an anomalous decrease in the Th concentration (no higher than 3 ppm on average) and the Th/U ratio (0.33 on average), a significant decrease in the concentrations of all REE (to 22 ppm) and particularly LREE (<2 ppm), and relatively low concentrations of Y (34 ppm), U (100 ppm), and P (41 ppm) at an elevated Hf concentration (11 400 ppm on average). The REE patterns of eclogitic zircons are noted for pronounced flat HREE patterns, poorly pronounced (if any) negative Eu anomalies, strongly reduced positive Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce* = 11 on average), and U-shaped configurations of LREE patterns up to the development of negative Nd anomalies. The relations detected in the distribution of trace elements and REE in eclogitic zircons are of universal nature and occur irrespective of the rock type (metabasites, metaultrabasites, or gneisses) and the metamorphic pressure (eclogites of high and ultrahigh pressure). The application of the aforementioned criteria makes it possible to reliable distinguish eclogitic zircons from those of magmatic or metamorphic genesis (not related to high-pressure metamorphism). Eclogites in the Belomorian Mobile Belt (in the Salma and Gridino areas) were determined to contain zircons in metagabbro eclogites; the cores of these zircons have an age of 2.8?C2.9 Ga and are of magmatic genesis, whereas their outer metamorphic zones have an age of 1.9 Ga and a trace-element composition typical of eclogitic zircons. Hence, the Belomorian Mobile Belt was affected only by single (Svecofennian, at ??1.9 Ga) episode of eclogite metamorphism of Archean rocks.     

Role of biology in the air-sea carbon flux in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea

A physical-biological-chemical model (PBCM) is used for investigating the seasonal cycle of air-sea carbon flux and for assessing the effect of the biological processes on seasonal time scale in the Arabian Sea (AS) and Bay of Bengal (BoB), where the surface waters are subjected to contrasting physical conditions. The formulation of PBCM is given in Swathi et al (2000), and evaluation of several ammonium-inhibited nitrate uptake models is given in Sharada et al (2005). The PBCM is here first evaluated against JGOFS data on surface pCO₂ in AS, Bay of Bengal Process Studies (BoBPS) data on column integrated primary productivity in BoB, and WOCE Il data on dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and alkalinity (ALK) in the upper 500 meters at 9°N in AS and at 10°N in BoB in September–October. There is good qualitative agreement with local quantitative discrepancies. The net effect of biological processes on air-sea carbon flux on seasonal time scale is determined with an auxiliary computational experiment, called the abiotic run, in which the biological processes are turned off. The difference between the biotic run and abiotic run is interpreted as the net effect of biological processes on the seasonal variability of chemical variables. The net biological effect on air-sea carbon flux is found to be highest in southwest monsoon season in the northwest AS, where strong upwelling drives intense new production. The biological effect is larger in AS than in BoB, as seasonal upwelling and mixing are strong in AS, especially in the northeast, while coastal upwelling and mixing are weak in BoB.     

State of the art in the conceptual design of flotation circuits

The present study summarizes reports on optimal flotation circuits design over the period from 1989 to present. A review is made on the resolution characteristics of each study, leading to a classification of the approaches into four different groups, in which conclusions are based on either (A) mathematical solutions without binary variable, (B) mathematical solutions with binary variable, (C) heuristic solutions, or (D) genetic algorithms. These groups aim at a common scheme of resolution, varying in both flotation and milling models employed, characteristics of their superstructures, and functions which each study proposes to optimize, as well as the effects of the application of each strategy on the form of the solution of the circuit (selection of stages, selection of equipment, and dimensions of equipment).Within these either implicit or explicit multi-objective optimization problems there are challenges strongly related to the obtaining of better flotation and milling/classification models, as well as the treatment of uncertainty related to important parameters (kinetics, composition, external economic factors) and changes in previously established configurations using methods in which the designer's criteria influence the application of models and restrictions on the problem. Also, the incorporation of environmental issues needs more attention.     

