气溶胶粒子对城市夜间边界层温度影响的模式研究

用一维非定常模式模拟大气气溶胶粒子对城市夜间边界层大气温度场的影响。结果表明：气溶胶粒子对近地层大气地增温作用，对１５０ｍ以上大气起降温作用，并削弱近地逆温层的强度。     

气候系统的热量收支

气候系统的热量收支Б．Ａ．КａЛａＨ；Ｂ．Ａ．ＰябｅＨкｏ；Ａ．Ｃ．Ｃａфｐａи由所谓的太阳常数（日地平均距离上的太阳辐射通量，其最大可能值在１３６８—１３７７瓦特／米２范围内）以及地球转轴的倾斜角度、地球轨道的偏心率和近日点的经度所决定的日射是气...     

复杂地形城市冬季边界层对气溶胶辐射效应的响应

作者着眼于城市气溶胶辐射效应与大气边界层的相互作用问题,针对地形复杂的兰州市及周边地区,开发应用了WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting,天气研究和预报)模式,使之与包含了大气气溶胶辐射效应和气溶胶粒子扩散的综合大气边界层数值模式嵌套起来.通过个例分析,揭示了冬季气溶胶辐射效应对边界层结构的定量影响.主要特征为夜间气溶胶的长波辐射效应使地面附近的气温增高,增温幅度为0.1～0.3 K/h,使低空(25～300 m)大气层冷却,降温幅度为0.08～0.15 K/h,风速在150 m以下减小;白天气溶胶的短波辐射效应使地面层内明显增温,1 h内升温约0.5 K,增温最大值在混合层顶500～600 m高度.受增温影响,垂直风场和水平风场随之调整,风速在450 m以下增大约0.1 m/s左右,而在450 m以上风速减小0.1 m/s左右.     

夜间城市大气边界层和气溶胶的相互作用

本文利用能量闭合的二维非线性、非定常模式,结合地面热量平衡方程,研究了夜间城市边界层和气溶胶的相互作用问题。结果表明：气溶胶在夜间对大气低层起保温作用,对大气上层起冷却作用;使大气低层稳定度减小,上层稳定度增加;此外,气溶胶还能够削弱贴地逆温强度。在正常城市气溶胶污染情况下,气溶胶对城市热岛强度影响不大,但可使城市热岛环流稍有增加。夜间城市边界层对气溶胶的反馈作用使大气下层气溶胶浓度减小,上层气溶胶浓度增加。上述部分结论得到了在天津取得的城市热岛观测资料的直接验证。     

中国地区边界层大气气溶胶辐射吸收特性

采用粒子采样法对中国２３个地区边界层气溶胶的吸收系数作了测量,研究了其分布特征。结果表明：中国地区边界层气溶胶的吸收系数在１０＾－６－１０＾－３ｍ＾－１之间,明显呈北高南低的趋势,四川盆地和贵州有一相对较高的中心,吸收系数与粒子含量之间的相关系数为０．７４,吸收系数与粒子含量的分布一致性较好。小颗粒的吸收性能好于大颗粒。     

冰晶增长对热量收支的影响

使用二维云分辨模式研究冰晶增长过程(云水到冰晶的冻结增长和通过水汽凝华冰晶到雪的增长)对热量收支的影响。采用4种冰晶增长参数化方案模拟了热带到中纬度地区的4个降水个例。研究发现:(1)高冰核浓度的ZENG方案和SHEN方案引起对流层中上层辐射加热增多,这与它们模拟的冰晶在对流层中上层增多有关。(2)高冰核浓度的ZENG方案导致模拟区域—平均的局地温度变化在对流层上层出现异常减小值,这与它在热带个例中导致垂直热量通量辐合减少和在中纬度个例中导致潜热加热减少有关。(3)尽管高冰核浓度的ZENG方案引起质量加权平均的辐射加热增多,但是它在热带个例中引起地表感热通量减少和在中纬度个例中引起潜热加热减少,最终导致4种参数化方案计算的模拟区域—质量加权平均的局地温度变化基本一致。     

