扶余油田扶余组曲流河储层单砂体构型刻画及剩余油控制因素

针对陆相曲流河油藏复杂的砂体分布特征及重建地下认识体系关键技术难点,在分析陆相盆地地层建造及曲流河储层形成基础上,运用曲流河储集层层次细分方法,将吉林扶余油田扶余组曲流河油藏分为4个砂层组,13个小层。在小层划分基础上,以曲流河单砂体内部构型刻画为重点,通过综合运用岩心、密井网测井、开发动态等资料,对研究区点坝单砂体层次界面、岩相组合及空间展布与配置关系进行系统研究,探讨了剩余油成因及分布特征。研究结果表明,形成于弱水动力环境的扶余组曲流河油藏点坝单砂体受两级沉积界面控制,形成的侧积体数多在3~4个,侧积面夹角多在3.5°~6.2°,平面规模差异较大。孤立型、搭接型、叠加型和切叠型是储集层单砂体空间配置的主要方式。受点坝侧积泥岩等夹层及注采方式影响,剩余油多分布于点坝、孤立及切叠砂体中,构成了油藏实施二次开发的物质基础。     

曲流河道沉积演化过程与历史重建--以吉林油田扶余采油厂杨大城子油层为例

高弯曲流单期河道内点坝内部侧积泥岩夹层所形成的天然渗流屏障是影响剩余油赋存的主控因素, 其单砂体内部薄夹层空间分布规模小、井间不易追踪对比、研究难度和所需资料要求程度较高等诸多不利因素, 制约着点坝砂体内部建筑结构的精细解剖。因此, 本文试图充分利用岩芯、测井、密井网等资料, 在废弃河道和点坝砂体的识别、恢复、河工参数的拟合和估算等基础上, 结合前人研究成果, 判别点坝侧积体的规模、倾向和倾角, 并以此为基础, 结合点坝地质概念模型, 从单一期河道内多个点坝中, 将属于同期的侧积体识别出来, 然后进行编号组合, 按照河道蛇曲化的规律进行过程分析和再现其沉积演化过程。这种方法实现了从成因过程学角度来解释点坝内部建筑结构及其空间叠置规律问题, 使河流相储层建筑结构分析不仅仅停留在结果层面, 而是注重从成因、过程视角去恢复和重建曲流河道历史演化过程, 使曲流点坝内部砂体建筑结构解剖结果将更合理、更可信, 并有效指导了油田中后期剩余油的预测和挖潜。     

河道单砂体“建筑结构控三维非均质模式”研究

单砂体平面、层内(小层韵律性)非均质性已不能满足高含水期、三次采油阶段的需求,其既不能揭示单砂体内部物性空间变化及分布,更忽略了单砂体内非渗透薄夹层(多<30cm)对储层非均质性的影响。文中提出按反映单砂体成因、形成微过程及内部结构的储层建筑结构(architecture)研究单砂体内部三维非均质性的思想,并结合曲流点坝单一侧积体沉积模式及其侧叠模式,建立了"渗透率向凸岸、向上减小的新月形楔状侧积体,逐一斜列侧叠,其间被非渗透侧积薄夹层隔开"的曲流河道砂体"建筑结构控三维非均质模式",揭示了以往忽视的、但对单砂体内部三维非均质性至关重要的不渗透薄夹层及其遮挡-阻流格架;也由此客观地揭示了单砂体内部物性基本单元(侧积砂体)及其三维分布规律,从而真正反映了单砂体内部三维非均质性的本质,并由此对单砂体内部渗流场、注入剂驱油和剩余油形成与分布产生重要影响,这将对高含水期、三次采油阶段及其以后的剩余油研究、预测具有重要意义。     

河流相储层隔夹层成因及其分布特征

储层隔夹层研究是揭示油藏非均质性的不可缺少的组成部分,特别是油田开发至高、特高含水期,储层隔夹层的类型、分布等对剩余油的分布具有重要的控制作用。河流相储层隔夹层从成因上可分为沉积作用形成的隔夹层和成岩作用形成的隔夹层两大类型。沉积作用形成的隔夹层是指在沉积过程中形成的粒度相对较细、孔隙度较低、渗透率较小的岩层或界面,河流相储层中如点砂坝侧积层、河道砂体细粒微相等。成岩作用形成的隔夹层是在成岩过程中因钙质胶结而形成的,此类隔夹层分布零星,横向预测难,其分布受到沉积微相及断层的控制。点砂坝是河流相储层的主体,点砂坝侧积层是河流相储层中一类重要的隔夹层,因此着重研究了河流相储层中点砂坝的沉积模式及构型要素,它们控制着点砂坝砂体中隔夹层的分布。     

