湖相烃源岩生烃动力学及排油效率——以松辽盆地青山口组为例

为准确评价湖相烃源岩的排油量及致密油资源潜力,结合湖相I型有机质的黄金管热模拟实验和青山口组烃源岩的有机地球化学分析,对松辽盆地湖相烃源岩生烃特征、动力学参数和排油效率进行了研究。热模拟实验的产物定量结果表明,松辽盆地青山口组湖相烃源岩具有可观的生油潜力,最大生油量约为600 mg/g·TOC,主要的生油阶段在Easy Ro=0.5%~1.2%。动力学计算结果表明,该烃源岩生油的平均活化能为218.5 k J/mol,重质组分生成活化能要低于轻质组分。结合青山口组烃源岩的生油动力学参数和英X58井热史的地质推演,证实该井湖相烃源岩的当前生油转化率为40%~60%,生油量为240~360 mg/g·TOC;通过残留烃的定量,计算得到该烃源岩的排油量为150~200mg/g·TOC,相对排油效率约为60%。生油量及排油效率结果表明,松辽盆地致密油资源潜力大。     

生油岩热解生烃潜力及生烃动力学研究

利用岩石评价仪(R0cK EVAL I)对某凹陷30块生油岩进行了热解生烃和生烃动力学研究。在热解实验中，用类型指数、生烃潜量、最大热解峰温Tmax、等指标对上侏罗统3个层位的生油岩进行了母质类型、成熟度和生烃能力评价，结果表明，母质类型好、有机质丰富的未成熟生油岩的热解生烃量要比相同的已成熟生油岩高得多，说明选择未成熟生油岩热解对评价其生油能力的重要性。在对另2个未成熟生油岩的热解模拟实验中，得到了生烃率与温度之间的关系，并由此计算了生油岩的表观活化能、频率因子等动力学参数。     

贵州水城煤中基质镜质体生烃潜力、烃类组成及生烃模式

基质镜质体是华南晚二叠世煤中的主要组分之一,其在煤中含量的多少、生烃潜力的大小、生烃特性等直接影响到该区煤成油气资源的评价。采用岩石热解、热解气相色谱以及开放体系下热模拟等方法,对贵州水城晚二叠世(P21)龙潭组煤中基质镜质体的生烃潜力、烃类组成特征、生烃模式进行了研究。结果表明:本区基质镜质体的生烃潜力、氢指数分别为191.99mg/g和250mg/gTOC,远高于丝质体的生烃潜力(26.17mg/g)和氢指数(35mg/gTOC),而小于树皮体的生烃潜力(297mg/g)和氢指数(491mg/gTOC);基质镜质体热解烃类组成中以轻质烃为主,湿气次之,可见本区基质镜质体不但能生成气态烃,而且能生成一定量的液态烃,这归因于其中所含大量的超微类脂体;基质镜质体“生油窗”温度范围为375～475℃,主要生烃温度区间为400～450℃,其中415～430℃为生烃高峰期,420℃处产烃率最高。基质镜质体这种在高成熟度下(大于VRo1.0%)大量生烃的特点对在成熟度普遍较高的华南地区寻找油气田具有重要的意义。     

贵州水城煤中基质镜质体生烃潜力、烃类组成及生烃模式

基质镜质体是华南晚二叠世煤中的主要组分之一,其在煤中含量的多少、生烃潜力的大小、生烃特性等直接影响到该区煤成油气资源的评价。采用岩石热解、热解气相色谱以及开放体系下热模拟等方法,对贵州水城晚二叠世(R12)龙潭组煤中基质镜质体的生烃潜力、烃类组成特征、生烃模式进行了研究。结果表明：本区基质镜质体的生烃潜力、氢指数分别为191.99mg/g和250mg／gTOC,远高于丝质体的生烃潜力(26.17mg/g)和氢指数(35mg／gTOC),而小于树皮体的生烃潜力(297mg/g)和氢指数(491mg/gTOC);基质镜质体热解烃类组成中以轻质烃为主,湿气次之,可见本区基质镜质体不但能生成气态烃,而且能生成一定量的液态烃,这归因于其中所含大量的超微类脂体;基质镜质体“生油窗”温度范围为375～475℃,主要生烃温度区间为400～450℃,其中415～430℃为生烃高峰期,420℃处产烃率最高。基质镜质体这种在高成熟度下(大于VRo1.0％)大量生烃的特点对在成熟度普遍较高的华南地区寻找油气田具有重要的意义。     

角质体热解产烃的实验研究

本文在严格的煤岩显微组分分离富集的基础上,采用岩石热解、热解气相色谱以及开放体系下热模拟等方法,系统地对贵州水城上二叠统龙潭组(P_3l)煤中角质体的生烃潜力、热解烃组成特征、生烃模式进行了研究。结果显示:角质体具有很高的生烃潜力,其S_1+S_2为308.33mg/g,远高于丝质体(S_1+S_2为26mg/g)和基质镜质体(S_1+S_2为192mg/g),而与树皮体(S_1+S_2为297mg/g)相当。另外,角质体为一种好的生油组分,其热解烃中油占了67％(197.47mg/g);角质体热解产物主要为碳数较低的正构烷烃、烯烃化合物,此外苯、烷基苯(甲苯、二甲苯)、萘系化合物所占比例较高,而姥鲛烷和植烷含量则较少。本区角质体的主要生烃区间介于420～450℃之间(对应的R_o为1.1％～1.5％),生烃高峰在425～435℃范围内,最大产烃率对应的温度为430℃。角质体这种生烃潜力高,并且在高成熟度下大量生烃的特点对在成熟度普遍较高的华南地区寻找油气田具有重要的现实意义。     

