A framework for modern time geography: emphasizing diverse constraints on accessibility

Journal of Geographical Systems - Time geography is widely used by geographers as a model for understanding accessibility. Recent changes in how access is created, an increasing awareness of the...     

Recent advances in accessibility research: Representation,methodology and applications

 In this article we examine recent advances in accessibility research and their implications for future studies. We base our discussion on three intersecting dimensions that are useful for evaluating the contribution of recent studies: representation, methodology and applications. Various examples are selected to show that research concerned with representation and methodological problem solving is often applied to issues of broad concern in policy and planning. It is, however, not clear that the simultaneous treatment of representation, methodological and application issues has ever been fully worked out. The questions raised in this article may serve as a foundation for addressing issues pertinent to accurate representation, improved model building, and more rigorous applications in accessibility research. Received: 9 December 2002 / Accepted: 10 February 2003     

湖南省公路交通网络可达性研究

本文以ArcGIS软件的空间网络分析模块为主要技术手段,采用加权平均旅行时间为主要指标,对不同阶段湖南省区域的公路交通网络可达性进行定量测度与分析。研究表明,20世纪80年代以来湖南省可达性水平由长株潭地区为中心向外围呈圈层式优化之势,可达性值变化率呈多级格局,可为进一步优化区域交通网络提供参考。     

Multi‐temporal transport network models for accessibility studies

Vehicle tracking is a spatio‐temporal source of high‐granularity travel time information that can be used for transportation planning. However, it is still a challenge to combine data from heterogeneous sources into a dynamic transport network, while allowing for network modifications over time. This article uses conceptual modeling to develop multi‐temporal transport networks in geographic information systems (GIS) for accessibility studies. The proposed multi‐temporal network enables accessibility studies with different temporal granularities and from any location inside the city, resulting in a flexible tool for transport and urban planning. The implemented network is tested in two case studies that focus on socially excluded people in a large global city, São Paulo, Brazil, including accessibility analyses from slum areas. It explores variations within a day and differences between transport modes across time. Case study results indicate how the accessibility is heterogeneous in low‐income regions.     

Industrial agglomeration and transport accessibility in metropolitan Seoul

This study aims to reveal the relationship between industrial agglomeration and transport accessibility in the Seoul metropolitan area. Our study suggests that in spite of the rapid expansion of the Seoul metropolitan area, central business districts still function as centers of the industry and transportation system; the agglomeration of most industrial subsectors are occurring in central areas and only primary and manufacturing sectors’ clusters are located out of these areas; both of subway and road networks show higher level of accessibility in central Seoul and big cities. This implies a strong relationship between the industrial agglomeration and the transport accessibility, and such hypothetical relationship is tested for every industrial subsector using logit analysis. Our findings indicate that although there are industrial variations in the magnitude of impacts and the significance level, transport networks are, in general, positively associated with industrial agglomeration and this is especially true for service sectors.     

Three‐dimensional indoor network accessibility auditing for floor plan design

Built environments have played an increasingly important and complex role in contemporary cities in the face of the significant number of discretionary and non‐discretionary event‐based activities that take place indoors, and the great variety of three‐dimensional designs that indoor spaces have grown to assume. However, intelligent tools that can assist designers to achieve high accessibility, particularly for large and complex buildings, are still underdeveloped. This article presents an innovative custom computer‐based design tool, dubbed FloorplanAAU (floor plan accessibility auditing), that couples GIS data modeling, indoor traversable network accessibility analysis, and interactive three‐dimensional visualization for built environments, to interactively evaluate and audit floor plans for high accessibility. The proposed method contributes to the success of applying GIS and transportation geography concepts to establish computational tools toward intelligent design and assessment of built environments.     

Comparing object-based and pixel-based classifications for mapping savannas

The development of robust object-based classification methods suitable for medium to high resolution satellite imagery provides a valid alternative to ‘traditional’ pixel-based methods. This paper compares the results of an object-based classification to a supervised per-pixel classification for mapping land cover in the tropical north of the Northern Territory of Australia. The object-based approach involved segmentation of image data into objects at multiple scale levels. Objects were assigned classes using training objects and the Nearest Neighbour supervised and fuzzy classification algorithm. The supervised pixel-based classification involved the selection of training areas and a classification using the maximum likelihood classifier algorithm. Site-specific accuracy assessment using confusion matrices of both classifications were undertaken based on 256 reference sites. A comparison of the results shows a statistically significant higher overall accuracy of the object-based classification over the pixel-based classification. The incorporation of a digital elevation model (DEM) layer and associated class rules into the object-based classification produced slightly higher accuracies overall and for certain classes; however this was not statistically significant over the object-based using spectral information solely. The results indicate object-based analysis has good potential for extracting land cover information from satellite imagery captured over spatially heterogeneous land covers of tropical Australia.     