基于河口坝砂体构型分析的剩余油分布模式研究

河口坝是三角洲前缘最主要的沉积砂体,也是我国陆相石油地质储量的重要载体,加强河口坝剩余油分布规律研究将会为许多大型油田下步挖潜提供依据。以河口坝构型思想为指导,分单一河口坝和叠置河口坝两种类型,建立不同厚度、不同渗透率、不同夹层频率、不同注采条件的共计18个概念模型,并数值模拟至模型极限含水。通过对数值模拟结果的对比分析,得到了点坝剩余油的影响因素及剩余油分布模式。分析认为:影响单一河口坝砂体及叠置河口坝砂体剩余油的最主要因素分别是渗透率级差和夹层位置与夹层上下储层渗透率韵律特征;单一河口坝砂体剩余油模式有三种,顶部富集型、均匀驱替型和底部富集型;叠置河口坝砂剩余油模式也有三种,界面之上富集型、界面之下富集型和界面上下富集型。     

井震结合砂体构型表征及其对剩余油的控制研究:以冀东油田明化镇组NmⅢ12-1小层为例

冀东油田明化镇组NmⅢ12-1小层井网分布不均,但地震资料品质较好。为此,对该小层进行井震结合砂体构型表征,建立曲流河砂体构型边界的正演概念模型。利用地震沿层切片属性、反演等地震资料及测井砂体特征有效提高单一河道边界及点砂坝砂体识别精度。采用“模式拟合”对点砂坝及其内部构型进行表征,利用水平井及动态资料验证构型解剖的合理性。在此基础上,建立三维储层构型模型并进行数值模拟,预测剩余油,提出曲流河砂体控制剩余油分布。开发中后期的油藏,正向微构造、储层构型和井网是剩余油分布的主控因素。构型控制的剩余油多集中在点砂坝的中上部;废弃河道及点砂坝内侧积层对渗流产生一定的遮挡,在废弃河道附近及侧积层间的侧积体常富集剩余油。研究对油田开发方案的调整具有重要意义。     

曲流河古河道储层构型精细解剖——以孤东油田七区西馆陶组为例

以胜利油区孤东油田七区西为例,在沉积微相研究的基础上,主要应用研究区岩心、测井,动态等资料,对曲流河古河道砂体进行了系统的储层层次构型精细解剖。在点坝定量分布模式的指导下,根据点坝砂体垂向上典型的正韵律、砂体厚度大以及紧邻废弃河道分布等特征,在研究区Ng522单层复合河道砂体内部识别出2个单一点坝。综合露头和现代沉积的研究成果、经验公式预测以及对子井分析,建立了研究区点坝内部构型定量模式,以单井上识别的泥质侧积层作为依据,点坝内部定量模式及动态监测结果作为指导,进行模式拟合,达到系统解剖点坝内部构型的目的。建立了点坝内部泥质侧积层控制的剩余油分布模式,提出了采用在点坝砂体中上部钻水平井的方式开采侧积层控制的剩余油。点坝构型解剖成果在研究区得到了较好的应用效果,而且对类似油田储层精细研究及剩余分布预测都有较好的借鉴作用。     

曲流河点坝内部构型精细研究及应用

点坝是曲流河单砂体沉积单元中最重要的储集砂体,其内部侧积层是控制剩余油分布的主要因素。以港东油田二区五先导试验块为例,综合运用测井、岩心、密井网、水平井等资料,对点坝内部构型进行解剖,定量认识试验区侧积层厚度为0.2~0.3 m、倾角3.5°,侧积体规模、期次、大小不一。分级次嵌套式二次加密建立构型级别精细三维地质模型,并开展了精细油藏数值模拟研究,同时结合测井、岩心、分析化验等资料,认为剩余油主要分布在砂体顶部和侧积层附近。应用地质-建模-数模一体化研究成果,指导方案部署与现场实施,取得了较好效果,为点坝内部构型精细研究提供了一套新的思路与方法。     

