INSAR技术在北京来广营地区地面沉降监测中的应用

北京市平原地区地面沉降危害日益显著,合成孔径雷达干涉测量（InSAR）具有快速、高精度、周期短等优势,可为城市地面沉降监测提供有效的技术手段。本文选用ENVISAT-1卫星SAR数据监测研究2004-2005年北京来广营地区地面沉降,利用InSAR差分技术得到该地区地面沉降监测结果。     

基于InSAR的西安地面沉降与地裂缝发育特征研究

西安地区长期遭受地面沉降和地裂缝灾害。采用合成孔径雷达干涉测量（InSAR）技术对该区域1992年至今的地面沉降和地裂缝的时空特征进行了监测。主要分3个阶段进行,在每一阶段尤其对InSAR处理过程中的干涉图滤波进行了迭代自适应处理和相位解缠进行了顾及粗差的改正,通过与同期水准和GPS监测结果比较可得InSAR精度达1cm。从3个时间段的InSAR成果可以看出在空间分布上,西安市的东郊和南郊是沉降严重的区域;从时间发育来看,最大沉降阶段发生在1996年,最大沉降量达21cm,而2006年的最大沉降量减少到8cm,且沉降中心转移到西南郊;3个阶段均探测到活动地裂缝两侧的不均匀沉降,地裂缝的南侧沉降均大于北侧。该研究将为西安地区地面沉降和地裂缝的解释和减灾提供数据支持。     

基于合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术的地面沉降研究综述

综述了合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)技术的研究现状及其在监测地面沉降方面的优势和缺陷.与传统监测方法相比,InSAR技术在地面沉降监测方面主要具有全天候、大范围、高分辨率、高精度等优势,但在实际应用中则会产生去相关问题.探讨了利用该技术监测地面沉降的发展方向,认为应将InSAR与GPS及传统的水准测量等方法结合使用,合理利用各技术之间的互补性.     

合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术（InSAR）及其对城市遥感的意义

该文详细论述与分析了合成孔径雷达干涉测量（InSAR)的干涉几何特征及InSAR影像之间的相关性特征，着重阐述并分析了影响其地学监测方面的数据质量等相干技术问题，就InSAR开展上海城市地面沉降研究提出了基本思路，对InSAR城市遥感应用的潜在意义进行了分析和讨论。     

新技术在城市地面沉降研究中的应用：遥感卫星雷达干涉测量（InSAR）

本文综述了遥感卫星合成孔径雷达（SAR）干涉测量及差分干涉测量的基本原理，针对近年来国外InSAR在地面沉降方面的研究成果，重点讨论了D－InSAR在国内大中城市进行地面沉降监测应用的可能性，对SAR数据的获取方法进行了阐述，并对这种方法目前的进展及未来应用前景进行了探讨。     

基于多源SAR数据的InSAR地表形变监测(摘要)

<正>合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)技术因其具有高分辨率、高精度等特点,已广泛用于地震、火山、地面沉降等地表形变的监测中。然而,InSAR技术仅能获取雷达视线方向的一维形变信息,仅依靠单一轨道的SAR数据不能完全、准确地反映监测区的地表形变特征,这一缺陷大大限制了InSAR技术在地表形变监测中的推广应用。随着Envisat ASAR、ALOS PALSAR、Radarsat-2、COSMO-SkyMed和TerraSAR-X等雷达卫星数据的不断获取,在同一     

时间序列InSAR技术在矿区地表形变监测中的应用

针对露天矿区与城区地表相干性不一的特征,提出一种改进的时序InSAR(合成孔径雷达干涉测量)技术对霍林河矿区及周围城区地表进行形变监测。首先,通过增加时间采样密度控制相干性来筛选矿区周边具备一定相干点密度的干涉数据;其次,采用经过参数优化的分布式散射点选取方法选取分布式目标并使用传统方法提取永久散射体;最后,将分布式目标与永久散射体目标混合构建Delaunay三角网进行两次回归分析得到研究区域地表形变速率。实验结果显示,霍林河矿区边坡最大形变速率达到?630 mm/a,矿区周边道路地面最大沉降速率达到71 mm/a,霍林郭勒市地表沉降速率最大达到15 mm/a,与同期GPS监测结果进行对比,证明改进的时序InSAR技术方法适用性良好,对矿业城市地表形变监测提出了一种新的InSAR监测方法。     

D—InSAR技术在西安地面沉降监测中的应用

基于D—InSAR技术,对西安市因过量抽取地下水导致的地表缓慢沉降做了深入的应用研究,利用已有的西安地区SAR图像做了差分干涉测量的试验分析。结果显示,D-InSAR技术已经能够很好的应用于城市地区厘米级地面沉降的监测。     

近十年来沧州地区地面沉降演化状况

通过利用相干目标InSAR时序分析方法,获取了沧州地区自2003年12月至2013年01月地面沉降演化状况。连续监测结果揭示了近十年来沧州地区主要沉降区带的空间运移状况,随着地下水开采控制管理,市区周边地区地面沉降趋缓,北部沉降区向青县发生运移,东部沿海保持整体轻微沉降,东光、肃宁等地独立分布的沉降中心有成片扩大的趋势。分析沉降区域与地下水位变化表明,沧州地区主要沉降区带的运移变化与深层地下水位变化基本一致。     