城市气溶胶对太阳辐射的影响及其在边界层温度变化中的反映

本文利用冬季观测的兰州市区、邻近山顶以及郊区皋兰县的辐射资料和温度廓线资料,分析了兰州城市气溶胶对太阳辐射影响;并用二流近似累加法计算了低层大气吸收太阳辐射的加热率,其结果与低层大气上部的实际增温在数值上比较接近。分析了城市气溶胶短波辐射效应对边界层温度廓线分布的影响。表明城市烟雾层削弱了地面热通量但增加了低层大气中上部的增温,从而增加了城市低层大气的稳定度。     

边界层气溶胶气候效应的研究

用三维气候模式模拟了边界层气溶胶的气候效应。结果表明，边界层气溶胶可使大气和地表的气候状态发生明显的变化。３００ｈＰ以下气柱中气温升高，地表和土壤温度降低。在气溶胶光学厚度较大的沙漠区上空，水平风场出现气旋性差值环流，垂直上升运动也发生较多变化。降水变化与３００ｈＰａ上垂直运动的变化有很好的正相关。同时讨论了气溶胶气候效应的物理机制。     

气溶胶辐射效应对边界层结构及夹卷特征影响的观测分析

2017年12月22日至2018年1月18日利用无人机携带温、湿和颗粒物浓度探测仪对南京地区灰霾污染条件下大气边界层垂直结构开展加密观测。通过比较不同灰霾污染条件下温度、湿度和PM_2.5（直径小于2.5微米的颗粒物）浓度的垂直结构差异,结合地面热通量、2米空气温度、相对湿度、风速、风向及主要大气污染物（如臭氧和PM_2.5）浓度,定量评估了气溶胶辐射效应对边界层和夹卷过程的影响。分析表明,灰霾或气溶胶削弱到达地表太阳辐射,减小地表感热通量,延迟边界层发展,增加近地层大气稳定度,降低边界层高度,并加重灰霾污染。灰霾污染物在混合层顶处累积,导致PM_2.5浓度最大变化出现在边界层顶部而不是近地层。气溶胶辐射效应对夹卷特征及其特征参数有重要影响。灰霾浓度升高时,夹卷区厚度增加;无量纲化夹卷速度随对流理查逊数的变化不再符合负1次方幂函数关系,与大涡模拟结果一致。本研究进一步指出,为提高重霾污染条件下天气和空气质量数值预报水平,必须考虑气溶胶辐射效应对边界层和夹卷参数化的影响。     

考虑湿度影响的城市气溶胶夜晚温度效应

本文利用一维非定常模式，研究了城市上空干、湿气溶胶粒子对夜间边界层温度的影响。结果表明，湿气溶胶粒子对低层大气有明显的升温作用，而对中上层大气则起降温作用，同时改变了贴地逆温层结构和边界层稳定度。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF THE EFFECTS OF AEROSOLS IN THE ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER ON THE CLIMATE

The climatic effects of the atmospheric boundary aerosols are studied by the use of a three-dimensional climatemodel.Simulated results show that the climate states both at the surface and in the atmosphere change remarkably whenthe aerosols with different optical thicknesses and properties are introduced into the atmospheric boundary layer of themodel.The aerosols absorb and scatter the solar shortwave radiation,therefore,they reduce the solar energy reachingthe ground surface and decrease the surface and the soil temperatures.The temperature in the boundary layer increasesbecause of the supplementary absorption of radiation by the boundary aerosols.In the atmosphere,the temperatures atall isobaric surfaces rise up except for the 100 hPa level.The atmospheric temperatures below the 500 hPa level aredirectly influenced by the boundary aerosols,while the atmospheric temperatures above the 500 hPa level are influencedby the heating due to convective condensation and the changes in the vertical motion field.Cyclonic differential circula-tions appear over the desert areas at the low levels,and anticyclonic differential circulations exist at the upper levels inthe horizontal flow fields.The vertical motions change in correspondence with the differential circulations.The changesin precipitation are directly related to that of vertical motions.The mechanisms of climate effects of the boundaryaerosols are also discussed in this paper.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF THE EFFECTS OF AEROSOLS IN THE ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER ON THE CLIMATE*

