基于旋转采样法的结构面粗糙度各向异性评价

岩石结构面粗糙度各向异性评价存在不确定性.本文基于高精度激光扫描技术获得的结构面三维点云数据,提出了一种评价岩石结构面粗糙度系数(JRC)各向异性的旋转采样法.通过典型结构面试样的对比分析,探讨了采样方法和尺寸对JRC各向异性的影响.结果表明:(1)已有的单一轮廓线采样法获得的JRC各向异性数据离散,各向异性评价结果偏...     

岩石结构面粗糙度系数尺寸效应的推拉试验研究

粗糙度系数是结构面抗剪强度的主要影响因素,然而由于结构面表面形态的复杂性,粗糙度系数尺寸效应研究并未获得较大进展。总结了结构面粗糙度系数的3种获取手段：标准剖面对比法、理论公式法、试验反分析法。在此基础上分析了3种方法在研究粗糙度系数尺寸效应方面存在的问题和困难。为了研究结构面粗糙度系数与试样尺寸的相关度,对中砂、硅粉、水泥、非引气型萘系减水剂等原材料的配比进行了研究,获得了与天然钙质板岩物理力学特性相类似的岩石模型材料,然后采用研发的结构面制作模具及其制备工艺制作了8组共176对具有不同尺寸和表面起伏粗糙程度的结构面,并利用改进的高精度岩石结构面推拉仪对结构面粗糙度系数进行了推拉试验研究和数据统计分析,结果表明：模型结构面粗糙度系数的统计均值随试样尺寸的增加而降低,但特定结构面粗糙度系数的尺寸效应规律需要根据结构面的具体表面形貌进行测试;Barton理论公式计算的结构面粗糙度系数尺寸效应变化规律与推拉试验测试规律总体上一致,但试验值与理论值有差异,且结构面试样尺寸越小,二者的差异就越大;具有特定表面形貌的模型结构面粗糙度系数也有差异,工程大尺寸岩体结构面粗糙度系数需要根据表面形貌和分布特征进行综合判定。     

不同成因结构面各向异性特征及其剪切力学特性

岩体结构面具有明显的各向异性,其直接影响岩体的变形特性、力学特性与渗流特性,因此对结构面的各向异性特征开展量化分析尤为重要。针对不同成因(劈裂、剪切)结构面,利用结构面量化参数(节理粗糙度系数JRC、节理平均倾角θ、分形维数D_B)对其各向异性特征进行了分析,研究了各向异性特征对其剪切力学特性的影响。研究结果表明:(1)在劈裂断裂结构面中,平行劈裂方向的JRC与θ值普遍大于垂直方向,且随角度变化波动较小,D_B在对角线方向变化较大,其值与所取剖面线长度有关;而在剪切断裂结构面中,平行剪切方向的JRC和θ值与垂直方向无明显差别,但D_B同样在对角线方向变化较大;(2)在评价结构面各向异性时,采用θ、D_B等参数评价时,劈裂断裂结构面与剪切断裂结构面各向异性系数无明显差别,采用JRC作为评价参数时,其各向异性系数差异较大,能较好反映不同结构面之间的差异特征;(3)剪切断裂结构面的峰值剪切荷载和法向位移均高于劈裂断裂结构面,两种结构面的剪胀角达到峰值时的剪切位移相近,剪切断裂结构面的开度分布较为集中且普遍较大,劈裂断裂结构面开度分布则较为分散。     

JRC分形估测方法的实用性

基于分形几何的码尺法分维数与岩石节理粗糙度系数的物理意义剖析，认为Ｄ－ＪＲＣ之间不存在必然的相关性．分析标准轮廓曲线的分维数，发现其分维数差级微小，难以实行粗糙度系数分级．根据实测资料阐述了岩石节理表面轮廓曲线的“自相似”是统计意义而不是绝对的，它要求ＪＲＣ分形估测应统计求取，而过繁的分维数测量步骤削弱了ＪＲＣ的分形统计估测的可行性．建立在实测资料统计分析基础上的ＪＲＣ尺寸效应分形模型ＪＲＣｎ＝ＪＲＣ０（Ｌｎ／Ｌ０）－Ｄ客观而真实地刻画了粗糙度系数随取样长度增大而降低的规律，其中，ＪＲＣ尺寸效应分维数（Ｄ）具明确的物理意义，它描述了ＪＲＣ随结构面规模增大而降低的衰减速率．最后，运用ＪＲＣ尺寸效应分维数（Ｄ）探讨了岩石节理粗糙度系数尺寸效应的各向异性规律．     