古河道储层构型层次分析法——以孤岛油田馆陶组曲流河为例

以胜利油区孤岛油田11J11密井网区曲流河储层为例,在曲流河野外露头和现代沉积原型模型研究成果的基础上,应用岩心、测井及动态等资料,探索了一套曲流河地下储层构型分析方法。在基于构型分析的精细等时地层对比及单井构型要素解释的基础上,采用"层次分析"和"模式拟合"的研究思路,按复合曲流带、单一曲流带、单一点坝以及点坝内部侧积体的4个层次进行模式拟合,对曲流河各级次构型单元内部结构进行系统分析。拟合结果既符合曲流河沉积成因理论,又与研究区动态资料吻合,说明研究成果是可靠的,由此建立了真正意义上的三维储层构型模型,再现了曲流河点坝内部泥质侧积层空间分布特征,为分析油田开发后期储层构型控制的剩余油分布规律提供了科学依据,该方法对类似油田精细储层研究有较好的借鉴作用,并能推广应用。     

古河道储层构型层次分析法——以弧岛油田馆陶组曲流河为例

以胜利油区孤岛油田11J11密井网区曲流河储层为例,在曲流河野外露头和现代沉积原型模型研究成果的基础上,应用岩心、测井及动态等资料,探索了一套曲流河地下储层构型分析方法。在基于构型分析的精细等时地层对比及单井构型要素解释的基础上,采用“层次分析”和“模式拟合”的研究思路,按复合曲流带、单一曲流带、单一点坝以及点坝内部侧积体的4个层次进行模式拟合,对曲流河各级次构型单元内部结构进行系统分析。拟合结果既符合曲流河沉积成因理论,又与研究区动态资料吻合,说明研究成果是可靠的,由此建立了真正意义上的三维储层构型模型,再现了曲流河点坝内部泥质侧积层空间分布特征,为分析油田开发后期储层构型控制的剩余油分布规律提供了科学依据,该方法对类似油田精细储层研究有较好的借鉴作用,并能推广应用。
     

济阳坳陷东部埕北地区Ng上段曲流河沉积相及砂体展布研究

埕北地区Ng~上段主要为曲流河沉积,储油砂体微相为由流河冲积平原亚相的曲流砂坝。由于它的单层薄,横向上变化大,分布复杂,直接影响到对它的勘探开发和储量计算。通过研究取芯井段的岩相、岩相组合、垂相沉积层序及各种电测井资料等,将Ng~上段曲流河沉积砂体划分为三种亚相,并建立了由流河沉积砂体的剖面结构和平面分布模式,进一步又以沉积小层和砂层组为单元研究了曲流河砂体的平面分布特征及纵向演化规律等,为下一步的精细油藏描述研究打下了可靠的基础。     

萨北油田北二西区点坝内部侧积层定量表征

萨北油田北二西区萨Ⅱ1＋2b小层层内非均质性强,剩余油分散。本文依据研究区的地质特征和沉积环境,认为该区点坝内部侧积层的坝面分布为水平斜列式,分布形态呈＂缓-陡＂模式。基于研究区的密井网资料,在点坝内部侧积层分布模式的指导下,利用经验公式、岩心以及密井网剖面的方法对点坝内部侧积层进行了定量表征。得出研究区位于点坝顶部的侧积层倾角多在5°以内,而位于点坝中部的侧积层角度在4～10°之间,侧积层间距为40m,单一侧积体水平宽度约70m。以这些参数为基础,结合研究区侧积层的＂缓-陡＂模式,建立了能够用于油藏数值模拟的三维构型模型,分析了侧积层控制的剩余油分布模式,为厚油层剩余油挖潜提供了更准确的地质依据。     

