Reconstruction of Nineteenth Century Summer Temperatures in Norway by Proxy Data from Farmers'Diaries

Proxy data from five farmers; diaries in the Møre, Dovre and Trøndelag regions in central Norway were used for climatic reconstruction purposes. The method chosen was "simple linear regression analysis" with the start of the grain harvest (barley or oats) as predictor and summer temperature (May – August) as predictand. Overlapping periods with modern instrumental observations (starting 1858 or later) were used for calibration of the model. The model was tested on independent data by establishing the regression on one half of the overlapping period and applying the regression on the other half. The standard deviation in the residuals varied from 0.3°C to 0.7°C and the biases of the mean values from –0.3°C to +0.3°C. Climatic reconstructions were established for the early- and mid-nineteenth century summer temperature, i.e. during the last part of what has come to be regarded as the "Little Ice Age", in this article considered to end around 1880.By use of the proxy data model, huge inhomogeneities of the "classical" Trondheim series were detected, the early nineteenth century part of the series evidently being too warm. The inhomogeneity was removed by use of adjustment terms. The adjusted series indicates that in the Trondheim region the summer temperature during the last part of the "Little Ice Age" phase was about 1°C lower than the latest 60 years. This is in serious contradiction to the classical Trondheim series.     

Early Records of Icebergs in the South Atlantic Ocean from Spanish Documentary Sources

The use of documentary sources has proven useful to identify extremeclimatic events and their variability during the pre-instrumental period. Theaim of this paper is to describe iceberg sightings in the Western SouthAtlantic during the second half of the 18th century, as recorded from Spanishlogbooks. A total of five sightings have been found, two corresponding toisolated bergs and three to outbreaks. The relevance of these results istwofold: they are the first documented iceberg sightings to date and, aboveall, they correspond to very unusual episodes, characterized by a high numberof high-sized bergs and by the relatively low latitude of their location. Itis suggested that they could be associated to cold episodes in Antarctica.     

秭归新站短序列气象资料气候平均值估算初探

选择合理的基本气候观测站作对比，应用差值和比值订正方法，将秭归茅坪新站的气候资料订正到与搬迁前等长序,工求取各要素各时段的历史平均值。     

1965—2017年河源市降水的气候特征分析

利用1965—2017年河源国家气象观测站的逐日降水资料,采用数理分析等方法,分析了河源市降水特征及其变化规律。结果表明:近53年河源市的年平均降水量随着时间序列以1.6mm/年的速率减少,年降水量主要集中在汛期,除后汛期降水量以0.6mm/年的速率增加外,汛期、前汛期降水量分别以2.28、2.88mm/年的速率减少。突变检验表明年降水量减少突变点发生在2003年,前汛期降水量减少突变点发生在1983年。后汛期降水量增加突变点发生在1968年;年降水量存在3~4、9~11年周期变化。汛期降水量存在3~4、6~7、10~11年的周期变化;前汛期降水量存在3~4、8~9年的周期变化;后汛期降水量存在2、7~8、11~12、20年的周期变化。     

开平市1960—2012年灰霾的气候变化特征

根据开平气象观测站1960—2012年观测资料,采用滑动平均、线性趋势分析等统计方法,分析了开平市近53年灰霾的气候变化特征。结果表明,开平市年平均灰霾日数为21.1 d,年最多132 d,年最少0 d,总体呈上升趋势,上升速率为1.72 d/年,特别是2000年以来年灰霾日上升趋势最为显著,上升速率达10.01 d/年。其中,20世纪80年代中后期、90年代中期和21世纪初是3个明显的上升阶段,21世纪以来,年平均灰霾日数58.4 d,是20世纪80年代平均值的近17倍。开平市灰霾以轻微为主,比例达57.6%,其次是轻度,比例为22.6%。另外,采用日均值、14：00实测值判别法得到的开平市灰霾日整体变化趋势与人工记录较一致,但3种方法统计的多年平均灰霾日相差较大,其中,日均值法计算的多年平均霾日数较14：00实测值法多13.8 d。     

A Comparative Assessment of Temperature Data from Different Sources for Dehradun,Uttarakhand, India

A comparative study of extreme temperature parameters from different sources is carried out by examining standardized anomalies, trends, correlation, and equivalence of datasets. Maximum temperature(T_(max))and minimum temperature(Tmin) for Dehradun, from two different sources such as computed and gridded data from Climatic Research Unit(CRU) and observed data from India Meteorological Department(IMD)are used for 1901–2012. The CRU data are compared initially with IMD, by graphical assessment of standardized anomalies. Subsequently, change points are identified by using Cumulative Sum(CUSUM)-chart technique for trend analysis. The magnitude and significance of trends are determined by applying Sen's slope test, and on the basis of these, trends are compared. Further, correlation analysis is carried out and datasets are tested for equivalence by using Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test. The result shows that annual standardized anomalies of CRU data follow the pattern of annual standardized anomalies of IMD data. The CRU data exhibit similar trends and are well correlated with IMD dataset. Moreover, CRU anomaly data are identical with IMD anomaly data in the recent decades. High resolution gridded CRU data have open access and may be more useful due to its spatio-temporal continuity for land areas of the world.     