岩体结构面各向异性变异系数的尺寸效应研究

岩体结构面的各向异性与尺寸效应特征对其力学性质影响较大,综合考虑两者之间的相互关系对工程岩体稳定性评价具有重要意义。全面分析不同尺度结构面的各向异性分布,提出考虑正交方向三维形貌参数的各向异性变异系数AVC3D。通过渐进覆盖法统计4组天然岩体结构面10种不同采样尺寸的各向异性变异系数及其尺寸效应规律。结果表明：各向异性变异系数均随结构面尺寸增大而减小至定值,其与结构面尺寸具有较好的负对数函数关系;通过归一化处理,各向异性变异系数与结构面尺寸呈现较好的线性函数关系,表明各向异性变异系数具有分形结构,分维数D可以实现其尺寸效应的规律统计。该方法揭示了影响结构面形貌特征方向性变化的最大有效倾角 和粗糙系数C的增长幅度会随采样尺寸增大趋于稳定的变化机制,体现了当结构面达到各向异性尺寸效应的阈值后,会呈现出稳定的各向异性规律。     

甘肃北山地质处置库围岩节理抗剪强度经验估算

节理抗剪强度参数是地质处置库预选地段工程地质对比和围岩稳定性分析的重要指标。本文在旧井地段英云闪长岩节理分组的基础上,运用定向统计测量方法估测节理粗糙度系数,通过评价节理粗糙度系数的尺寸效应,确定节理抗剪强度经验估算有效长度,由JRC-JCS模型求得各组节理4个方向的抗剪强度参数,并评价了地质处置库围岩节理抗剪强度的各向异性特征。     

不同采样间隔下结构面形貌特征和各向异性特征的统计参数稳定性研究

岩石结构面形貌特征直接影响其宏细观剪切破坏特征和剪切强度,因此,清楚地认识在不同点云数据采样间隔下结构面形貌特征和各向异性特征的统计参数稳定性,对于定量认识结构面剪切破坏机制并建立合理的抗剪强度准则十分重要。为此,借助三维白光面扫描系统对3组不同粗糙度的岩石结构面进行测量,并根据稀疏点云数据密度的原理得到其15种采样间隔的点云数据;在此基础之上,研究了2D统计参数坡度均方根Z_2、粗糙度指数R_p和θ_(max)~*/(C+1)_(2D)以及其所对应的3D坡度均方根Z_(2s)、3D粗糙度指数R_s和3D统计参数θ_(max)~*/(C+1)_(3D)随采样间隔的变化规律。研究发现,上述统计参数随着采样间隔的增大而减小,且衰减幅度逐渐增大,并与采样间隔存在二次多项式的拟合关系;同时,研究还发现,不同采样间隔下结构面的各向异性特征也具有间隔效应。为定量描述这种结构面各向异性特征的采样间隔效应,利用所构造的无量纲参数结构面各向异性系数DAC和各向异性特征参数K_α对其度量,结果表明,结构面的各向异性与间隔效应呈现正相关的关系。最后,综合岩石自然结构面分析形貌特征参数和各向异性特征参数的稳定性,在采样间隔取为0.1~0.5 mm之间表现较好的稳定性,其参数值偏差不大于3%,因此,建议一般情况下岩石自然结构面三维扫描的采样间隔可取为0.5 mm。     

结构面粗糙度统计测量最小样本数确定方法

由于结构面粗糙度具有各质异性、各向异性、非均一性和尺寸效应等特征，结构面粗糙度系数（JRC）取值具有不确定性，工程中广泛采用统计方法来分析结构面粗糙度性质，然而以往研究往往忽略样本数不足对统计结果的影响。针对结构面粗糙度统计测量时无法确定合理样本数的问题，分别提出基于变异系数级比分析及简单随机抽样原理的最小样本数确定方法。以实际工程岩体结构面表面数据为研究对象，对比分析两种方法在系列尺寸下确定的统计测量最小样本数。实例分析表明：小尺寸样本的变异系数（CV）值明显大于大尺寸样本，且CV值随取样尺寸的增大而减小，取样尺寸为10～50 cm的CV值基本稳定在0.31～0.47之间，取样尺寸为60～100 cm的CV值基本稳定在0.21～0.31之间；最小样本数与取样尺寸基本满足幂函数关系，且最小样本数随取样尺寸的增大而减少；系列尺寸下级比分析方法在允许误差为±2%时确定的最小样本数与简单随机抽样原理在最大允许误差为10%、置信度为95%时计算的最小样本数是一致的，相似度大于0.997。该研究方法可为工程岩体中定量获取结构面粗糙度统计测量最小样本数提供依据，保证了JRC（结构面粗糙度系数）统计测量结果的准确性，对工程岩体稳定性评价中结构面力学参数的准确获取具有重要意义。     