The climatic effects of the atmospheric boundary aerosols are studied by the use of a three-dimensional climate model.Simulated results show that the climate states both at the surface and in the atmosphere change remarkably when the aerosols with different optical thicknesses and properties are introduced into the atmospheric boundary layer of the model.The aerosols absorb and scatter the solar shortwave radiation,therefore,they reduce the solar energy reaching the ground surface and decrease the surface and the soil temperatures.The temperature in the boundary layer increase because of the supplementary absorption of radiation by the boundary aerosols.In the atmosphere,the temperatures at all isobaric surfaces rise up except for the 100 hPa level.The atmospheric temperatures below the 500 hPa level are directly influenced by the boundary aerosols,while the atmospheric temperatures above the 500 hPa level are influenced by the heating due to convective condensation and the changes in the vertical motion field.Cyclonic differential circulations appear over the desert areas at the low levels,and anticyclonic differential circulations exist at the upper levels in the horizontal flow fields.The vertical motions change in correspondence with the differential circulations.The changes in precipitation are directly related to that of vertical motions.The mechanisms of climate effects of the boundary aerosols are also discussed in this paper.     

A NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE INFLUENCES OF URBAN PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION ON THE SUMMER URBAN HEAT ISLAND IN THE METROPOLIS OF SHENZHEN

By means of the regional boundary layer model (RBLM), a study on the influences of the urban planning and construction on the summer urban heat island (UHI) in the metropolis of Shenzhen is performed. In the study, the current summer UHI distribution, the influences of the increasing high-density construction and the energy consumption on the summer air temperature distribution, and the influences of the urban ventilation corridor on the summer air temperature distribution are numerically analyzed. Some conclusions are drawn in the light of the study: (1) The summer UHI is more obvious in day time than that in night time in the summer of Shenzhen, and the maximum values of UHI intensity in the day time appear in the areas with high-density construction, which are located in Nanshan, Futian and Luohu and western Bao′an districts. (2) The increase of construction density and energy consumption in the urban area will lead to the increase of temperature near the ground, and the increase of temperature at nighttime is more obvious than that at daytime. (3) The ventilation corridor can effectively reduce the UHI intensity and can be taken as a method to eliminate the negative climatic effect caused by the increase of high-density construction and energy consumption in the future.     

辐射雾的大气边界层特征

利用ADAS对一次连续5天辐射雾进行探测,获得了辐射雾生消过程中的温度、湿度、风场等要素的垂直分布。通过对这些资料的详尽分析,讨论了辐射雾在不同发展阶段的边界层特征。结果表明：逆温层对雾的形成和维持起着重要的作用,而雾又对大气边界层中的温、湿、风结构产生重要影响。     

INFLUENCES OF NONSTATIONARY PROCESS ON INTERNAL PARAMETERS AND WIND PROFILES IN THE PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER

In this paper,under the assumption of neutral and barotropic atmosphere,by means of the analytic solutionof motion equation of PBL,the influences of nonstationary process on the internal parameters u_*/A(A isthe wind speed at the top of PBL)and ■(the angle between winds near the surface and at the top ofPBL)of PBL are investigated in which the wind direction at the top of PBL is a periodic function of timebut the wind speed at the top of PBL does not change.The u_*/A increases and ■ decreases when thewind direction at the top of PBL rotates anticlockwise and vice versa.Hence the parameterization of PBLin the large-scale models derived under the stationary condition should be corrected by accounting for thenonstationary process.The similar results are obtained in the numerical solution of the motion equation ofPBL.The influences of this nonstationary process on the profiles of the wind in PBL are also analyzed.     

规划建设对深圳夏季城市热岛影响的数值模拟研究

以区域边界层模式RBLM为工具,研究了城市规划建设对深圳夏季城市热岛的影响。分别模拟了当前的城市热岛、高密度建设和能耗增加后的城市热岛、以及布设通风走廊后的城市热岛,得到了以下结论:(1)深圳夏季存在城市热岛现象,且昼间热岛比夜间更为明显,高温中心集中在建设密度较高的南山、福田、罗湖和宝安西部等区;(2)建设密度加大及能源消费增加会导致深圳夏季近地面气温出现大面积的升高,并且夜间升温比昼间更为明显;(3)通风走廊的设置可以在一定程度上抵消高密度建设和能耗增加带来的负面效应。     

辐射雾的大气边界层特征

利用ＡＤＡＳ对一次连续５天辐射雾进行探测,获得了辐射雾生消过程中的温度、湿度、风场等要素的垂直分布。通过对这些资料的详尽分析,讨论了辐射雾在不同发展阶段的边界层特征。结果表明：逆温层对雾的形成和维持起着重要的作用,而雾又对大气边界层中的温、湿、风结构产生重要影响。