Antimony adsorption on kaolinite in the presence of competitive anions

Antimony (Sb) emissions to the environment are increasing, and there is a dearth of knowledge regarding Sb fate and behavior in natural systems. In natural systems, the presence of competitive anions may compete with Sb for adsorption sites on mineral surfaces, hence increasing its potential bioavailability. Accordingly, the adsorption of Sb(III) on kaolinite was investigated in the presence of competitive anions. Kinetic studies suggest that adsorption reaction of Sb(III) on kaolinite is rapid initially and becoming slow after 12 h both in binary Sb(III)–kaolinite system and in ternary Sb(III)-competitive anion–kaolinite system. The presence of PO₄ ^3? has a much stronger and more obvious promotive effect on the adsorption of Sb(III) on kaolinite compared with the other two anions. The adsorption data of Sb(III) on kaolinite in the absence and presence of competitive anions at three temperatures were successfully modeled using Langmuir (r ² > 0.95) and Freundlich (r ² > 0.95) isotherms. Accompanied the adsorption of Sb(III) on kaolinite, significant oxidation of Sb(III) to Sb(V) had occurred under the experimental conditions used in this study. The presence of kaolinite which has a larger specific surface area could increase the contact area between the adsorbed Sb(III) and oxygen in the bulk solution, which promoted the oxidation rate of Sb(III) to Sb(V).     

国际埃迪卡拉系年代地层学研究进展与发展趋势

埃迪卡拉系为国际地层表新增的新元古界最上部的系级年代地层单位,层型剖面被确定为南澳大利亚弗林德斯山脉依诺拉马河剖面,其底界点位（GSSP）选定为埃拉逖那冰成杂砾岩（Elatina diamictite）之上盖帽碳酸盐岩努卡利那组（Nuccaleena Formation）的下界（Gradstein et al．,2004;Knoll et al．,2004）。我国修定后的震旦系与埃迪卡拉系完全相当,底界以南沱冰碛岩之上盖帽碳酸盐岩的下界为界。本文综合国际地层委员会新元古代地层分会以及相关国家和地区近年来在埃迪卡拉系年代地层学领域研究的新进展、存在问题以及未来发展趋势作一概要介绍,以期引起国内晚前寒武纪地层古生物学者的广泛关注。     

潜江凹陷王场背斜潜四下段盐韵律层页岩储层孔隙结构特征

为了解潜江凹陷王场背斜潜四下段14号韵律层页岩储层孔隙结构特征及探讨岩石物性优越性的受控因素,开展了X射线粉晶全岩、岩石物性、高压压汞、氮气吸附、微米CT扫描及聚集离子束扫描等分析.研究显示:储层主要由白云石（平均40.5%）、方解石（平均10.4%）;长石（平均16.5%）、黏土矿物（平均11.2%）、硬石膏（平均10.8%）及石英（5.9%）构成;岩石为"高-中孔（平均17.6%）,特低渗（平均0.043 6 mD）"储层类型;各岩性（除泥质灰岩）中大孔率高（平均79.7%）的特点促成了孔隙性的优良,白云石及方解石含量与大介孔率的相关性指示白云石化与大孔形成密切相关;白云石化协同方解石沉积带来的细小孔喉奠定了渗透性差的基础,硬石膏含量与几何迂曲度的正相关性指示硬石膏化对孔喉空间复杂度的加强及对渗透性的恶化,配位数少（主峰3个）及退汞效率低（平均40%）反映的连通性较差对渗透性亦有一定的影响.      

Quasiperiodic oscillations in the atmospheres of the Sun,Earth, and planets

The published data on long-term observations on cycles of the activity of the Sun and stars of late spectral classes (F, G, K) were analyzed. Quasiperiodic oscillations (QPO) in solar activity with periods varying from 1.8 (7-year cycles) to 12.5 years (24-year cycles) were revealed for the first time. A high degree of correlation between QPO periods and long-term cycles of variations in the activity of the Sun and stars was revealed.     

天然有机质存在条件下的纳米颗粒与重金属协同行为研究

纳米颗粒与重金属元素相结合发生反应,可能产生一系列相互作用关系。这些作用过程是取决于多个环境条件共同作用的复杂过程,尤其是在土壤这种复杂的典型非均质环境介质中。这些作用关系可分为协同促进和拮抗抑制两大类关系。对于土壤中的重金属元素离子而言,纳米态粒子对其环境有效性究竟是协同促进还是拮抗抑制作用,关键取决于纳米粒子的表面修饰特性、二者间的界面反应以及反应后重金属元素的最终赋存状态这三个方面。协同促进或拮抗抑制作用与否则最终决定了这些污染重金属离子的生物可利用性和生态毒性响应。本文对近年来纳米颗粒-重金属共环境行为国内外研究现状进行综述讨论。纳米-重金属界面吸附解吸和土壤中迁移持留过程研究涉及多个热力学、动力学解析方法,科学家结合静态批实验和动态迁移实验等实验室模拟手段,对纳米颗粒、重金属离子、有机质三因子在土壤介质中的相互作用影响和共行为方式展开深入探讨。在重金属离子-纳米颗粒表面吸附机制、赋存形态以及重金属纳米吸附态土壤迁移固定机制研究中,多种定性表征方法的综合应用,如透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线吸收近边结构光谱/扩展X射线吸收精细结构光谱(XANES/EXAFS)等方法相结合,被公认是揭示这一系列过程机制的重要技术手段。针对不同土壤环境中有机质存在条件,正确评价纳米态物质对重金属的迁移性及生物可利用性的影响作用,将为纳米环境效应评估和纳米修复技术等相关应用提供重要的数据支持和机理依据。     

