深海开发的海洋环境保障需求、现状与发展建议

深海开发建设是人类发展的新方向,但实施过程对海洋环境的依赖性更强,对海洋环境信息保障的需求更加迫切。为满足国家战略发展需求,需提前筹划布局。文章从需求端分析海洋环境保障在深海开发建设中可发挥作用的领域和相应的保障内容;从航海导航、海洋测绘、海洋调查3个方面分析研究美国和我国在深海海洋环境保障方面的能力现状,从导航定位、信息获取、信息处理、信息应用、信息传输、信息整合6个方面深入剖析目前存在的差距;从学科发展角度提出重点发展建议,为科研选题和规划制定提供有益参考。     

深海适冷菌SM9913产生的低温蛋白酶

从1855m深的深海泥样中分离纯化得到200多株分泌蛋白酶的适冷菌,其中3株产低温蛋白酶,本文对其中一株Pseudomonas sp.SM9913(P.SM9913)生长的适冷性和它产生的蛋白酶的适低温特性进行了研究。该菌株能够在0℃正常生长,其最适生长温度为15℃,最高生长温度为35℃。为一株适冷菌。该菌株所产蛋白酶的比合成速率在10℃时最高,催化酪蛋白水解的最适温度为35℃,在0℃仍具有3％的酶活力。最适pH为8．0。该蛋白酶的热稳定性很低,在40℃保温10min即丧失85％的活力,40℃时的半衰期为6min,为一典型的低温酶。抑制剂试验表明,该蛋白酶为金属蛋白酶。     

Reproduction in the sea pen Funiculina quadrangularis (Anthozoa: Pennatulacea) from the west coast of Scotland

The sea pen Funiculina quadrangularis (Pallas, 1766) is a species of conservation concern in Scottish coastal waters, due to its restricted geographical distribution and high sensitivity to demersal fishing activities. Reproduction in F. quadrangularis was investigated in a population located in southern Loch Linnhe, west Scotland. This was accomplished through the analysis of trends in oocyte size-frequency distribution and relative fecundity over a 12-month period. Funiculina quadrangularis is dioecious and the study population exhibited a sex ratio of 1:1. Oogenesis in female F. quadrangularis is characterised by the maintenance of a large pool of asynchronously developing oocytes throughout the year, of which a small proportion (<10%) mature with increasing sychronicity and are spawned in midwinter. The reasons for this distinct pattern of oogenesis and winter spawning remain unclear, although the potential influence of environmental cues and the role of endogenous factors in relation to this sea pen's deep-sea habit are discussed. Whilst the duration of oogenesis is prolonged (>12 months), it is proposed that spawning is a brief and synchronous annual event. Relative fecundity is high and is independent of colony size, varying between approximately 500–2000 oocytes per 1 cm rachial midsection. This measure of fecundity exhibited pronounced seasonality and was significantly lower during the post-spawning winter months. Total fecundity in F. quadrangularis is considered to be high; although a small proportion of the total number of oocytes is spawned annually, this is compensated for by large colony size. Funiculina quadrangularis produces large oocytes (>800 μm), indicative of the production of lecithotrophic larvae.     

对深海适冷菌Pseudomonas sp. SM9915分泌不同适冷蛋白酶的研究

从1855m深的海底泥样中分离到一株产适冷蛋白酶的适冷菌Pseudomonas sp.SM9915,经测定发现该菌株的最适生长温度为20℃,最适产酶温度为15℃,粗蛋白酶的最适酶温度为40℃。在此基础上,采用硫酸铵沉淀和分子筛层析方法对P.sp.SM9915分泌的蛋白酶进行了分离纯化。结果表明,P.sp.SM9915至少分泌三种适冷蛋白酶,并且三种蛋白酶的性质有所不同。这三种蛋白的最适pH分别为8．0、9．0、7．0。最适酶海温度分别为45℃、40℃、40℃;其热稳定性也有明显的差别,40℃下保温,酶活的半衰期分别为11min、5min和27min,表明这三种蛋白酶对低温的适应进化是不同步的。     

Similar reproductive cycles and life-history traits in congeneric limid bivalves with different modes of nutrition

We have studied two congeneric limid bivalves, Acesta species novum and Acesta excavata (Bivalvia: Limidae), that live in similar physical conditions but use different food sources. Acesta sp. nov. live on the giant siboglinid tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi at cold seeps and feed on their eggs, a continuous food source that ultimately is derived from chemosynthesis, whereas A. excavata relies on planktonic food of photosynthetic origin, which varies seasonally. We hypothesized that these two species might show differences in the periodicity of reproduction; specifically, we predicted that A. sp. nov. would breed continuously and that A. excavata would demonstrate an annual reproductive cycle. Our hypothesis was refuted, as both species have a semi‐continuous reproductive cycle. Food quality, quantity or seasonality had no clear effect. Reproductive adults are functionally gonochoristic. Females broadcast buoyant eggs with an average size of 179 μm in A. sp. nov. and 160 μm in A. excavata. Both the size of the larval shell and the size of the spawned eggs are suggestive of pelagic lecithotrophic development. Both species also appear to be protandric hermaphrodites, changing from male to female at approximately 77 and 90 mm shell height, respectively, although not all individuals change sex. In the material investigated in this study there was a biased sex ratio favouring males.     