基于卫星影像建立曲流河地质知识库及应用

曲流河储层在国内各大油田中占有较大比例,建立曲流河地质知识库,对储层进行精细研究十分重要。采用GoogleEarth软件观测曲流河特征,建立6种发育模式;测量曲流河河道参数数据,分析统计参数间的相关关系。通过观测,将曲流河发育模式划分为单一河道低弯曲度小边滩发育型、单一河道高弯曲度大边滩发育型、简单河道低弯曲度小边滩发育型、 简单河道高弯曲度大边滩发育型、多河道低弯曲度小边滩发育型、多河道高弯曲度大边滩发育型6种类型。对曲流河参数数据进行统计分析,发现曲流河河道宽度与点坝长度、河道宽度与单一曲流带宽度 、点坝长度与点坝宽度间均具有较好的正相关关系。按曲率为1.1~1.5、1.5~2.5、2.5~4.5统计分析,参数间的正相关性高于所有数据参数分析结果。为此,建立了曲流河的定性模式和不同曲率下 曲流河的定量模式。研究结果可为地下曲流河储层研究提供相应模式和定量化指导。     

复杂曲流带识别标志及其内部点坝叠加接触模式

以现代沉积为指导,通过岩芯、测井地质、地震沉积学分析研究复杂曲流带边界砂体类型及其内部结构特征,提出了识别地下复杂曲流带的典型标志,即曲流带边界处废弃河道的长度与曲流带边界的长度比值大于65%,尤其在曲流带凹岸一侧此比值超过85%。通过对比分析正演模型、测井地质剖面及分频后地震反射轴的波形及振幅,识别并总结出研究区曲流带内部主要发育点坝主体-初期点坝-初期河道边缘、点坝伊始-废弃河道、点坝伊始-点坝伊始、废弃河道-废弃河道、废弃河道-点坝伊始、末期河道-点坝等点坝间边界叠加类型,并在此基础上建立了研究区曲流带内部结构模式。     

Holocene drainage systems of the English Fenland: roddons and their environmental significance

The roddons of the English Fenlands are fossilised silt and sand-filled tidal creek systems of mid- to late-Holocene age, incised into contemporaneous clay deposits. However, anthropogenic change (drainage and agriculture) has caused the former channels to become positive topographical features. Three stratigraphically discrete generations of roddon have been discriminated. They all show well-developed dendritic meander patterns, but there is little or no evidence of sand/silt infill during meandering; thus, unlike modern tidal creeks and rivers they typically lack laterally stacked point bar deposits, suggesting rapid infill. Major “trunk” roddons are rich in fine sands and there is little change in grain size from roddon mouth to the upper reaches, suggesting highly effective sand transport mechanisms and uniform conditions of deposition. Tributaries are silt-rich, while minor tributaries also have a significant clay component. During infill, active drainage networks appear to have been choked by sediment, converting mudflat/salt-marsh environments into widespread peat-forming freshwater reed swamps.     

Preservation of meandering river channels in uniformly aggrading channel belts

Channel belt deposits from meandering river systems commonly display an internal architecture of stacked depositional features with scoured basal contacts due to channel and bedform migration across a range of scales. Recognition and correct interpretation of these bounding surfaces is essential to reconstruction of palaeochannel dimensions and to flow modelling for hydrocarbon exploration. It is therefore crucial to understand the suite of processes that form and transfer these surfaces into the fluvial sedimentary record. Here, the numerical model ‘NAYS2D’ is used to simulate a highly sinuous meandering river with synthetic stratigraphic architectures that can be compared directly to the sedimentary record. Model results highlight the importance of spatial and temporal variations in channel depth and migration rate to the generation of channel and bar deposits. Addition of net uniform bed aggradation (due to excess sediment input) allows quantification of the preservation of meander morphology for a wide range of depositional conditions. The authors find that the effect of vertical variation in scouring due to channel migration is generally orders of magnitude larger than the effect of bed aggradation, which explains the limited impact bed aggradation has on preservation of meander morphology. Moreover, lateral differences in stratigraphy within the meander belt are much larger than the stratigraphic imprint of bed aggradation. Repeatedly produced alternations of point bar growth followed by cut‐off result in a vertical trend in channel and scour feature stacking. Importantly, this vertical stacking trend differs laterally within the meander belt. In the centre of the meander belt, the high reworking intensity results in many bounding surfaces and disturbed deposits. Closer to the margins, reworking is infrequent and thick deposits with a limited number of bounding surfaces are preserved. These marginal areas therefore have the highest preservation potential for complete channel deposits and are thus best suited for palaeochannel reconstruction.     