南黄海盆地碳酸盐岩生烃动力学参数特征

南黄海盆地碳酸盐岩生烃动力学参数的研究对于估算该盆地油气资源潜力极为重要.利用黄金管-高压釜封闭体系的实验设备,对南黄海盆地栖霞组和青龙组2个碳酸盐岩样品进行了热模拟实验及生烃动力学分析.结果表明,栖霞组灰岩热解气体最高产率为102 mL/g TOC,青龙组灰岩为78 mL/g TOC;栖霞组灰岩生烃活化能主峰为52 kcal/mol,青龙组灰岩生烃活化能主峰为60 kcal/mol.栖霞组灰岩活化能主峰偏低可能是受样品中残留烃类影响,热成熟度参数R_o与气体产率的关系不受地质升温速率的影响,可以利用实验结果进行碳酸盐岩生烃量模拟.      

山西繁衍峙第三纪煤中丝质体生烃演化特征

丝质体是煤中的主要组分之一 ,其在煤中含量的多少、生烃潜力的大小、生烃特性等直接影响煤成烃资源的评价。本文采用岩石热解、热解气相色谱以及开放体系下热模拟等方法 ,对山西繁峙老第三纪 (E3)煤中丝质体的生烃潜力、烃类组成特征、成烃演化规律进行了研究 ,并与贵州水城晚二叠世 (P2 1 )含树皮体煤中的主要组分 -树皮体进行比较。结果表明 :丝质体的生烃潜力、氢指数 (2 6 .18m g/ g、35 mg/ g· TOC)远低于树皮体的生烃潜力、氢指数 (2 97mg/ g、491mg/ g· TOC) ;丝质体有两个生烃高峰 ,所对应的 VR0 (% )分别为 1.1%和 2 .0 % ;丝质体产烃范围较宽 ,从 2 0 0℃可以延续到 6 0 0℃ ,甚至超过6 0 0℃还有少量的烃类物质生成 ;丝质体的烃类组成以轻质烃为主 ,湿气次之     

松辽盆地齐家—古龙凹陷中浅层烃源岩生烃量评价

随着近年来齐家—古龙凹陷中浅层烃源岩层段岩芯分析资料的积累和丰富,有必要再次对其烃源岩和生烃量开展评价.通过对齐家—古龙凹陷中浅层烃源岩岩芯样品的地球化学特征分析、测试结果进行统计,以低成熟度烃源岩样品的高温热模拟实验为基础,利用化学动力学方法计算齐家—古龙凹陷中浅层烃源岩成烃转化率随深度的变化规律,定量评价其生烃量.研究结果表明:齐家—古龙凹陷中浅层烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好、处于未成熟至成熟的热演化阶段,生烃门限大约为1 500 m,约在1 750 m开始大量生烃;齐家—古龙凹陷青一段、青二三段和嫩一段烃源岩以生油为主,生油量分别为195.95×108 t、241.79×108 t和134.77×108 t,生气量分别为36.89×1011 m3、17.64×1011 m3和4.02×1011 m3,齐家—古龙凹陷中浅层油、气资源量分别为(28.63~57.25) ×108 t和(0.29~0.59) ×1011 m3.     

非烃和沥青质热模拟生烃研究

为弄清楚非烃＋沥青质热演化过程中的生烃情况，对未熟非烃＋沥青质进行了低温模拟生烃实验，实验结果表明非烃＋沥青质在低温条件下（＜250℃）生成烃类气体量很少，主要以生成液态烃为主，液态烃转化率最高可达388mg/g，所生成的液态烃表现出明显的奇碳优势，为未熟－低熟油。原始母质类型不同的非烃＋沥青质模拟产物特征有所不同。非烃＋沥青质对未熟－低熟油的生成有重要意义。     

用开放体系的热解方法对烃源岩生烃动力学的研究:以东营凹陷某生油岩为例

近年来，烃源岩生烃热模拟实验与生烃动力学研究主要采用封闭体系。然而，在某些地质条件下，烃源岩所处的地质环境更接近于开放体系。应用美国加里福尼亚州理工学院环境能源研究中心多冷阱热解气相色谱仪，结合Kinetics生烃动力学专用软件，对取自东营凹陷的1块ES3页岩生油岩在开放体系条件下进行了生烃动力学研究。结果表明，该生油岩C1-5、C13^ 、C6-12及C1^-生成活化能分别为：238～339、205～268、222～272和251～285kJ／mol。在此基础上，结合利津洼陷埋藏史与受热史，对烃源岩生烃史、生成烃类油气比等成烃特征进行了研究。本研究为生烃动力学方法在油气评价中的应用提供了一个范例。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.