Daily Meteorological Observations in Cádiz – San Fernando. Analysis of the Documentary Sources and the Instrumental Data Content (1786–1996)

Meteorological observations in the city of Cádiz are acknowledged as having been made from the middle of the 18th century onwards although they were only recorded and preserved in documentary form from 1789 onwards. Data readings were taken at the new Naval Observatory in San Fernando, ten kilometres from Cádiz, from 1797 onwards. Continuous series for temperature and atmospheric pressure at a daily resolution have been compiled and constructed from 1817 until 1996. The data series is composed of thrice daily observations made at Cádiz (1821–1880) by local observers and hourly data from Naval Observatory at San Fernando (1870–1996).     

1961—2013年新丰县雷暴日数的气候特征分析

根据1961—2013年新丰县雷暴日数资料,使用趋势系数、气候倾向率和M-K突变检验方法,分析新丰县雷暴气候特征。结果表明:新丰县年平均雷暴日数为75.1 d,属多雷区,雷暴主要出现在4—9月(汛期),平均67.5 d,占全年89.6%;年雷暴日数呈显著减少的趋势,每年减少0.299 1 d,在1976年发生了减少性突变;雷暴初日80%保证率下出现在3月20日,雷暴终日80%保证率下出现在11月14日;雷暴持续期平均234.4 d,呈缩短的趋势。     

1963—2012年连平县暴雨的气候变化特征

利用1963—2012年连平县逐日降水资料,采用统计方法分析了近50年来连平县暴雨的逐月分布及年际与年代际变化特征,并对暴雨的初终日变化及持续天数等也进行了分析。结果表明:连平每个月都有暴雨出现的可能,但主要集中在4—9月,暴雨与大暴雨日数均具有单峰特征,峰值都出现在6月。暴雨日的年际变化大,近50年来,连平县年暴雨中日数呈减少趋势,且与年降水量存在着显著正相关。取NCEP再分析资料的月平均850、200 h Pa经纬风u、v资料,分析了暴雨偏多年和偏少年的大气环流背景,结果表明:6月连平高空的高、低层环流对形成暴雨最为有利。而暴雨偏少年,前汛期各月连平高空通常没有明显的高层辐散及低层辐合异常,不利于上升运动及水汽输送的加强,这是导致这些年份持续性暴雨偏少的一个主要原因。     

1965-2020年韶关市春运期间的天气气候特征

利用韶关市8个国家站1965-2020年逐日气象资料,统计分析了韶关市春运期间的气温、降水、日照特征以及影响春运的低温、暴雨、大雾等灾害性天气气候特征.结果表明:近56年来,韶关春运期间平均气温呈升高趋势、降水呈减少趋势,但均不显著,日照时数变化不明显;低温天气高发区在南雄,极端最低气温出现在仁化和始兴县;大雨和暴雨日...     

三种再分析资料计算青藏高原大气热源的比较

选取NCEP1、NCEP2和ERA-Interim中1981—2010年共30 a的风场、温度场和地面气压场再分析资料,利用"倒算法"计算青藏高原大气热源,对三套资料的计算结果进行了多方面比较分析,并运用Morlet小波法分析了区域平均的高原热源的时间变化特征。结果显示:(1)三套资料计算的季节平均的热源在空间分布上基本一致,夏季高原大部分地区为热源,冬季除高原西北部是热源外,其余地区为冷源。其中,ERA-Interim与NCEP1的分布更为接近;(2)三套资料均表明:就30 a平均而言,青藏高原大气为显著的热源,分布上ERA-Interim与NCEP1相似,量值上NCEP的两套资料更为接近;(3)区域平均热源的月际变化十分一致,相关系数均超过99%显著性检验。NCEP的两套资料对年际变化的描述更为一致,二者相关系数为0.88,ERA-Interim与NCEP两套资料的结果略有差距,相关系数分别为0.78和0.70;(4)整体而言,ERA-Interim资料在反映高原热源方面较优,但也要注意考察该资料给出的高原南坡强热源的真实合理性。     

Tree Species Composition in European Pristine Forests: Comparison of Stand Data to Model Predictions