岩体节理面的力学效应研究

简易纵剖面仪和Ｒｙ—ＪＲＣ尺为定量统计研究岩体节理的表面形态和粗糙度系数提供了有效的量测工具．本文根据简易纵剖面仪在某一节理面上野外现场绘制的１０２３条不同方向、不同取样长度的节理表面轮廓曲线的实测统计资料,系统、定量地分析了节理表面形态的各质异性、各向异性和非均一性;运用ＪＲＣ—ＪＣＳ模型讨论了岩体节理力学参数的各质异性效应、各向异性效应、非均一性效应、评定长度效应、几何形状效应和法向应力效应等问题．在此基础上,提出了按岩性定向统计研究节理表面形态、估测节理粗造度系数和估算岩体节理力学参数的科学思路．文末对正确运用ＪＲＣ—ＪＣＳ模型估算岩体节理力学参数的有关注意事项作了简要说明．     

基于改进投影覆盖法结构面粗糙度尺寸效应分析

研究结构面粗糙度的尺寸效应特征对全面理解结构面的力学性质有重要的意义。基于此,将随机数应用于投影覆盖法中,改进了投影覆盖法计算结构面分维数时三角形单元划分方法;在分辨率相同情况下,应用改进投影覆盖法计算了两个形貌特征不同的结构面（2 m×2 m）尺寸大小不同时的分维数;探讨了用取自不同区域位置相同尺寸结构面的最大分维数差值来判定结构面合理尺寸的方法。研究结果表明:（1）形貌特征不同的结构面尺寸效应特征不尽相同,一般情况下,随尺寸增大,结构面粗糙度先增大而后减小,即在小尺寸时表现为正尺寸效应,而后为负尺寸效应;（2）对于某一特定结构面,不同尺寸范围选取位置不同,其尺寸效应特征也不尽相同;（3）不同区域位置相同尺寸结构面最大分维数差值随尺寸的增大,其总体趋势为先减小而后逐渐趋于稳定。该研究结果是全面认识结构面粗糙度尺寸效应的有益补充,为确定结构面合理尺寸提供一条新途径。     

Natural rock joint roughness quantification through fractal techniques

Accurate quantification of roughness is important in modeling hydro-mechanical behavior of rock joints. A highly refined variogram technique was used to investigate possible existence of anisotropy in natural rock joint roughness. Investigated natural rock joints showed randomly varying roughness anisotropy with the direction. A scale dependant fractal parameter, K _v, seems to play a prominent role than the fractal dimension, D _r1d, with respect to quantification of roughness of natural rock joints. Because the roughness varies randomly, it is impossible to predict the roughness variation of rock joint surfaces from measurements made in only two perpendicular directions on a particular sample. The parameter D _r1d × K _v seems to capture the overall roughness characteristics of natural rock joints well. The one-dimensional modified divider technique was extended to two dimensions to quantify the two-dimensional roughness of rock joints. The developed technique was validated by applying to a generated fractional Brownian surface with fractal dimension equal to 2.5. It was found that the calculated fractal parameters quantify the rock joint roughness well. A new technique is introduced to study the effect of scale on two-dimensional roughness variability and anisotropy. The roughness anisotropy and variability reduced with increasing scale.     

