Assessing soil water content spatio-temporal variability at the hillslope scale in a headwater catchment using a multi variable interpolation model based on EMI surveys (Draix,South Alps,France)

To improve flood prediction in headwater catchments, hydrologists need to know initial soil moisture conditions that precede rain events. In torrential hydrology, soil moisture mapping provides a valuable tool for investigating surface runoff generation processes. In these mountainous environments, soil moisture prediction is challenging because of highly heterogeneous land cover and soil properties. This survey propose a methodology to study spatial soil moisture variations in the mountainous and torrential environment of the Draix Bléone experimental site—Laval 0.86 km². This approach associates water content measurements at the plot scale with spatialized soil bulk electrical conductivity (EC_a) measurements combined in a multivariate statistical analysis based on topographical parameters. Between the summer of 2015 and winter of 2016, four geophysical surveys were conducted under various moisture conditions and along the same pathway, using the Slingram electromagnetic induction (EMI) technique (EM31 device) in horizontal dipole to identify changes in soil properties to a depth of 3 m. These results were analyzed to determine water dynamics in this mountainous catchment. Temporal variations of EC_a vary among land cover types (forest, grassland, and black marl). A significant relationship was observed between EC_a and soil water content (SWC) measured with capacitive sensors in forest and grassland. A multiple linear regression produced using the spatial interpolation code LISDQS shows a significant correlation between EC_a and landform units depicted on a high-resolution DEM. EC_a variations decrease with distance to talwegs. Riparian zones appear as potential hydrological contributing areas with patterns varying according to moisture status. This study shows that multiple linear regression analysis and EMI make it possible to fill gaps between SWC plot measurements, over wide areas that are steep and that present numerous obstacles due to vegetation cover.     

The variation of soil temperature and water content of seasonal frozen soil with different vegetation coverage in the headwater region of the Yellow River, China

The variation and distribution of temperature and water moisture in the seasonal frozen soil is an important factor in the study of both the soil water cycle and heat balance within the source region of the Yellow River, especially under the different conditions of vegetation coverage. In this study, the impact of various degrees of vegetation coverage on soil water content and temperature was assessed. Soil moisture (θ _v) and soil temperature (T _s) were monitored on a daily basis. Measurements were made under different vegetation coverage (95, 70–80, 40–50 and 10%) and on both thawed and frozen soils. Contour charts of T _s and θ _v as well as a θ _v–T _s coupling model were developed in order to account for the influence of vegetation cover and the interaction between T _s and θ _v. It was observed that soil water content affected both the overall range and trend in the soil temperature. The regression analysis of θ _v versus T _s plots indicated that the soil freezing and thawing processes were significantly affected by vegetation cover changes. Vegetation coverage changes also caused variations in the θ _v–T _s interaction. The effect of soil water content on soil temperature during the freezing period was larger than during the thawing period. Moreover, the soil with higher vegetation coverage retained more water than that with lower coverage. In the process of freezing, the higher vegetation coverage reduced the rate of the reduction in the soil temperature because the thermal capacity of water is higher than that of soil. Areas with higher vegetation coverage also functioned better for the purpose of heat-insulating. This phenomenon may thus play an important role in the environmental protection and effective uses of frozen soil.     

Effect of Soil Moisture-Energy Distribution and Melting-Freezing Processes on Seasonal Shift in Tibetan Plateau

EFFECT OF SOIL MOISTURE-ENERGY DISTRIBUTION AND MELTING-FREEZING PROCESSES ON SEASONAL SHIFT IN TIBETAN PLATEAUtheNational(G19980 4 0 80 0 )andCAS’sKeyProjectforBasicResearchonTibetanPlateau (KZ951 A1 2 0 4 ;;KZ951 A1 4 0 2 ;;KZ951 B1 2     

