香港郊区站点冬季污染背景下气溶胶消光特征及其与细颗粒物化学组成关系

为探究香港冬季气溶胶消光特征以及细颗粒物(PM_2.5)的化学组分对消光系数的贡献,本次研究利用2013年1月在香港科技大学站点测定的高时间分辨率大气气溶胶消光系数以及PM_2.5化学组分的观测数据重建本地化消光系数与颗粒物化学组分浓度的经验关系式——IMPROVE公式。结果表明,观测期间PM_2.5质量浓度与散射系数的日均值分别为(43.31±16.80)μg/m³和(191.57±85.34)Mm^-1,散射系数与PM_2.5质量浓度的相关系数R²达到0.90,对其贡献达到85.81%。散射系数在高污染和低污染阶段均是夜间高于白天,吸收系数主要在低污染阶段表现出夜间高于白天。分别对整个观测期间高污染和低污染阶段重建IMPROVE公式,发现1月的硫酸盐、硝酸盐、海盐和有机物的质量散射效率分别为2.02 m²/g、2.41 m²/g、0.41 m²/g和5.07 m^2<...     

中国北方典型中小盆地城市大气颗粒物污染特征及趋势对比

分析了2014～2018年北方5个典型中小盆地城市(兰州、银川、临汾、太原、南阳)PM₁₀与PM_2.5的浓度变化特征和大致来源类型。除2018年银川PM_2.5浓度外,各市PM₁₀和PM_2.5年均浓度均超标;兰州、银川和南阳PM₁₀与PM_2.5呈逐年下降趋势,南阳下降最明显;临汾PM₁₀与PM_2.5呈逐年上升趋势;太原PM₁₀与PM_2.5稳定维持在一个高浓度状态。5个城市颗粒物浓度的季节变化特征一致:冬春高、夏秋低。对PM_2.5/PM₁₀值而言,冬季和夏季该比值较高,分别受取暖和降水的影响;春季和秋季该比值较低,分别受沙尘和秸秆焚烧及高强度建筑施工的影响。5市PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度具有良好的线性关系,细颗粒占比大小顺序为临汾>南阳>太原>银川&...     

大气颗粒物中水溶性有机物的理化性质和污染特征研究进展

水溶性有机物(WSOM)是颗粒物的重要组成部分,来源广泛,组成复杂,对大气能见度、全球气候变化以及人体健康均有影响。本文主要综述了近5年国内外有关WSOM的研究成果,主要结论如下:(1)脂肪族化合物是WSOM的主要化学组分,而芳香族化合物含量相对较低;(2)WSOM相对于水溶性无机离子的占比增加时,气溶胶的吸湿增长因子相对较低;(3)不同来源的WSOM,其吸光性能差异较大,生物质燃烧源对WSOM的吸光贡献最大;(4) WSOM主要来自于生物质燃烧和光化学反应的二次生成,其秋、冬季浓度水平明显高于春、夏季,城区和郊区浓度水平均明显高于地区背景点。     

甘新城市大气挥发性有机物和颗粒物的污染特征及健康风险评估北大核心CSCD

基于质子转移反应质谱仪(PTR-MS)和颗粒物(PM)采集和分析技术,对我国西北甘肃省和新疆维吾尔自治区(甘新地区)十三个城市大气中的挥发性有机物(VOCs)、PM(PM10、PM2.5和PM1)及其组分(水溶性无机离子、碳质气溶胶和无机元素)进行了采样分析,阐明了甘新地区城市大气中VOCs和PM的污染特征和健康风险。研究表明:污染特征分析表明平均总VOCs(TVOCs)浓度为(41.84±7.56) ppbv(ppbv为十亿分之一的体积混合比),氧化性VOCs(OVOCs)是VOCs的重要组分,VOCs组分总浓度高于国内外其他城市,主要为甲醇的浓度较高,而芳香烃则低于其他城市。PM10、PM2.5和PM1的平均浓度分别为(139.39±32.63)μg·m-3、(77.66±25.39)μg·m-3和(44.76±17.59)μg·m-3,水溶性无机离子(WSIIs)是该地区PM的重要组分。健康风险评估表明该地区VOCs的非致癌风险显著,致癌风险处于可接受水平;PM中重金属的非致癌风险和致癌风险均显著。乙醛的非致癌风险和萘的致癌风险较高,Mn的非致癌风险和As的致癌风险较高,因此应加强乙醛、萘、Mn和As元素的管控,以减少大气污染对人体健康的危害。     