Quantitative Parameters for Rock Joint Surface Roughness

Summary The morphologies of two artificial granite joints (sanded and hammered surfaces), one artificial regularly undulated joint and one natural schist joint, were studied. The sanded and hammered granite joints underwent 5 cycles of direct shear under 3 normal stress levels ranging between 0.3–4 MPa. The regularly undulated joint underwent 10 cycles of shear under 6 normal stress levels ranging between 0.5–5 MPa and the natural schist replicas underwent a monotonous shear under 5 normal stress levels ranging between 0.4–2.4 MPa. In order to characterize the morphology of the sheared joints, a laser sensor profilometer was used to perform surface data measurements prior to and after each shear test. Rather than describing the morphology of the joints from the single profiles, our characterization is based on a simultaneous analysis of all the surface profiles. Roughness was viewed as a combination of a primary roughness and a secondary roughness. The surface angularity was quantified by defining its three-dimensional mean angle, θ_s, and the parameter Z2_s. The surface anisotropy and the secondary roughness were respectively quantified by the degree of apparent anisotropy, k _a, and the surface relative roughness coefficient, R _s. The surface sinuosity was quantified by the surface tortuosity coefficient, T _s.  Comparison between the means of the classical linear parameters and those proposed shows that linear parameters underestimate the morphological characteristics of the joint surfaces. As a result, the proposed bi-dimensional and tri-dimensional parameters better describe the evolution of the joints initial roughness during the course of shearing.     

Numerical Investigations of the Dynamic Shear Behavior of Rough Rock Joints

The dynamic shear behavior of rock joints is significant to both rock engineering and earthquake dynamics. With the discrete element method (DEM), the dynamic direct-shear tests on the rough rock joints with 3D (sinusoidal or random) surface morphologies are simulated and discussed. Evolution of the friction coefficient with the slip displacement shows that the 3D DEM joint model can accurately reproduce the initial strengthening, slip-weakening, and steady-sliding responses of real rock joints. Energy analyses show that the strengthening and weakening behavior of the rock joint are mainly attributed to the rapid accumulation and release of the elastic energy in the joint. Then, effects of the surface roughness and the normal stress on the friction coefficient and the micro shear deformation mechanisms, mainly volume change and asperity damage, of the rock joint are investigated. The results show that the peak friction coefficient increases logarithmically with the increasing surface roughness, but decreases exponentially with the increasing normal stress. In addition, the rougher rock joint exhibits both higher joint dilation and asperity degradation. However, high normal stress constrains the joint dilation, but promotes the degree of asperity degradation significantly. Lastly, the effects of the 3D surface morphology on the shear behavior of the rock joint are investigated with a directional roughness parameter. It is observed that the anisotropy of the surface roughness consequently results in the variation of the peak friction coefficient of the joint corresponding to different shearing directions as well as the micro shear deformation mechanisms, e.g., the extent of joint dilation.     

岩石结构面注浆加固抗剪特性试验研究

为了研究破裂岩体结构面的注浆加固效果,并揭示其加固实质和作用机制,对单轴压缩试验形成的破裂岩样结构面粗糙度进行了测量与研究;通过破裂岩样结构面注浆加固的剪切试验,分析了注浆对结构面强度和刚度等力学特性参数的影响;通过锯齿形模型化结构面注浆前后剪切试验,分析了锯齿形结构面的力学特性及注浆加固对模型化结构面的影响。研究结果表明,同种岩样压裂后结构面粗糙度系数JRC相近,其数值约为8～10,具有可复制性;注浆后结构面残余强度、剪切峰值强度及上升段斜率均有明显提高;注浆后岩体中结构面的刚度也得到了明显改善;通过理论分析,给出了结构面刚度的理论拟合公式;结构面的剪切峰值强度及残余强度随着锯齿形齿数的增多明显提高,注浆加固后,结构面剪切峰值强度、黏聚力都有不同程度的增大,而内摩擦角变化不大     

On the role of joint roughness on the micromechanics of rock fracturing process: a numerical study

The deformation process and failure mechanism of rock mass with increased joint roughness subjected to unconfined compression are investigated in this study using discrete element method. A numerical model is developed using soft-bonded particle and validated to realistically replicate the mechanical response of the rock mass. The micro-parameters of the rock material are first determined, and the effects of the joint roughness on the macromechanical response and fracture growth mechanism are then investigated. Analyses are also performed to examine the tensile and shear crack distributions, acoustic emission (AE) characteristics, coordination number, and crack anisotropy to advance the current understanding of the role of joint roughness on the mechanical behavior and deformability of rock mass. The results show that strength and deformability of the jointed rocks are highly dependent on the joint orientation and roughness. Joint roughness is found to restrain the propagation and coalescence of microcracks and AE events from the interlocking of asperities. In addition, the spatial distribution of the contact forces allows for better understanding of the effect of joint inclination angle on the response of the investigated rock samples.