山东数字化钻孔体应变观测的干扰异常分析

在系统分析山东钻孔体应变与辅助观测资料的基础上,结合台站工作日志对引起钻孔体应变观测曲线出现波动性短时异常变化的干扰因素进行了分析讨论,结果表明:钻孔体应变的短时波动性变化主要为气压、降雨、地下水位、施工和电源等的干扰影响;这些干扰影响不能通过相关分析完全剔除,需定量与具体情况定性相结合分析;气压、降雨和地下水位的影响程度与钻孔地质条件密切相关,有破碎带的钻孔受干扰影响相对较大。     

西安基准地震台钻孔体应变观测干扰分析

通过对西安地震台钻孔体应变观测资料的干扰因素进行分析,认为西安钻孔体应变观测资料不同程度地受降雨、气压、钻孔水位、石砭峪水库水位（库容）的影响,并对之间的相关关系及其变化特征进行了分析总结。     

库尔勒铁门关钻孔体应变观测干扰异常分析

对库尔勒铁门关体应变2010~2015年观测资料中出现的短时波动异常因素进行了分析研究。分析了降雨、钻孔附近小水渠放水、仪器供电和数采死机等干扰因素,对气压波动、水位变化和降雨等干扰产生的不同影响机制特征进行总结。结果表明,体应变数据曲线中的短时波动主要与地下水位变化、气压的短周期扰动、钻孔四周有裂隙相关,但不能通过相关分析完全剔除。     

钻孔应变观测干扰及异常分析

怀来台体积式钻孔应变仪安装于1988年,以应变固体潮为主要观测目标.多年来,取得了连续完整高质量的观测资料.本文列举了怀来钻孔应变的台址背景及仪器观测条件;分析了实际观测中钻孔应变资料受仪器零漂、气压、水位、降雨等因素的干扰;研究了钻孔应变在本区及邻区震前出现的记录曲线畸变、潮汐因子异常、应变固体潮畸变等不同形式的异常变化并对其进行特征分析.研究表明,钻孔应变观测是获取构造活动异常变化信息,进行地球物理研究、地震预测预报的有效途径.     

合肥地震台钻孔体应变干扰分析

分析合肥地震台钻孔体应变观测资料干扰因素及特征,发现水位和气压等因素对TJ-Ⅱ型钻孔应变仪影响显著.在该地震台观测优化改造期间,钻孔体应变受到临近钻孔灌水的影响,而降雨和灌水导致的水位变化,对体应变干扰程度不同.     

福州地震台TJ-2型钻孔体应变观测资料干扰分析

对福州地震台TJ-2型钻孔体应变观测资料进行整理,识别并统计引起数据曲线发生畸变的干扰因素,认为主要有气压、降雨、地下水、雷电、电源干扰等因素。分析各影响因素干扰特征,以便识别体应变观测资料干扰异常。     

安徽省TJ-Ⅱ型钻孔体应变观测资料干扰分析

对安徽省内同一时间安装,不同地理位置,不同构造条件的5个台站TJ-Ⅱ型钻孔体应变观测资料进行分析,结果表明:5个台站体应变受到的干扰因素存在差异,其中合肥、黄山台体应变受地下水位、降雨、气压影响明显,两台体应变和水位相关程度达到0.85以上,气压相关程度达到0.70以上,降雨干扰系数较大,其中合肥台约为为0.50×10~(-8)/cm。蚌埠台钻孔应变存在严重抽水干扰,产出数据规律不明显;六安台钻孔体应变受水位干扰较小,短周期气压干扰明显,嘉山台仪器安装在无水钻孔内,受降水和水位干扰较小。     

青海玉树台钻孔应变降雨干扰特征分析

以青海玉树钻孔应变资料为基础,对观测数据变化特征进行分析,认为降雨所造成钻孔水位的变化不是影响钻孔应变数据变化的主要因素,降雨造成周围环境地表水的变化影响了数据的趋势变化。总结归纳降雨对观测数据变化的影响,有效识别地震前兆异常和降雨干扰因素。     

德令哈地震台分量钻孔应变干扰分析

使用德令哈地震台钻孔水位和黑石山水库水位记录数据,与德令哈钻孔应变观测数据进行相关分析;采用集中载荷模型计算水库负载作用对钻孔应变观测的理论干扰值,与实际观测值进行对比。结果显示,水库蓄水对钻孔应变观测造成严重干扰;水库负载作用与渗透作用对钻孔应变观测影响较小,水库水位变化导致周围岩体所受水压作用出现变化,可能是影响钻孔应变观测的主要因素。     