朔州市地面沉降监测及分析

为了加强对朔州市地面沉降区的治理,利用合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术结合收集采空区分布范围开展朔州地区地面沉降监测工作,通过沉降数据分析,总结出朔州市沉降趋势,显示朔州市存在明显地面沉降,为防灾减灾、环境保护和工程施工采取工程,使矿山地质灾害得到基本控制和综合整治。建立了地质灾害信息系统,实现对突发性地质灾害时空概率预警预报。并针对实践中存在的问题,指出了下一步解决问题的有效方法、措施,为朔州市地质灾害调查及防治提供了依据。     

Microwave D-InSAR technique for assessment of land subsidence in Kolkata city,India

An effective microwave Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (D-InSAR) technique was used to rapidly assess the potential land subsidence with high precision by exploiting the phase difference of two temporally separated SAR data in the region of Kolkata city, India. The objective of this study is to assess land subsidence using D-InSAR technique and to delineate the regions of land subsidence caused by over exploitation of groundwater by minimising the errors by applying topographic and atmospheric corrections. The study area forms a part of Indo-Gangetic plain. Three ENVISAT Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar ?(ASAR) images of the years 2003, 2007 and 2010 were acquired to study the temporal evolution of land subsidence in the study area. The phase changes due to topography in the interferograms were removed by using Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) degital elevation model data. Medium Spectral Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) data were applied to remove the atmospheric noise in the interferogram. The deformation fringes were observed in the northern and central part of the study area where the land subsidence was 12 and 18 mm during the years of 2003–2007 and 2007–2010. The regional variation in the piezometric head compares well with the fringes of the interferogram. This confirms over extraction of groundwater is the main cause for land subsidence in this region. Hence, it is necessary to reduce groundwater pumping and to augment rainfall recharge in northern part of the study area.     

Apportioning deformation among depth intervals in an aquifer system using InSAR and head data

Land surface subsidence due to excessive groundwater pumping is an increasing concern in California, USA. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is a remote sensing technique for measuring centimeter-to-millimeter surface deformation at 10–100 m spatial resolution. Here, a data-driven approach that attributes deformation to individual depth intervals within an aquifer system by integrating head data acquired from each of three screened intervals in a monitoring well with InSAR surface deformation measurements was developed. The study area was the Colusa Basin in northern Central Valley. To reconstruct the surface deformation history over the study area, 13 ALOS-PALSAR scenes acquired between 2006 and 2010 were processed. Up to ~3-cm year^?1 long-term subsidence and up to ~6 cm seasonal subsidence were observed using the InSAR technique. The technique developed in this paper integrates the InSAR-observed seasonal deformation rate and the co-located head measurements in multiple depth intervals to estimate the elastic skeletal storage coefficient, the time delay between the head change and the observed deformation, and subsequently the deformation of each depth interval. This technique can be implemented when hydraulic head measurements within each depth interval are not correlated with each other. Using this approach, the depth interval that contributed the most to the total subsidence, as well as storage parameters for all intervals, are estimated. The technique can be used for identification of the depth interval within the aquifer system responsible for deformation.

     

Digital elevation model (DEM) generation using the SAR interferometry technique

The development of satellite technology is rapidly increasing the evolution of remote sensing. Satellite images give extensive useful information about the land structure that is easily manageable in the process of generating true, high-speed information which allows the forecasting of future environmental and urban planning. Remote sensing comprises active and passive systems. Passive sensors detect natural radiation that is emitted or reflected by the object or surrounding area being observed. Active systems which produce their own electromagnetic energy and their main properties are their ability of collecting data in nearly all atmospheric conditions, day or night. These systems are frequently used to generate a digital elevation model (DEM) because they cover large areas. DEM supplies essential data for applications that are concerned with the Earth’s surface and DEMs derived from survey data are accurate but very expensive and time consuming to create. However, the use of satellite remote sensing to provide images to generate a DEM is considered to be an efficient method of obtaining data. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is a new geodetic technique for determining earth topography. InSAR measurements are highly dense and they only give information in Line of Sight of Radar. In the study, interferograms were produced from the InSAR images taken by ERS satellites in 1992 and 2007 and we developed the methods to generate a DEM using the InSAR technique and present the results relating to Kayseri Province in Turkey. The accuracy of the DEM derived from the InSAR technique is evaluated in comparison with a reference DEM generated from contours in a topographical map.     