毛乌素沙地裸地与植被覆盖下非冻结期土壤水分时空分布特征

在水资源短缺的沙地生态系统中,土壤水分是植被恢复和水资源管理的主要控制因子,正确认识沙地土壤水分的分布特征及时空变化规律是促进沙地水资源可持续发展的基础。以毛乌素沙地为研究区,利用原位试验观测、经典统计学分析和聚类分析相结合的方法,揭示了有无植被覆盖下的土壤剖面水分时空变化特征,探讨了植物生长对土壤水分布的影响。结果表明：在2016年非冻结期内,地下水水位埋深较浅时,裸地与植被覆盖情况下土壤平均含水率均随土壤深度的增加而增大,可将0～350 cm土层划分为气候影响层、过渡层与地下水影响层。裸地剖面平均含水率为23.59%,变异系数为4.24%,属于弱变异,剖面含水率在观测期间明显上升,并在8月中旬强降雨时上升速率达到最大;植被覆盖下土壤剖面平均含水率为17.74%,变异系数为15.61%,属于中等变异,剖面含水率在观测期间显著下降,在8月沙柳发育成熟后剖面含水率下降最快。在垂向深度上,植被对土壤剖面含水率的影响近似呈高斯曲线变化,对过渡层含水率的影响最大,占总影响的50%以上,对气候影响层与地下水影响层的影响相对较小,且随着植物生长,气候影响层受到的相对影响逐渐减弱,地下水影响层受到的...     

Designing of the perpendicular drought index

In this paper, a simple, effective drought monitoring method is developed using two dimensional spectral space obtained from reflectance of near-infrared (NIR) and Red wavelengths. First, NIR–Red reflectance space is established using atmospheric and geometric corrected ETM+ data, which is manifested by a triangle shape and in which different surface targets possess certain spatial distribution rules. Second, perpendicular drought index (PDI) is developed on the basis of spatial characteristics of moisture distribution in NIR–Red space, as well as the relationships between PDI and soil moisture is examined. Validation work includes: comparison of PDI with in-situ drought index obtained from field measured data in the study area which includes bulk soil moisture content at different soil depths, field moisture capacity and wilting coefficient, etc.; and comparison of PDI with other recognized drought monitoring methods such as LST/NDVI and vegetation temperature condition index (VTCI). It is evident from the results that graph of PDI of field measured plots demonstrates very similar trends with ground truth drought data, LST/NDVI and VTCI. PDI is highly correlated with in-situ drought values calculated from 0 to 20 cm mean soil moisture with correlation coefficients of R ² = 0.49 (r = 0.75). This paper concludes that PDI has a potential in remote estimation of drought phenomenon as a simple, effective drought monitoring index.     

The impact of land use and land cover changes on soil moisture and hydraulic conductivity along the karst hillslopes of southwest China

The understanding of the temporal and spatial dynamics of soil moisture and hydraulic property is crucial to the study of several hydrological and ecological processes. Karst environments are extremely fragile because of thin soil and small soil water holding capacity. A marked intensification of agricultural land use and deforestation due to increase of population and thus expansion of agricultural areas has made the karst environment even more delicate. In this study, the soil moisture contents (SMC) and hydraulic conductivities (K) along four karst hillslopes were measured in situ by time domain reflectometry and the Guelph Permeameter, respectively, at test plots, each of which has a different vegetative cover, landform, land surface slope, soil property and content of rock fragment. The statistical results from the measurements show that land cover changes strongly affect the distribution of soil moisture and hydraulic properties. Compared with SMC in the bare soil areas, SMC values are 30.5, 20.1 and 10.2% greater in the forest, shrub and grass areas, respectively. Vegetation roots significantly increase permeability of low-layer silt soils. Measured K values were 0.8, 0.6 and 0.01 cm/min for the forest, agriculture and bare soil areas, respectively. When the forest was destroyed by fire or cut to become an agricultural area or bare soils, SMC would be reduced by 13.1 and 32.1%, respectively. If deforestation leads to strong rock desertification, SMC was reduced by 70%. Bedrock fractures significantly reduce the SMC in the overlying layer, but increase K values. SMC values of 30–45% would be reduced to 17–30% for the soil layer embedding rocks with and without fractures, respectively. K values could be increased from 1.0 to 8.5 cm/min. SMC are sensitive to terrain. A slope angle increase of 1° would reduce SMC about 0.82%. These changes resulting from land cover and land use alterations offer useful information to further investigate the response of ecosystem evolution to hydrodynamic processes.     

荒漠地区土壤初始状况对水平入渗的影响

通过对沙坡头荒漠地区人工植被固沙区生物土壤结皮与固沙区外天然沙丘沙以及天然植被红砂、珍珠分布区砂粘土在不同初始含水率（θ_i）条件下土壤水平入渗过程的对比试验研究,探讨土壤质地以及θ i对水平入渗系数（λ_f）、剖面平均含水率（θ_m）状况的影响。生物土壤结皮对降水入渗量的截持作用大于沙丘沙,因而将显著地改变降水入渗过程中土壤水分的再分配格局,减少降水对深层土壤（沙丘沙）的有效补给。通过对土壤剖面平均含水率θ_m与距离湿润锋前缘0～5 cm、5～10 cm处体积含水率θ_fA、θ_fB比较,生物土壤结皮的θ_m、θ_fA和θ_fB分别约为沙丘沙的1．5倍。     