对体应变干扰因素的识别及排除

对体应变干扰因素进行了理论探讨，指出了大气压力对上覆地层的作用和地下水位排灌引起孔隙压力变化是体应变主要干扰因素。分析了体应变、水位、气压的三关系，气压与体应变是正相关关系，气压与水位是负相关关系，水位与体应变是正相关关系。因此在数学处理时采用优选法，同时简化干扰条件，寻找单一干扰因素对体应变的回归系数，并对干扰明显的昌平台、顺义台、涞水台给出了最佳回归系数。并且根据体应变受干扰的物理机制研究结果，对以上几个台进行前兆信息量提取，取得了较好的效果。     

INFLUENCE OF PUMPING ON FOUR-COMPONENT BOREHOLE STRAIN AT TAI'AN SEISMIC STATION AND ITS INTERFERENCE MECHANISM

Four-component borehole strainmeter (FCBS) is one kind of high-precision borehole strain observation instruments invented in China. As a kind of near-surface deformation observation instrument, FCBS is also easily disturbed by the external environment factors. As a common factor, pumping has significant influence on FCBS observation. Existing studies mostly identify the pumping interference from the perspective of observation curve morphology, relatively few studies focus on its interference mechanism. In order to truly capture earthquake precursor information, it is necessary to study the interference mechanism. In recent years, RZB-3 type FCBS at Tai'an seismic station has been seriously affected by pumping, so it is necessary and also feasible to study the interference mechanism of pumping. Since the influence of pumping interference on borehole strainmeter is common, this work would be very practical and be used for reference by other borehole strain observation stations. We find that the original observation curves and observed surface strain, shear strain from RZB-3 type FCBS at Tai'an seismic station have the characteristics of synchronous change with the borehole water level, in which the linear correlation coefficient between the two observed shear strain curves and borehole water level reached 0.70 and 0.82 respectively. We further find that the principal strain direction of borehole and borehole water level after normalization meet the nonlinear function as y=1.217arctan(x)^0.224-0.284. The above phenomenon indicates that the observation of RZB-3 type FCBS at Tai'an seismic station is significantly affected by the borehole water level, and the influence is more obvious and the gradient is larger at the stage of low water level. Pumping interference often appears in low water level stage and changes the rock pore pressure state. Statistics show that pumping interference affects the borehole strain state. To investigate the interference mechanism of pumping to RZB-3 type FCBS at Tai'an seismic station, we take a known pumping as an example, in which we study the principal strain state of the borehole in three periods of normal pumping, interruption of pumping and resuming pumping respectively. During each period, we solve 3 parameters of the principal plane strain state, i.e. the maximum principal strain rate, the minimum principal strain rate and the maximum principal strain direction from four observation equations of FCBS by nonlinear iterative least squares algorithm. On the other hand, concentrated load model (CLM) is used to simulate the mechanical mechanism of pumping. Firstly, the depth of FCBS relative to pumping source and the concentrated load at pumping source are inversed, then, the strain state surrounding the pumping well, including the state at RZB-3 borehole, is simulated by forward modeling. By comparing these results, we find that: (1)The concentrated load at pumping source inversed by CLM during periods of normal pumping and resuming pumping are both located at or near the bottom of the pumping well, which is consistent with the actual situation, indicating that mechanism and degree of the influence of pumping on borehole strain are well simulated by CLM. (2)The observed strain state is consistent with the simulation result of pumping interference by forward modeling, indicating that the principal strain state of borehole calculated based on observation of FCBS reflects the true strain state of borehole under different pumping states.(3)The inversed concentrated load at pumping source during pumping periods is significant greater than the load of the pumped water, indicating that the pumping process has more significant influence on the pore pressure of rocks than the load of the pumped water. Even though CLM is an approximate simulation since it's based on some elastic assumptions, the interference mechanism of pumping on RZB-3 type FCBS at Tai'an seismic station is well explained, which is maybe very helpful for studying the influence of pumping interference on other deformation instruments, locating the unknown pumping source and studying the characteristics of pore pressure of rocks.     

青岛地震台钻孔体应变异常变化因素分析

分时段研究降雨、钻孔水位、工程施工等因素对青岛地震台体应变的影响，研究结果表明:钻孔水位反映区域地下水主要由降雨补给，降雨下渗改变地下水状态，并影响体应变观测；青岛体应变与钻孔水位的相关性及其周期特性均在2015年前后出现变化，可能与2015—2016年降雨偏少及工程施工有关；2018年1月17日台站钻孔施工很可能改变了体应变周围岩石孔隙环境，并扩大孔隙压力作用系数，可解释2018年3月以来水位小幅上升引起的体应变显著压性上升现象，受钻孔施工的影响，体应变与钻孔水位相关性的滞后特征明显减弱。     