地球深部科学研究的新进展——记2007年美国地球物理联合会(AGU)

主要根据2007年美国地球物理联合会(AGU)秋季会议的资料,简述了地球深部科学研究最近几年来的新进展。主要涉及以下几方面领域:复杂的地球动力学模拟到状态方程理论和实验研究;地幔相变和地震的不连续性到深源地震机制;地核的结构和动力学到地球内部的挥发性物质和熔体等地球深部科学研究。从会议的内容看出有三个亮点是值得我们注意的:(1)学科间的融合是地球深部科学研究的主流方向;(2)国际间的合作是当前地球深部科学研究的一大亮点;(3)高精度的技术(超级计算机(supercomputers)和集群(clusters)纵观计算机)是地球深部科学研究的新手段。中国科学家应该关注固体地球科学中这个前缘研究同时共享世界先进科学研究的新成果。     

Influence of the Change in the Relative Number of Pores in Activity Cycles on the Reconstruction of the Sunspot Index

Astronomy Reports - An analysis of the relative number of groups in cycles 21–24 based on the digitization of observations of sunspots at the Locarno Observatory (Locarno, Switzerland) was...     

Molecular-scale surface processes during the growth of calcite in the presence of manganese

This paper deals with the growth behaviour of the Mn-Ca-CO₃-H₂O solid solution-aqueous solution system on calcite {104} surfaces. This system represents a model example, which allows us to study the effect of a number of controlling factors on the crystallisation: (1) the supersaturation function, β(x), and nucleation rate function, J(x), for the Mn-Ca-CO₃-H₂O system, (2) the relationship of such functions to the molecular scale growth mechanisms operating on growing surfaces, and (3) the surface structure of the calcite {104} faces. In situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) growth experiments revealed a wide variety of surface phenomena, such as the transition between growth mechanisms, anisotropic changes in the step rates, and the influence of the Mn-bearing newly formed surface on subsequent growth (step stoppage followed by the formation of two-dimensional nuclei and the reproduction of the original calcite {104} surface microtopography). These phenomena result from the interplay between the controlling parameters and are explained in those terms.     

祁连山黑河山区土地适宜性评价

以黑河山区为研究区域,利用Logic回归模型和空间分析技术对山区土地利用进行适宜性评价.以2011年土地利用现状数据作为背景值,构建气温、降水、海拔、坡度、人口密度、水系、交通网、村镇分布8种因子的评价指标体系.采用多尺度训练的方法确定适宜性评价最佳模拟尺度,对土地利用数据和评价因子进行Logic回归分析,得到评价因子对土地利用适宜性的影响程度.利用Spatial Analyst模块对对黑河山区土地适宜性进行评价,为区域土地资源合理利用提供科学参考.结果表明：（1）适宜性评价最佳尺度为210 m（ROC=0.79）.（2）Logic回归结果显示,坡度、气温（β_Temp=1.11）、降水对林地、草地的影响程度较高,同时距道路距离、人口密度（β_Pop=-0.555）对其分布也有重要影响.（3）山区土地利用适宜性排序为：Max_林地=Max_耕地 > Max_建设用地 > Max_裸地 > Max_草地 > Max_水域,林地与耕地最高,适宜性达到0.99.     

新疆阿尔泰南缘康布铁堡组的重新厘定

区域地质及野外地质剖面研究表明, 新疆阿尔泰南缘康布铁堡组的东、中、西3段岩石组合和变质变形及含矿性等方面存在显著差异, 有必要对其重新划分厘定。分布于西段克兰及麦兹盆地的康布铁堡组(D₁k), 通过古生物化石及年代学资料确定其时代为早泥盆世, 实测地质剖面显示为一套浅变质酸性火山岩及火山碎屑岩夹正常碎屑岩, 自下而上可划分为4个岩性段: 笫1岩性段(D₁k^a)以云母片岩为主; 第2岩性段(D₁k^b)为钙质片岩、钙质砂岩、变凝灰质砂岩; 笫3岩性段(D₁k^c)主要为变酸性流纹岩、凝灰岩; 第4岩性段(D₁k^d)以变流纹岩、流纹质火山碎屑岩为主。而分布于东段青河地区、中段(南部)富蕴地区的康布铁堡组, 实为一套混合岩化变质岩系, 其时代缺少年代学资料限制, 应从康布铁堡组中解体出去, 依据进一步变质作用及年代学资料重新划分、命名。     