冻土区甲烷排放研究进展

冻土区土牡表面和活动层土的ＣＨ_４排放和吸收表现出强烈的时空变化性。根据多年冻土中ＣＨ_４含量的模拟结果表明，全球尺度上，平均每米厚度多年冻土含有ＣＨ_４６５Ｔｇ。在未来的２００年间，多年冻土融化所导致的大气ＣＨ_４附加年源强变化于２～２５Ｔｇ。     

Relationship of spatial heterogeneity for vegetation and aeolian sand soil properties on longitudinal dunes in Gurbantunggut Desert, China

On longitudinal dunes in the southern Gurbantunggut Desert, the vegetation was investigated, and the texture, water content, organic matter, total nitrogen, salt content and pH of aeolian sand soil were measured. By means of geostatistical methods, the spatial heterogeneity for vegetation and aeolian sand soil properties was analyzed. The vegetation pattern and aeolian sand soil properties were moderately to strongly spatially heterogeneous as a whole, with a spatially dependent range of 8.8–74.8 m. Because both of them had a nest structure of grading system, their spatial heterogeneity needed to be described by the fractal dimensions at different sampling scales. The autocorrelated spatial range A ₀ and fractal dimensions of the cover of vegetation and the diversity of herberious synusium were similar to these of soil water contents (SM). The coarse grain size (φ1) and sorting (σ) of soil, the diversity of herbaceous synusium and the cover of vegetation had a closer dependent range A₀, being 37.8–57.8 m. The trends of spatial variation for organic matter and total nitrogen contents were very similar to that of vegetation cover. The spatial heterogeneities of soil pH and salt content were mainly restricted by terrain and basically not related to vegetation.     

渭河流域西部季节冻融对浅层非饱和土壤水热变化的影响

以黄土高原渭河流域西部黄土丘陵沟壑区为研究区域,建立了野外观测场地,对该区域浅层非饱和土体冻融过程及水热运移规律对气候作用的响应过程进行了研究与分析。结果表明：气温对地温及地温变幅的影响随深度增加而迅速衰减,地温振幅随深度增加按指数规律衰减且温度波的相位随深度的增加而滞后,地表下200 cm深度以内地温振幅受气温影响较大。该区域裸露地表土壤的最大冻结深度在20～50 cm之间。在土壤冻结过程中,深层土壤未冻水逐渐向冻结层运移,导致深层含水量逐渐减少。不同深度土壤冻结系数随土壤深度的增加而减小,融化系数则相反。地表下50 cm深度以内的土体含水量受降水影响波动显著。土壤含水量与温度呈相似变化,地温峰值出现的时间总滞后于土壤水分,其变异程度均随土壤深度的增加而减小。     

漓江流域表层土壤水分物理性质空间异质性

为了解漓江流域土壤水分空间变化特征及其影响因素,基于2'经纬网格,采用地统计学方法对该流域表层（0~10 cm）土壤水分物理性质的空间变异进行分析。结果表明:从空间结构比上,漓江流域表层土壤含水量、容重、最大和最小持水量均具有高度的空间自相关性（各指标空间结构比均大于0.87）,且其空间分布趋势基本一致,由流域上游向中下游逐渐变化。土地利用对流域表层土壤水分物理性质及其空间变异具有显著影响。受时间尺度和土地利用类型等因素的影响,漓江流域表层土壤含水量相比其他土壤水分物理性质,其空间异质性由随机引起的空间变异增加,空间自相关减小,为0.87;而土壤容重最大,为0.92。相关结果对于漓江流域土壤水分动态模拟与预测研究具有一定参考价值。     

Influence of soil moisture content on surface albedo and soil thermal parameters at a tropical station

Half hourly data of soil moisture content, soil temperature, solar irradiance, and reflectance are measured during April 2010 to March 2011 at a tropical station, viz., Astronomical Observatory, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India (76°59’E longitude and 8°29’N latitude). The monthly, seasonal and seasonal mean diurnal variation of soil moisture content is analyzed in detail and is correlated with the rainfall measured at the same site during the period of study. The large variability in the soil moisture content is attributed to the rainfall during all the seasons and also to the evaporation/movement of water to deeper layers. The relationship of surface albedo on soil moisture content on different time scales are studied and the influence of solar elevation angle and cloud cover are also investigated. Surface albedo is found to fall exponentially with increase in soil moisture content. Soil thermal diffusivity and soil thermal conductivity are also estimated from the subsoil temperature profile. Log normal dependence of thermal diffusivity and power law dependence of thermal conductivity on soil moisture content are confirmed.     