大气颗粒物理化特征和影响效应的研究进展及展望

大气颗粒物,尤其是细颗粒物PM_2.5,是有毒和有害物质的载体,对人体健康具有重要的影响,同时大气颗粒物具有吸湿性、光学吸收和散射能力以及云凝结核活性等,对环境和气候变化具有重要的作用,大气颗粒物进一步的长距离输送还会对区域和全球地球化学循环产生重要影响.总结了当前大气颗粒物的物理化学特征研究进展,分析了离线和在线分析技术在大气颗粒物主要组分检测中的应用,阐述了大气颗粒物源解析技术的应用现状,以及由于大气颗粒物污染对环境、气候、人体健康和地球化学循环等产生的影响,最后展望未来大气颗粒物研究的重点问题.      

辽宁省典型地区大气颗粒物重金属元素分布特征及对土地质量影响研究

大气颗粒物是大气质量评价中的一个通用的重要指标,近年来,对于大气颗粒物污染这一热点问题开展了大量的研究。文中选取辽宁省沈阳市、锦州市和葫芦岛市等典型地区研究大气颗粒物(TSP、PM10、PM2.5)中Cd等重金属元素的分布特征。结果表明,辽宁省大气可吸入颗粒物中Pb和Zn的含量最高,其次是Cu、Mn、As、Cr、Cd。燃煤、燃油和工业污染源等方面可能是造成这些元素含量较高的主要原因。此外,文中还对大气颗粒物对土地质量的影响研究进行一些有益尝试。研究表明,大气颗粒物中重金属元素含量对土地质量的影响是显而易见的。政府管理部门应该重视对大气颗粒物中重金属元素含量的监控,努力减少其对土地质量的影响。     

右江盆地中三叠统细碎屑岩地球化学特征及其对物源区、构造背景的指示

右江盆地位于华南板块西南缘与印支板块的结合部位,于中三叠世沉积了一套以细碎屑岩为主的巨厚浊积岩。研究区中三叠统细碎屑岩的主量、微量和稀土元素分析表明,细碎屑岩以杂砂岩和岩屑砂岩为主,其源岩来自大陆上地壳,物源区岩石类型主要为长英质沉积岩和火成岩,岩石风化程度中等偏高,构造背景为大陆岛弧和活动大陆边缘。综合细碎屑岩稀土元素特征及前人对该区中三叠统古流向和碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学研究,认为中三叠统碎屑物来源复杂,云开地区、江南造山带和越北地块是主要的物源区。     

无锡市城区降雨特征对径流污染的影响分析

选择无锡市沈巷小区、广丰三村、槐古豪庭三个经过雨污分流改造的排水区(以下简称"排水达标区")作为研究区域,对2014年7月1日至9月23日13次降雨事件中研究区域的降雨径流排水过程进行水质水量同步监测,分析了无锡城区主要地表径流污染物类型,比较了降雨特征(降雨历时、降雨量、降雨强度和前期累计晴天)与污染物次径流平均浓度EMC的相关性大小,选取典型降雨事件,研究了降雨径流初期冲刷效应。结果分析表明:虽然排水达标区已经完成雨污分流改造工程,但降雨径流污染仍然很严重,主要污染物为COD、NH3-N、TP;降雨强度与EMC有显著的正相关关系,其余降雨特征与EMC的相关性不明显;降雨初期的降雨强度对初期冲刷效应的影响较大,降雨初期雨强大,则初期冲刷效应明显。     