Recent achievements on the research of the Paleozoic-Mesozoic transitional period in South China

This is a review of research achievements on the Permian-Triassic transition in South China. It comprises of five parts: (1) advances on the biostratigraphy and eventostratigraphy of the Meishan Section, the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB); (2) advances on the PTB research of deep water facies, especially the Dongpan Section in Guangxi; (3) advances on the PTB research of terrestrial facies, especially the Chahe Section in Guizhou; (4) correlation of the global change and biotic extinction between the PTB and modern times and its revelation to the status and future of the earth and mankind; and (5) the pattern and causality of the Permian-Triassic extinction. In the last part, it is concluded that the Permian-Triassic transitional interval constitutes a prolonged crisis period ranging from end-Guadalupian extinction to the end of Early Triassic, totaling 14 Ma. The environmental crisis and mass extinction peaked at the PTB, which displayed multiphase extinction rather than just one phase. Commencement of an extinctions prelude prior to the postulated bolide impact implies that the causes of PTB extinction largely lie in the intrinsic developments of the earth, especially those related with the integration of Pangea.     

Analysis of time-scaling behaviour in the sequence of aftershocks of the Wenchuan earthquake,China

Based on the aftershock sequence of the Great Wenchuan earthquake that occurred on 12 May, 2008, the long-term memory and multifractal scaling are analyzed by using MF-DFA method. And we consider aftershocks as a SOC phenomenon. Main findings are as follows: (1) h_q values of the aftershock sequence indicates high persistence or long-term memory. (2) The generalized fractal dimensions D(q) presents obvious trend variation, which reveal crisis and critical characteristics of seismogenic dynamical system. (3) The right-skewed spectrum f(α) indicates that the aftershocks are predominated by low magnitude, which gives a characterization of distribution in multiple scales in seismic activity. Its structural morphology is closely related with the dynamical complexity. (4) Aftershock sequence exhibits self-organized criticality because it follows the classical Gutenberg-Richter and Omori Law.     

青藏高原冰雪不溶微粒研究进展

不溶微粒是冰雪中重要的气候环境变化参数,通过冰雪中微粒记录研究气候环境变化是冰雪研究的一个重要方向。20世纪中后期对冰雪微粒的研究主要集中在南极和格陵兰,到20世纪末期时一些研究人员开始关注中纬度的冰雪微粒的研究,特别是青藏高原冰雪微粒的研究。到目前为止,共有4根冰芯（敦德冰芯、古里雅冰芯、达索普冰芯和慕士塔格冰芯）和数个雪坑开展了微粒研究。青藏高原冰雪微粒研究主要从微粒定年、微粒浓度、粒径分布、特殊事件的记录以及与可溶性离子的关系等方面进行了研究。主要回顾了从80年代末开始的青藏高原冰雪微粒研究的一些主要方法和主要成果并且展望了今后微粒重点研究的方向。     

Regularities in the formation and evolution of volcanosedimentary complexes in the Early Precambrian

The main objective of this work was to define directions and principal features of the evolution of volcanism and sedimentation in Early Precambrian active volcanic zones. Analysis of reconstructed type sections of intensely metamorphosed and greenstone (sedimentary-volcanic) complexes revealed a general similarity of their structure and universal presence of two principal (contrast and differentiated) volcanic associations that replace each other from the bottom to top (Lazur, 2006). Volcanic complexes are crowned with significantly sedimentary sequences and the manifestation of bimodal (basalt-rhyolite) or acid (dacite-rhyolite) volcanism (Luchitskii et al., 1982). Our work is based on specific rock complexes, for which the primary nature of intensely metamorphosed Early Precambrian rocks has been reconstructed by geological, mineralogical, geochemical, and other methods (Lazur, 1986; Rosen et al., 2005).     

关于中国构造地质学研究中几个问题的探讨

中国的构造地质学现在并非处在兴旺的阶段,不仅论文发表的数量不够多,更重要的是在学术思想、研究方法、学术风气等方面存在较多的问题。拟对构造地质学研究中的几个比较重要的问题进行探讨,提出一些不同的新看法,以便抛砖引玉：①加强构造变形的基础研究;②区域大地构造的演化问题;③ 地质构造的流变学与流体的作用;④发展应用构造地质学,推进基础研究。