The degree of general applicability across Europe currently achieved with several forest succession models is assessed, data needs and steps for further model development are identified and the role physiology based models can play in this process is evaluated. To this end, six forest succession models (DISCFORM, ForClim, FORSKA-M, GUESS, PICUS v1.2, SIERRA) are applied to simulate stand structure and species composition at 5 European pristine forest sites in different climatic regions. The models are initialized with site-specific soil information and driven with climate data from nearby weather stations. Predicted species composition and stand structure are compared to inventory data. Similarity and dissimilarity in the model results under current climatic conditions as well as the predicted responses to six climate change scenarios are discussed. All models produce good results in the prediction of the right tree functional types. In about half the cases, the dominating species are predicted correctly under the current climate. Where deviations occur, they often represent a shift of the species spectrum towards more drought tolerant species. Results for climate change scenarios indicate temperature driven changes in the alpine elevational vegetation belts at humid sites and a high sensitivity of forest composition and biomass of boreal and temperate deciduous forests to changes in precipitation as mediated by summer drought. Restricted generality of the models is found insofar as models originally developed for alpine conditions clearly perform better at alpine sites than at boreal sites, and vice versa. We conclude that both the models and the input data need to be improved before the models can be used for a robust evaluation of forest dynamics under climate change scenarios across Europe. Recommendations for model improvements, further model testing and the use of physiology based succession models are made.     

Wavelet Analysis of Solar-ENSO Imprints in Tree Ring Data from Southern Brazil in the Last Century

In order to study the imprint of solar and ENSO signals on terrestrial archives, the wavelet spectrum analysis was applied to solar-geophysical indices and tree ring data. Time series of Sunspot Number (SSN), southern oscillation index (SOI) and tree-ring indices from Southern Brazil, for the period 1876–1991, were used in this work. The 11-year solar cycle was present during the whole period in tree ring data, being more intense during 1930–1980, in agreement with an earlier study that was performed for thesame region but a different time range (1836–1996). ENSO effects on treering data from Southern Brazil were studied by the first time in this work using wavelet analysis. Short-term variations, between 2–5 years, arealso present in tree ring data. This represents the signature of ENSO events and was also observed in the SOI, as expected. The cross-wavelet spectrum analysis shows that both solar and climatic factors are recorded in tree ring data.     

1951~2010年云贵高原大理和丽江气温、降水的气候特征分析

利用大理和丽江气象站1951~2010年的逐日气象资料,分析了横断山脉东部气温、降水的气候特征。结果表明,1991年以后,大理和丽江地区均存在显著增温的趋势（0.58和0.55℃/10 a）,明显高于同时期中国平均气温的增加幅度;而在1991年之前,大理和丽江的年平均气温呈现下降或微弱上升的趋势（-0.14和0.07℃/10 a）。与夏季平均气温的增温幅度相比,冬季平均气温的增温更显著,且其变化趋势与年均气温的气候特征是一致的。大理和丽江年总降水及各季节降水量在1951~2010年并没有明显增加或减少的趋势。大理和丽江雨季开始的时间分别为第28候和第30候,持续时间分别约为5.5和4.5个月。20世纪80年代以后,丽江年平均风速的减小强度明显大于大理,这是因为丽江站地处城区,城市化剧烈,地表粗糙度增加显著。日照时数与云量呈反相的季节变化,降水量的多年平均的逐候变化与日照时数、总云量、尤其是低云云量相关,随风速增大而减小。     

Contribution of Secondary VOC to the Composition of Aqueous Atmospheric Particles: A Modeling Approach

Measurements show that 20–60% of the carbon mass present in fine atmospheric particulate matter consists of water soluble organic compounds (WSOC). However, only 5–20% of this WSOC has been identified, mainly as dicarboxylic acids. Because of their high solubility in water, multifunctional secondary compounds derived from the gas-phase oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOC) are suspected to be key contributors to the WSOC. To test this assumption, an estimate of aqueous uptake of secondary VOC was included in a highly detailed gas-phase mechanism which treats explicitly the formation of the secondary VOC from a set of representative primary species. Simulations were conducted for 2 scenarios, representing typical rural and urban areas. It was observed that the uptake of secondary VOC can lead to WSOC mass concentrations in the range of a few C m^–3, in fairly good agreement with typical WSOC mass concentrations measured. Speciation of WSOC was found to be mainly as tri- or higher multifunctional hydroxy-carbonyl species and hydroxy-hydroperoxide-carbonyl species, in urban and rural environments, respectively. However, it was also found that taking into account only the absorption of secondary VOC does not bring the carboxylic acids mass concentration in agreement with measurements. An attempt was made to explain this discrepancy by introducing chemistry occurring within deliquescent aerosols.     