宽城地震台体应变仪观测数据干扰因素及其映震能力分析

本文通过分析宽城地震台体应变仪自运行以来所有的观测数据,对宽城地震台体应变仪运行良好的区段（2005年-2008年）的动态特征进行分析研究,在此基础上对影响宽城地震台体应变仪的地下水位、温度、气压等相关因素进行了相关性分析,得出了宽城地震台体应变仪数据主要受到地下水位和气压的影响,温度则对宽城地震台体应变仪影响较小。通过观测数据拟合分析来看,宽城地震台体应变仪映震能力较好,体应变仪在震情监测预报以及地震研究工作起到重要的作用,对地震监测预报工作的长远发展做了较大的贡献。     

INTERPRETATION OF BOREHOLE STRAIN ANNUAL CHANGE AT GUZAN STATION BY NUMERICAL SIMULATION

China is one of the earliest countries to start borehole strain observation aiming to predicting earthquake.YRY-4 and other borehole strain instruments developed by China have reached the world advanced level,with a resolution of 10^-10 and can work stably.In order to capture the tectonic stress signals and analyze the relationship with seismicity,it is firstly necessary to identify and exclude the non-structure stress signals (caused e.g.by rainfall,pressure change,groundwater level fluctuation,river fluctuation etc).Annual strain change signals have been observed by YRY-4 borehole strain instrument at some stations (e.g.Guzan station in Dadu River valley).The signal is on the wave crest in spring and trough in autumn.Up to now,no relative papers have interpreted the physical mechanism causing such strain signals.In this paper,we manage to explain the physical mechanism by using numerical simulation.Considering the terrain factor of Dadu River valley,we set up a 3D finite-lement thermoelastic coupling model to compute the heat stress caused by annual change of surface temperature.The computing results are in good accordance with observation values,which illustrates that the annual change of strain signals is caused by annual change of surface temperature.We suggest that high-resolution borehole strain instrument (e.g.YRY-4 strain instrument) should avoid installing in a terribly undulate area,but choose a flat one.Although the strain signal with an annual change is a noise signal,to a certain extent,the signal illustrates that the current borehole strain instrument has a high resolution.This gives us more confidence to use this instrument to measure the structural strain.     

井孔水位微动态形成机理的探讨

井孔地下水位微动态是地壳附加应力作用下形成的。地壳中产生附加应力的主要因素有地球固体潮、大气压力变动、降雨与地表水体的荷载及断层活动等。井孔水位微动态形成的基本过程是:产生附加应力→含水层变形与孔隙压力变化→含水层—井孔间产生水流运动→井孔水位发生升降。本文从岩土力学与地下水动力学的观点,对于上述过程中的重要环节进行了初步的探讨     

分量式钻孔应变仪监测的附加应变场面应变分析

根据钻孔加衬模型和应变理论,得出分量式钻孔应变仪观测值不等于实际的线应变,但相互垂直的应变元件观测值之和与面应变成正比例.利用四分量钻孔应变仪的“自检”功能,对观测数据进行校正.以漳州地震台分量式钻孔应变仪资料为例,计算校正系数.校正前后的残差分析结果表明,校正效果明显.     

Groundwater microtemperature in earthquake regions

Microtemperature measurements of groundwater with a relative precision better than 1/1000°C have been made in several seismically active areas in Japan. The measured temperatures show clear coseismic signals as well as a correlation with atmospheric pressure. Simultaneous observations at various depths have shown that these temperature changes were not induced by simple groundwater level changes. Also, distinctive signals occurred before several earthquakes and seem to be caused by a different mechanism than the coseismic signals. The microtemperature at some observation sites shows excellent correlation with records of nearby sensitive borehole strainmeters. Simultaneous recording of microtemperature and strain has been initiated in some boreholes.     

数字化钻孔体应变干扰机理及异常分析

对山东省钻孔体应变仪数字化观测资料的干扰及突跳异常进行了分析、讨论，认为：(1)山东省四个台站的钻孔体应变观测资料不同程度地受降雨、地下水位、气压、温度的影响，其中，烟台台体应变观测受到的干扰最多，影响最显，主要与其钻孔的地质条件有关。(2)长清台体应变观测资料中出现的几次突跳异常是由井孔内破碎带处掉下的岩块引起的变化。     

海原小山四分量钻孔应变观测相对标定和异常判定

对宁夏海原小山yRy-4型钻孔应变仪进行实地相对标定后,数据比标定前有明显好转,资料的相关性显著增强,这验证了海原小山钻孔应变观测资料具有较高的可信度。相对标定后的潮汐因子灵敏度明显提高,稳定度明显改善,出现显著的同步变化趋势,相关性明显增强,各元件均有正常背景。对比钻孔应变各元件观测数据变化曲线,在固原ML3.8级与定西ML6.6级地震震前出现的扭曲、转折、恢复现象,是地震前地下应变积累和调整所致,表现出明显震前的短临异常变化。释放能量较小的地震,曲线扭曲、下降、转折的异常变化幅度较小,反之变化较剧烈,但短临异常变化的时间基本在震前10至15天之间。