Distributed role-based access control for coaliagion application

Access control in multi-domain environments is one of the important questions of building coalition between domains. On the basis of RBAC access control model, the concepts of role delegation and role mapping are proposed, which support the third-party authorization. Then, a distributed RBAC model is presented. Finally the implementation issues are discussed.     

Distributed role-based access control for coaliagion application

Access control in multi-domain environments is one of the important questions of building coalition between domains. On the basis of RBAC access control model, the concepts of role delegation and role mapping are proposed, which support the third-party authorization. Then, a distributed RBAC model is presented. Finally the implementation issues are discussed.     

国产GNSS数据处理软件的比较和分析

本文针对国内常用的三款商业软件中海达HGO软件、华测CGO软件、和南方GNSS数据处理软件进行研究,在截止高度角和采样频率等参数相同的情况下,对三种软件基线解算的质量、网平差后的点位精度、以及相同基线在GPS系统和北斗系统下的计算结果进行了对比和分析。实验表明,三种软件都较为成熟,并满足D级GPS控制网工程的精度要求;HGO软件对基线向量和网平差的处理结果要略优于另两种软件。      

直接检测平顶房屋影像遮蔽的协同匹配算法

提出了一种检测平顶房屋影像遮蔽现象的匹配地。为了提取密集视差格网，本算法采有了Marr和Poggio提出的影像匹配的唯一性和连续性的条件，即视差格网应有唯一的值并且在各处连续变化，这些约束在表示视差空间的3维数组中表示出发，在表示视差空间的3维数组中的每个匹配值对应左图像中的一个像素和与另一影像相对应的视差值。用迭代算法解决匹配的寻优问题。应用唯一性和连续性约束，直接检测影像遮蔽区域，为了验证该算法的有效性，用航片进行了实验。     

Dynamically authorized role-based access control for grid applications

Grid computing is concerned with the sharing and coordinated use of diverse resources in distributed “virtual organizations”. The heterogeneous, dynamic and multi-domain nature of these environments makes challenging security issues that demand new technical approaches. Despite the recent advances in access control approaches applicable to Grid computing, there remain issues that impede the development of effective access control models for Grid applications. Among them there are the lack of context-based models for access control, and reliance on identity or capability-based access control schemes. An access control scheme that resolve these issues is presented, and a dynamically authorized role-based access control (D-RBAC) model extending the RBAC with context constraints is proposed. The D-RABC mechanisms dynamically grant permissions to users based on a set of contextual information collected from the system and user's environments, while retaining the advantages of RBAC model. The implementation architecture of D-RBAC for the Grid aplication is also described.     

Fundamental aspects of access control for geospatial data

Abstract

In recent years, geographical information systems have been employed in a wide variety of application domains, and as a result many research efforts are being devoted to those upcoming problems. Geospatial data security, especially access control, has attracted increased research interests within the academic community. The tendency towards sharing and interoperability of geospatial data and applications makes it common to acquire and integrate geospatial data from multiple organisations to accomplish a complex task. Meanwhile, many organisations have the requirement for securing access to possessed sensitive or proprietary geospatial data. In this heterogeneous and distributed environment, consistent access control functionality is crucial to promote controlled accessibility. As an extension of general access control mechanisms in the IT domain, the mechanism for geospatial data access control has its own requirements and characteristics of granularity and geospatial logic. In this paper, we address several fundamental aspects concerning the design and implementation of an access control system for geospatial data, including the classification, requirements, authorisation models, storage structures and management approaches for authorisation rules, matching and decision-making algorithms between authorisation rules and access requests, and its policy enforcement mechanisms. This paper also presents a system framework for realising access control functionality for geospatial data, and explain access control procedures in detail.     