Monitoring of land subsidence and ground fissures in Xian,China 2005–2006: mapped by SAR interferometry

The City of Xian, China, has been experiencing significant land subsidence and ground fissure activities since 1960s, which have brought various severe geohazards including damages to buildings, bridges and other facilities. Monitoring of land subsidence and ground fissure activities can provide useful information for assessing the extent of, and mitigating such geohazards. In order to achieve robust Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) results, six interferometric pairs of Envisat ASAR data covering 2005–2006 are collected to analyze the InSAR processing errors firstly, such as temporal and spatial decorrelation error, external DEM error, atmospheric error and unwrapping error. Then the annual subsidence rate during 2005–2006 is calculated by weighted averaging two pairs of D-InSAR results with similar time spanning. Lastly, GPS measurements are applied to calibrate the InSAR results and centimeter precision is achieved. As for the ground fissure monitoring, five InSAR cross-sections are designed to demonstrate the relative subsidence difference across ground fissures. In conclusion, the final InSAR subsidence map during 2005–2006 shows four large subsidence zones in Xian hi-tech zones in western, eastern and southern suburbs of Xian City, among which two subsidence cones are newly detected and two ground fissures are deduced to be extended westward in Yuhuazhai subsidence cone. This study shows that the land subsidence and ground fissures are highly correlated spatially and temporally and both are correlated with hi-tech zone construction in Xian during the year of 2005–2006.     

Deformation measurements using SAR interferometry: potential and limitations

Most applications of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) make only use of the amplitude information in just one image. Interferometric SAR (InSAR) makes use mainly of the phase measurements in two or more SAR images of the same scene, acquired at two different moments and/or at two slightly different locations. By interference of the two images, very small slant-range changes of the same surface can be inferred. These slant-range changes can be related to topography and/or surface deformations. InSAR thus has the potential of mapping centimeter-scale ground displacements over a region many tens of kilometers in size at a resolution of a few meters making it one of the most promising space-geodetic techniques for monitoring Earth's surface deformations. The goal of this paper is to discuss some of the potential new applications of InSAR for the monitoring of deformations, and to show its major limitations. Some potential new applications of InSAR related to surface-change detection including earthquake and crustal studies, the monitoring of volcanoes and anthropogenic effects, and the monitoring of glaciers and ice sheets are presented. The discussion on the limitations of InSAR for surface-change detection focuses on atmospheric perturbations and the problem of temporal decorrelation.     

Time-series analysis of subsidence associated with rapid urbanization in Shanghai,China measured with SBAS InSAR method

River delta plains (deltas) are susceptible to subsidence producing undesirable environmental impact and affecting dense population. The City of Shanghai, located in the easternmost of Yangtze Delta in China, is one of the most developed regions in China that experiences the greatest land subsidence. Excessive groundwater withdrawal is thought to be the primary cause of the land subsidence, but rapid urbanization and economic development, mass construction of skyscrapers, metro lines and highways are also contributing factors. In this paper, a spatial–temporal analysis of the land subsidence in Shanghai was performed with the help of the Small Baseline Subset Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar. Twenty l-band ALOS PALSAR images acquired during 2007–2010 were used to produce a linear deformation rate map and to derive time series of ground deformation. The results show homogeneous subsidence within the research area, but exceptionally rapid subsidence around skyscrapers, along metro lines, elevated roads and highways was also observed. Because groundwater exploitation and rapid urbanization responsible for much of the subsidence in the Shanghai region are expected to continue, future subsidence monitoring is warranted.     

Ground subsidence in Semarang-Indonesia investigated by ALOS–PALSAR satellite SAR interferometry

The focus of this study is investigation of land subsidence in Semarang city Indonesia with the use of Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) of ALOS–PALSAR satellite. We processed 22 ascending SAR images during January 2007 to January 2009 plus two descending SAR images acquired on 6 June 2006 and 17 June 2007. The time series analysis of interferometry was performed by using 12 pairs of interferogram relative to 21 January 2007 and 8 pairs of interferogram relative 24 January 2008. The topographic phase contribution was removed using the 3-arcsec (90 m) Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), Digital Elevation Model (DEM). We performed precision baseline estimation to vanish the fringes from baseline effect between master and slave data. In order to investigate the contribution of horizontal movement in our analysis, we constructed two interferograms of ascending orbit and descending orbit. The time series results exhibited that the area is subsiding continuously without a significant seasonal effect during January 2007 to January 2009. The land subsidence observed from InSAR data is approximately up to 8 cm/year. Three cross sections on image displacement show the extreme land subsidence occurred especially along the coastal area and lowland area where this area is considered as industrial with high-density settlements, consuming a lot of groundwater, and land is changed from agriculture and cultivation purposes to industrial estates and house. Our result also shows a consistency with historical pattern of subsidence measured by leveling data. The results highlight the potential use of InSAR measurements to provide better constraints for land subsidence in Semarang city Indonesia.     

运城市地面沉降SBAS-InSAR监测和敏感性GIS分析

以地裂缝分布密集的运城市典型地面沉降区为研究区,采用小基线SBAS-DInSAR算法,利用覆盖该区域的8幅ASAR影像进行干涉处理,获得该区域地面沉降信息,初步揭示了研究区地面沉降的空间分布特征。在此基础上,搜集利用研究区地质资料,结合GIS空间分析方法,分析了断层、地裂缝等构造因素与地面沉降的关系,建立了研究区地面沉降灾害敏感性分区图,对该区域地面沉降地裂缝灾害的防治工作具有指导作用。