深海沉积物中微量DNA的提取及应用

采用化学裂解和酶解相结合的方法,进行了深海沉积物中微量DNA的提取,并采用DNA吸附树脂进行纯化。结果表明,该方法能有效地去除沉积物中的腐殖酸等抑制剂,每克湿重沉积物样品可得到DNA约16μg,回收率可达95％,所得到的DNA分子片段均在23kb左右,纯化后的DNA可直接应用于各种分子生物学操作。利用细菌16SrDNA通用引物对所提取的深海沉积物DNA进行了PCR—RRJ及系统发育分析,各主要细菌类群均能检出,证实该方法可以应用于深海等极端环境中微生物的多样性调查、系统发育分析以及特殊功能基因的筛选,同时还可应用于环境样品中生物量的半定量估计。     

Spatial and temporal distribution patterns of deep‐sea mesozooplankton in the eastern Mediterranean – indications of a climatically induced shift?

Zooplankton samples from the eastern Mediterranean were collected in April/May 1999 with a multiple opening and closing net (mesh size 333 μm) to examine the distribution and taxonomic composition of mesozooplankton, mainly Calanoida (Copepoda), some years after the onset of the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT), a climatically induced shift in hydrography. The samples from seven stations on a transect from the Ionian Sea to the eastern part of the Levantine Basin were collected at closely spaced vertical intervals from the surface to water depths of 4250 m. Data from January 1987, June 1993, January 1998 and October 2001 from the main site of investigation, south of Crete, were used to describe the temporal evolution before (1987), during (1993) and after (1998–2001) the EMT. The eastern Mediterranean mesozooplankton fauna is dominated by three Calanoida species along the west–east transect, with varying abundances in different depth‐zones: Haloptilus longicornis in the epipelagic zone, Eucalanus monachus in the mesopelagic zone, and Lucicutia longiserrata in the bathypelagic zone. A drastic change in mesozooplankton composition and abundance occurred at the main site during the EMT, whereupon increased abundances of Candacia elongata and L. longiserrata were observed in the bathypelagic zone in the following years; L. longiserrata accounted for 43% of the total mesozooplankton in this zone. The hypothesis is posed that the Mediterranean deep‐sea ecosystem is able to respond quickly to changes in the environment and memorizes these changes over time. We claim that the biological effects of climatically induced changes can be easily monitored in the deep eastern Mediterranean Sea using calanoid copepod key species due to the hydrographically extreme, but ‘simply structured’ ecosystem.     

深海沉积物分类与命名

详细分析了国内外深海沉积物分类与命名现状,迄今为止深海沉积物分类与命名问题没有很好解决。在调查研究南海、太平洋深海沉积物分类与命名基础上,提出了分类简便、科学合理、量化的深海沉积物分类与命名新方法,应用该方法得出南海东部海域深海沉积物有深海粘土、硅质粘土、钙质粘土、硅钙质粘土、钙质软泥、粘土质钙质软泥、粘土质-硅质钙质软泥、粘土-硅质-钙质混合软泥、粘土质硅质-钙质混合软泥、钙质硅质-粘土混合软泥。这10种沉积物基本上客观地反映了南海东部海域深海沉积物分布的实际情况,分类效果良好。     

Should deep seabed mining be allowed?

Commercial interest in deep sea minerals in the area beyond the limits of national jurisdiction has rapidly increased in recent years. The International Seabed Authority has already given out 26 exploration contracts and it is currently in the process of developing the Mining Code for eventual exploitation of the mineral resources. Priority issues have so far been feasibility and profitability of this emerging industry, while relatively little consideration has been given as to how, and to an even lesser extent, whether deep seabed mining should proceed. This article makes a case that the global community should question and scrutinize the underlying assumption that deep seabed mining is going benefit humankind as a whole before commercializing the common heritage of humankind.     

我国深远海智慧养殖工厂体系化建设的关键问题探讨

深远海智慧养殖工厂是全新生产模式,同时是推进渔业转型升级、拓展蓝色经济发展空间、保障国家粮食安全的重要途径。文章基于深远海智慧养殖理论研究与实践发展脉络,辨析深远海智慧养殖工厂的概念、典型模式以及发展优势,并从种苗体系化、装备体系化、产业体系化、政策体系化4个方面分析我国深远海智慧养殖工厂体系化建设的关键问题。研究成果试图回答怎样构建深远海智慧养殖工厂支撑体系的问题,从而加快推动深远海养殖范式的转变。     

Physical reworking by near-bottom flow alters the metazoan meiofauna of Fieberling Guyot (northeast Pacific)

Although much of the deep sea is physically tranquil, some regions experience near-bottom flows that rework the surficial sediment. During periods of physical reworking, animals in the reworked layer risk being suspended, which can have both positive and negative effects. Reworking can also change the sediment in ecologically important ways, so the fauna of reworked sites should differ from that of quiescent locations. We combined data from two reworked, bathyal sites on the summit of Fieberling Guyot (32°27.631′N, 127°49.489′W; 32°27.581′N, 127°47.839′W) and compared the results with those of more tranquil sites. We tested for differences in the following parameters, which seemed likely to be sensitive to the direct or indirect effects of reworking: (1) the vertical distribution of the meiofauna in the sea bed, (2) the relative abundance of surface-living harpacticoids, (3) the proportion of the fauna consisting of interstitial harpacticoids, (4) the ratio of harpacticoids to nematodes. We found that the vertical distributions of harpacticoid copepods, ostracods, and kinorhynchs were deeper on Fieberling. In addition, the relative abundance of surface-living harpacticoids was less, the proportion of interstitial harpacticoids was greater, and the ratio of harpacticoids to nematodes was greater on Fieberling. These differences between Fieberling and the comparison sites suggest that physical reworking affects deep-sea meiofauna and indicate the nature of some of the effects.