Plan‐form evolution of ancient meandering rivers reconstructed from longitudinal outcrop sections

The mode of channel‐bend transformation (i.e. expansion, translation, rotation or a combination thereof) has a direct bearing on the dimensions, shape, bedding architecture and connectivity of point‐bar sandstone bodies within a fluvial meander belt, but is generally difficult to recognize in vertical outcrops. This study demonstrates how the bend transformation mode and relative rate of channel‐floor aggradation can be deciphered from longitudinal outcrop sections aligned parallel to the meander‐belt axis, as a crucial methodological aid to the reconstruction of ancient fluvial systems and the development of outcrop analogue models for fluvial petroleum reservoirs. The study focuses on single‐storey and multi‐storey fluvial meander‐belt sandstone bodies in the Palaeogene piggyback Boyabat Basin of north‐central Turkey. The sandstone bodies are several hundred metres wide, 5 to 40 m thick and encased in muddy floodplain deposits. The individual channel‐belt storeys are 5 to 9 m thick and their transverse sections show lateral‐accretion bed packages representing point bars. Point bars in longitudinal sections are recognizable as broad mounds whose parts with downstream‐inclined, subhorizontal and upstream‐inclined bedding represent, respectively, the bar downstream, central and upstream parts. The inter‐bar channel thalweg is recognizable as the transition zone between adjacent point‐bar bedsets with opposing dip directions into or out of the outcrop section. The diverging or converging adjacent thalweg trajectories, or a trajectory migrating in up‐valley direction, indicate point‐bar broadening and hence channel‐bend expansion. A concurrent down‐valley migration of adjacent trajectories indicates channel‐bend translation. Bend rotation is recognizable from the replacement of a depositional riffle by an erosional pool zone or vice versa along the thalweg trajectory. The steepness of the thalweg trajectory reflects the relative rate of channel‐floor aggradation. This study discusses further how the late‐stage foreland tectonics, with its alternating pulses of uplift and subsidence and a progressive narrowing of the basin, has forced aggradation of fluvial channels and caused vertical stacking of meander belts.     

Counter point bar deposits: lithofacies and reservoir significance in the meandering modern Peace River and ancient McMurray Formation, Alberta, Canada

Counter point bar deposits in the meandering Peace River, North‐central Alberta, Wood Buffalo National Park, are distinct from point bar deposits in terms of morphology, lithofacies and reservoir potential for fluids. Previously referred to as the distal‐most parts of point bars, point bar tails and concave bank‐bench deposits, counter point bar deposits have concave morphological scroll patterns rather than convex as with point bars. The Peace is a large river (bankfull discharge 11 700 m³ sec^?1, width 375 to 700 m, depth 15 m, gradient 0·00004 or 4 cm km^?1) in which counter point bar deposits are dominated by silt (80% to 90%), which contrasts with sand‐dominant (90% to 100%) point bar deposits. Beginning at the meander inflection (transition from convex to concave), counter point bar deposit stratigraphy thickens as a wedge‐like architecture in the distal direction until the deposit is nearly as thick as the point bar deposits. The low permeability silt‐dominant lithofacies in counter point bar deposits will limit reservoir extent and movement of fluids in both modern and ancient subsurface fluvial deposits. In the exploration and extraction of bitumen and heavy oil in subsurface fluvial rocks, identification and mapping of reservoir potential of point bar deposits and counter point bar deposits is now possible in the fluvial‐dominated tidal estuarine Lower Cretaceous Middle McMurray Formation, North‐east Alberta. Recent geophysical advances have facilitated imaging of some ancient buried point bar deposits and counter point bar deposits which, on the basis of morphological shape of sedimentary bodies observed from seismic amplitude, can be interpreted and mapped as depositional elements or blocks that contain associated sandstone or siltstone dominant lithofacies, respectively. As counter point bar deposits exhibit poor permeability and thus limit reservoir potential for water, natural gas, light crude, heavy oil and bitumen, counter point bar deposits should be avoided in resource developments. Geophysical imaging, interpretation and mapping of point bar deposit and counter point bar deposit elements provide new opportunities to improve recovery of bitumen and heavy oil and reduce development costs in subsurface cyclic steam stimulation and steam‐assisted gravity drainage projects by not drilling into counter point bar deposits.