古尔班通古特沙漠树枝状沙丘土壤水分时空变异特征

认识沙漠土壤水分的时空变异性,是揭示沙漠生态系统生态-水文格局的基础。利用中子土壤水分仪的实测数据,对古尔班通古特沙漠树枝状沙丘土壤水分时空变异进行了系统分析。研究表明:① 沙丘不同部位土壤水分随时间具有一致性变化规律,上层土壤和下层土壤的变化趋势有所不同。0~1 m土层坡顶>坡中>坡脚,1~2 m土层坡脚>坡中>坡顶。② 土壤水分具有明显的季节变化和分层变化特征。春季是古尔班通古特沙漠土壤水分最丰富、变化最迅速的时期;0~40 cm、40~140 cm、140~200 cm土层土壤水分变异系数分别为13.56%、5.35%和0.80%,与不同土层水分来源和消耗以及植物根系分布相对应;不同土层土壤水分的变异强度要大于不同部位土壤水分的变异强度。③ 植被和地形对土壤水分的空间分异作用明显,沙丘坡脚处以及荒漠灌木梭梭根区始终存在土壤水分相对富集区。     

Spatial variability of soil moisture at typical alpine meadow and steppe sites in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau permafrost region

Permafrost degradation has the potential to significantly change soil moisture. The objective of this study was to assess the variability of soil moisture in a permafrost region using geostatistical techniques. The experiment was conducted in August 2008 in alpine steppe and meadow located in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau permafrost region. Four soil depths (0–10, 10–20, 20–30 and 30–40 cm) were analyzed using frequency domain reflectometry, and sampling made of 80 points in a 10 m × 10 m grid were sampled. Soil moisture was analyzed using classical statistics to appropriately describe central tendency and dispersion, and then using geostatistics to describe spatial variability. Classical statistical method indicated that soil moisture in the permafrost region had a normal distribution pattern. Mean surface soil moisture in alpine meadow was higher than that in alpine steppe. The semivariograms showed that soil moisture variability in alpine cold steppe was larger than that in alpine meadow, which decreased with depths. Nugget values in alpine steppe were low (0.1–4.5), in contrast to alpine cold meadow. Soil moisture in alpine steppe had highly structured spatial variability with more than 93.4% spatial heterogeneity, and the range decreased with depth. Soil moisture content in alpine cold meadow had a moderate spatial dependence with a range of 51.3–169.2 m, increasing with depth.     

Estimation of surface soil water content from surface temperatures in dust source regions of Mongolia and China

Surface conditions, such as surface roughness and soil moisture, control wind erosion and dust emission in northeast Asia. Data on spatial and temporal changes of surface soil water content are needed for dust-modeling systems used to predict dust events with the aim of preventing damage from them. A modified temperature-vegetation dryness index (MTVDI) was tested to see if it could reproduce surface soil water contents measured during the dust event season in Bayan Unjuul, Mongolia, and Shenmu, China. MTVDI was calculated from land surface temperature and aerodynamic minimum and maximum surface temperatures estimated from meteorological data. The standard deviation of the error of estimations of soil water content from MTVDI was ±1.5% in Bayan Unjuul when soil water content was lower than 4%. This compares favorably with the observational error of ±1% of the soil moisture sensors used.     

青藏高原高寒草甸土壤水分运移机制

查明青藏高原高寒草甸区土壤水分运移机制,对正确理解土壤水分迁移过程、提高高寒草甸重建效率具有重要指导意义。通过开展土壤剖面负压、地温观测等原位试验,结合气象资料,对土壤剖面地温、含水率及总水头特征进行分析。结果表明,土壤的冻结期起始于10月,解冻期起始于4月;地温最高值出现在植物生长旺盛期8月,最低值出现在1月;1～3月土壤水分呈固态,6～10月土壤水分呈液态,处于稳定变化阶段,4～5月、11～12月土壤水分呈固液转化态,含水率变化幅度较大,处于过渡阶段。随着气温升高及降水量增加,6～8月水热同季有利于高寒草甸生长,属于高寒草甸主要生长阶段;春季土层由表及深土壤解冻,冻土层滞水性能保障了返青期春旱牧草生长的水分需求;深秋季节的由表及深的土壤冻结,深层土壤水分随水汽发生的表聚作用保障了牧草生长的水分需求,也是高原生态系统能够维持稳定的原因之一。     