A Deep Learning Method for Statistical Downscaling of CLDAS Relative Humidity with Different Sources of Data: Sensitivity Analysis

High-resolution relative humidity(RH) data are essential in studies of climate change and in numerical meteorological forecasting. However, because high-resolution meteorological grid data require a large number of stations, the sparse distribution of ground meteorological stations in China before 2008 has limited the development of long-term and high-resolution RH products in the China Meteorological Administration’s Land Assimilation System(CLDAS)dataset. To retrieve high-quality and high-reso...     

江门市1961—2013年前汛期暴雨气候变化特征

根据江门市新会区国家气象观测站1961—2013年逐日暴雨资料,采用线性趋势分析研究了江门市前汛期暴雨的气候变化特征。结果表明:近53年江门市前汛期年平均暴雨日2.8 d、大暴雨日0.7 d、特大暴雨日0.04 d;年平均暴雨量为385.4 mm,平均强度为75.5 mm/d。平均每10年的上升速率年暴雨频数为0.29次、年大暴雨0.13次、年暴雨量为28.6 mm、暴雨强度为1.0 mm/d;但均未通过0.05的显著性水平。2006年以来大暴雨出现的频数增加,表现出在全球气候变暖背景下,极端暴雨气候事件也呈现异常现象。前汛期年暴雨量和频数呈正比,暴雨日数多的年份对应降雨量也较多。     

A Critical Analysis of the Wind Climatology of the Adriatic Sea from Different Sources

Summary  We consider the wind climatology of the Adriatic Sea derived from three different sources: an operational meteorological model, a simplified wind model, and traditional ship reports. The simplified wind model is found to provide reliable results in storm conditions, but it partly smoothes the fields when the meteorological pattern is not well defined and fairly uniform at the basin scale. The ship reports show a strong evident bias towards low values. This is partly interpreted as a tendency for ships to avoid rough weather and not to report in these types of conditions. A second reason is a bias present in the transfer from the Beaufort to the metric scale. The best results are provided by the operational meteorological model, after its results have been corrected for a bias in wind speed, associated with the resolution of the model with respect to the dimensions of the basin under study. Received October 23, 1997 Revised August 10, 1998     

A Semi-Quantitative, Regional Precipitation Data Set for Studying African Climates of the Nineteenth Century, Part I. Overview of the Data Set

This article describes a historical archive of proxy and actual precipitation data that extends the African climate record back to the early nineteenth century. The `proxy' archive includes verbal, documentary references which contain information related to rainfall conditions, such as references to famine, drought, agriculture or the nature of the rainy season. The precipitation archive includes all observations made in Africa during the nineteenth century. It consists of records for 60 stations in Algeria, 87 stations in South Africa and 304 stations scattered over the rest of Africa. Information is particularly plentiful for the 1880s and 1890s. The two parts have been be combined into a semi-quantitative regional data set indicating annual rainfall conditions in terms of anomaly classes (e.g., normal, dry, wet). This data set extends from the early nineteenth century to 1900 and distinguishes seven anomaly classes, using numbers ranging from –3 to +3 to represent very wet, wet, good rains, normal, dry, drought, and severe drought. The regionalization is based on 90 geographical regions shown via studies of the modern precipitation record to be climatically homogeneous with respect to the interannual variability of rainfall. The regional aggregation allows the voluminous fragmentary information available in historical sources to be used systematically to produce multi-year time series that can be directly integrated into the modern record for each region. The resultant time series can also be subjected to statistical analysis, in order to investigate nineteenth century climate over Africa. Spatial detail is added to the data set by utilizing a unique methodology based on climatic teleconnections established from studies of rainfall variability over Africa. The historical information and station records have been combined into a file containing a regional anomaly value for up to 90 geographic regions and the years 1801–1900. Gaps necessarily remain in the matrix, but as early as the 1820s over 40 regions are represented. By the 1880s generally around 70 regions or more are represented.     

用变分法修正黑河试验数据的初步研究

为了对黑河试验观测资料进行订正,利用一个一维边界层垂直扩散模式和以拟牛顿极小化算法为基础的最优化方法建立了一个变分同化系统,其中,目标函数相对于控制变量的梯度用扰动法求取.并利用模式资料和黑河试验若干时刻的观测资料进行了一些数值试验.试验证明,将初始场变量与模式误差系数同时作为控制变量加以调整,能够有效调整初始场观测资料.并且,用变分同化方法能够较线性插值(时间、空间)方法更有效、合理的修正黑河试验观测资料场的种种缺陷.