王集勘查区地质构造特征及对煤层的影响

通过施工钻孔研究,结合周边资料,对王集勘查区地质构造特征进行了描述,分析了研究区构造对含煤建造、煤层厚度和煤炭资源勘探的影响,认为构造对煤层的形态和分布有控制作用,区内断层对煤层具有破坏作用,下步勘查工作可加强本区断层的研究。     

安徽省大气颗粒物污染特征分析

对2016年全年颗粒物监测浓度数据进行统计分析,得到了安徽省颗粒物污染的空间分布、浓度和粒径,以及污染传输特征。结果表明,淮河以北、沿江和江淮之间、长江以南和皖南山区城市颗粒物污染随地理位置不同表现出明显的区域化特征,污染程度由北向南减轻,污染过程明显表现出由北向南逐步扩散传输的规律,污染程度越重,污染深入南方的范围越广,持续时间也越长。冬季污染较重的城市,上午出现明显的高浓度时段,全天变化为"双峰双谷"型。夏、秋季节夜间细颗粒物(PM_2.5)浓度贡献比增加。PM_2.5与PM₁₀(可吸入颗粒物)质量浓度比值冬季最高,春季较低。污染重的城市冬季PM_2.5占比高。     

Ecological modernisation and policy learning in Hong Kong

Whilst ecological modernisation theory emphasizes the potential for modern societies to recognize and respond to their environmental impacts by finding new ways of governing environment-economy relations, concepts of policy learning focus on the scope for new forms of environmental policy to be generated within and transferred between different contexts. Within this paper we explore the conceptual and practical linkages between the two areas of debate - a hitherto neglected area in the literature - and we set this discussion in the context of environmental policy-making in Hong Kong. We suggest that the practical relevance of the concepts of ecological modernisation and policy learning depends upon the presence of a reflexive society with rational, responsive institutions. While many theorists assume that such institutions exist, our analysis of policies for water and air quality management in Hong Kong highlights the need for theories to consider the embeddedness of existing institutions and the significance of the capacities for, and the barriers to, change more fully. We find that capacities for some forms of ecological modernisation and policy learning do exist in Hong Kong. However, we argue that the nature of these capacities often limits the potential for change to those local environmental problems that can be addressed through more technically and economically viable forms of policy intervention and that can be easily accommodated within existing political and economic structures. We also conclude that the capacities for ecological modernisation and policy learning that are needed if Hong Kong is to tackle the effects of the trans-boundary environmental problems that it is increasingly encountering have yet to emerge.     

Trace metals in particulate and dissolved phases in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong

Marine water samples, including both surface and bottom samples, were collected from the five sampling sites in Victoria Harbour during December 2004 and February 2005. The concentrations of trace metals （Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn） in the suspended particulate matter （SPM） and dissolved phases as well as the Pb isotopic compositions of the suspended particulates were determined to assess the potential sources and transport pathways of metal contaminants in the harbour. The results showed that sewage discharges along the harbour dominated the SPM loadings in water, particularly in the dry season. The total concentrations of Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn in water showed a close association with the SPM loadings, indicating that SPM was important in transporting these metals in the coastal environment. Dissolved phase was predominant for Cd in Victoria Harbour. The particulate phase was the major form of Pb in marine water.     

华北平原典型工业城市秋、冬季大气细颗粒物污染特征

济宁市是位于华北平原大气污染传输通道上的工业城市,为研究其秋、冬季细颗粒物(PM_2.5)的污染特征,在市区的3个站点进行了PM_2.5的同步滤膜采样。采样期为2018年10月15日至2019年1月31日,涵盖非采暖期和采暖期(自2019年11月15日始),共270个小流量滤膜样品。研究结果表明,济宁市秋、冬季PM_2.5平均质量浓度为(98.9±48.8)μg/m³,采暖期PM_2.5质量浓度(107.1±52.8)μg/m³显著高于非采暖期(77.4±27.8)μg/m³。PM_2.5的化学组成以二次无机气溶胶、有机碳和元素碳为主,占比分别为52.4%、10.9%和7.5%。S、Cl、K、Ca、Fe和Si元素平均质量浓度之和占元素总平均质量浓度的78.8%,是PM_2.5中的主要元素。采暖期PM_2.5的主要化学组分质量浓度显著高于非采暖期。二次有机碳是有机碳的重要来源,占比78...     