土地利用对溶丘洼地土壤容重、水分和有机质空间异质性的影响——以南洞流域驻马哨洼地为例

为了探究溶丘洼地土壤空间异质性及其影响因素,本文以驻马哨溶丘洼地为研究对象,利用经典统计学和地统计学的方法,从不同土地利用、坡度、坡向、土壤深度分析土壤容重、水分及有机质的空间异质性。结果表明:（1）土壤有机质为强变异,变异系数为0.71,容重和水分变异系数分别为0.15、0.11,属中等变异,土壤容重和水分呈极显著负相关,和有机质呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.609、-0.581;（2）块基比介于0.78~0.97,随机部分引起的空间变异程度较大,空间自相关较小,且模型拟合较好。（3）耕地土壤有机质、水分含量最低,容重最大,而灌木土壤反之;（4）北坡土壤容重高于南坡,变异系数小于南坡;而土壤水分、有机质低于南坡,变异系数高于南坡。从不同坡位、坡向的比较中,皆体现了土地利用对土壤空间异质性的影响。在土地利用作为主要因素的影响下,驻马哨洼地土壤水分、容重、有机质由随机部分引起的空间变异增加,空间自相关减小。      

Transfer of moisture through the unsaturated zone in the tropical forest using the neutron probe

Knowledge of moisture content is crucial in assessing spatial and temporal movement of water through the unsaturated zone. Moisture storage is also important for monitoring the soil water balance and for validation of water balance models. The purpose of this work was to determine and analyse moisture content profiles at point locations in the unsaturated zone of a lateritic soil around Nsimi, south of Cameroon. Neutron probe has been connected to a set of tensiometers in an area of 60 ha. A comparative study between a site covered with vegetation and a site uncovered was conducted to assess the influence of vegetation in the process of moisture transfers. The results showed that the spatial distribution of moisture profiles varied according to the site and the texture of the soil, with in general increasing of moisture from the surface horizon toward the deeper layers. The mean values of moisture varied fromθ_m = 0,397 cm³/cm³ on barren site, against 0 = 0,429 cm³/cm³ in vegetation. Values of suction were generally strong in surface and at depth, but weak in the intermediate layers.     

典型岩溶峰丛洼地坡面土壤水分空间变异性

采用网格法测量典型坡面上旱季（12月）和雨季（5月）的表层(0~5 cm)土壤含水量,以地统计学方法分析其空间变异性,结果表明:（1）与单一土地利用坡面相比,人为扰动强、土地利用多样的岩溶峰丛坡地表层土壤含水量表现为坡上未被扰动的自然植被区明显高于坡下人为改造的区域;旱季时坡地林地表层土壤平均含水量（32.8%）明显高于位于坡下的梯田空闲地（24.2%）、梯田橘园（20.0%）、梯田菜园（22.0%）、坡地裸地（23.5%）;雨季时,坡地裸地（30.2%）和梯田橘园（32.1%）有明显增大,梯田空闲地（17.8%）剧烈减小,坡地林地（32.2%）土壤含水量依然最高;（2）旱、雨季整个坡面上空间结构比分别为21.0%、8.7%,表现为雨季的空间相关性更好;旱、雨季表层土壤含水量变异系数分别为20.1%和31.7%,属中等程度变异;雨季表层土壤含水量的变程（77.5 m）显著高于旱季（8.0 m）,雨季的土壤含水量具有较好的空间变异结构;（3）裸岩周围空间的土壤含水量随与裸岩的距离增大而减小,梯田石坎周围空间的土壤含水量随与梯田石坎的距离增大而递减。      

川南煤层甲烷解吸动力学影响因素实验研究

为了系统研究煤层气（甲烷）解吸动力学的影响因素,选用川南地区的无烟煤,设计了不同压力、温度、粒度和湿度下的煤层气解吸动力学实验。采用高温高压煤层气吸附/解吸测试系统进行实验,并拟合实验结果获得了不同条件下的扩散系数。研究表明:压力和温度越高,甲烷解吸量和解吸速率越大;粒度越大,甲烷解吸量和解吸速率越小;低于平衡水含量时,湿度增大,甲烷解吸量和解吸速率降低;甲烷扩散系数拟合结果揭示,扩散系数随压力增高而减小,随温度升高而增大,随湿度增大而减小。