Dynamically Authorized Role-Based Access Control for Grid Applications

IntroductionThe Grid security infrastructure ( GSI) hasbeen accepted as the pri mary authenticationmechanismfor the Grid computing. GSI devel-oped as part of the Globus project defines singlesign-on algorithms and protocols , cross-domainauthentication pr…     

直接检测平顶房屋影像遮蔽的协同匹配算法

提出了一种检测平顶房屋影像遮蔽现象的匹配算法.为了提取密集视差格网,本算法采用了Marr和Poggio提出的影像匹配的唯一性和连续性的条件,即视差格网应有唯一的值并且在各处连续变化,这些约束在表示视差空间的3维数组中表示出来.在表示视差空间的3维数组中的每个匹配值对应左图像中的一个像素和与另一影像相对应的视差值.用迭代算法解决匹配的寻优问题.应用唯一性和连续性约束,直接检测影像遮蔽区域.为了验证该算法的有效性,用航片进行了实验.     

Populating digital earth: improving access to Chinese remote sensing data for terrestrial applications

Global change has a significant impact on the lives of humankind. Earth observation can help to better understand our earth and cope with global change. With the availability of more reliable environmental data sets, digital earth is becoming a popular way to monitor the Earth and provide information to researchers and decision makers on environment protection, disaster mitigation, and social benefits. Therefore, accessing data with lowering costs is essential for digital earth. Nevertheless, there are big challenges in ensuring the feasibility of access to Chinese remote sensing data. This paper outlines some of the main challenges in realizing data sharing, provides an analysis of the core reasons leading to these challenges, and proposes recommendations to overcome the challenges. Amongst the main challenges are differences in data policy to gain access to satellite data, diverse data formats, and delivery mechanisms. The major challenge for the decision makers is to define a more open policy and for the scientist the challenge is to implement these polices for the benefit of all. This paper proposes that governments should adopt policies encouraging more open distribution and access to their data, in order to generate an improved digital earth with increased benefits to human society.     

Individual accessibility and distance from major employment centers: An examination using space-time measures

 Distance has often been assumed to be an influence on intraurban accessibility, whether in traditional proximity-based measures of accessibility, or through expectations about distance-minimizing travel behavior and the logic of the monocentric model. This paper examines the importance of distance from major employment centers to individual accessibility in Portland, Oregon, using space-time accessibility measures computed using GIS. The results of this research indicate that distance from these locations has mixed results on individual accessibility. This appears to reflect the importance of time, both the time of day activities are scheduled as well as time constraints, to individual activity patterns. Received: September 2002 / Accepted: January 2003 The author gratefully acknowledges the contributions of two anonymous reviewers, whose comments greatly improved the content of this paper     

遥感影像空间尺度上推方法的评价

首先分析了几种常用的影像质量评价指标在遥感数据空间尺度上推方法评价中的不足,同时提出了已有的关于空间尺度上推方法在评价思路上的不妥之处.引入了空间分辨率和SSIM(structural SIMilarity)2个遥感影像质量评价指标,给出了新的评价思路,并在此基础上对5种遥感数据空间尺度转换方法进行了评价.在本实验中,空间分辨率和SSIM 2个遥感影像质量评价指标一致表明,Bilinear和Bicubic方法的结果影像能够更好地接近目标空间尺度下的影像特征.实验表明,依据新的评价思路,采用空间分辨率和SSIM 2个评价指标进行空间尺度上推方法表现出较强的有效性和优越性.     

GPS多路径误差滤波方法比较研究

基于GPS多路径时间序列,分别采用Vondrak滤波、经验模式分解(EMD)和小波滤波3种方法构建了GPS多路径误差修正模型,并将其用于削弱多路径效应.通过对模拟数据及实测数据的分析表明,3种方法都能有效地分离不同噪声水平下时间序列中的信号和噪声.同时,利用3种方法构建的多路径修正模型可有效地削弱多路径效应的影响,提高GPS定位精度,但3种方法的优缺点各有不同.     

系列比例尺地形数据库信息量比较——以1∶250000和11∶000000居民地为例

合理度量地理信息信息量可为信息的生产者、质量控制者和用户描述、评价、选用相关产品提供相关技术依据。本文在总结了已有地形数据库信息量量测研究现状后,选择一幅国家11∶000000地形数据和对应范围内的16幅1∶250000地形数据中的居民地要素层,全面分析评价了该要素层的统计信息量,几何信息量和专题(属性)信息量及其在不同比例尺之间的关系。实验表明,对地形数据库中的要素层采用全面评价的方法是可行和必要的,在各比例尺的居民地的信息量之间存在一定的数量关系,同时也部分验证了在地图缩编时为保持信息量最大化所要采取的必要措施的理论依据。