中国香港国家地质公园的资源类型与建设特色

以香港郊野公园和海岸公园为基础建立的中国香港国家地质公园具有典型而独特的地质遗迹,包括世界罕见的酸性火山岩柱状节理景观,多类的地质构造遗迹,典型的海岸地貌类型和优美的海岛自然风光,已经成为了地质科学知识普及基地和游览胜地.在香港地质公园申报、建设和发展过程中,无论是特区政府还是公园管理者,在许多方面体现了明显的特点.正...     

香港地区边坡防护与治理

自开埠以来香港地区边坡事故一直不断。香港政府多年来积极进行边坡的防护治理,成效显著。讨论了香港地区岩土边坡破坏的主要原因、防治滑坡的工程措施及边坡管理系统。香港的边坡防治经验值得内地借鉴。     

Geochemical characteristics of particulate matter in the atmosphere surrounding a ceramic industrialized area

Total suspended particulate samples (TSP) were collected and concentrations measured during seventeen months in the vicinity of a ceramic industrial area. A method of fractionating was applied to the samples in order to obtain two fractions corresponding to mineral particulate coming from dust emissions (Upper-F fraction) and to amorphous matter (carbon plus small amounts of S, Ca, Fe, etc) coming mainly from traffic and other combustion processes. Also for TSP samples several element concentrations were measured following two previous treatments: extraction of elements mainly associated with the soluble fraction of the samples (B, Fe, P, As, NO^2–, NH⁴⁺, Cl^–, F) and acid digestion for trace metals and elements mainly associated with the non-soluble fractions of the samples (Fe, As, Cd, Ni, Pb, Zn Ca). Seasonal differences and the influence of meteorological parameters (temperature, relative humidity, pressure and wind conditions) on the air pollution levels, particles as well as ions, were studied.Results show different seasonal and weekly evolution for mineral and amorphous carbonaceous particles because of the different origins in dust emissions or combustion processes respectively, and the different physical properties such as size grain. Of the ions analyzed Fe, Ca and Zn were clearly associated to mineral phases and consequently related to dust emissions, and NO^2–, NH4+, P, Cl^– were related to amorphous matter coming from combustion. Ni and Cd show lower levels than those reported as guideline values and the source is mainly related to the enrichment of these elements in clay materials. B and As content result in elevated concentrations, with the tendency to increase during cold months. The emission of these elements was associated with vaporization or volatilization during high temperature ceramic processes. The original gaseous state is influenced by temperature. In the winter the content for B and As is higher due to enhanced condensation of gas-phase boron onto particles, while in the summer the increase of air temperature results in elevated evaporation.     

香港山泥倾泻防灾减灾管理体系

香港曾因频繁的斜坡重力活动发生人员财产重大灾害损失,1977年将斜坡安全纳入政府职责后,建立了一套全面统一的管理体系,这使事故及人员伤亡数量大大降低,为世界斜坡安全管理提供了成功案例。基于实地考察访问、交流研讨和文献资料查询,梳理并总结香港斜坡管理体系、经验模式,为内地相应地区和相关部门的防灾减灾体系建设提供借鉴。     

Geochemical characteristics of the slip zones of a landslide in granitic saprolite,Hong Kong: implications for their development and microenvironments

Geochemical investigations of the slip zones of a landslide in granitic saprolite revealed that they have signatures distinct from their host materials. These distinctions include stronger Si depletion, higher Al enrichment, greater LOI, significant fixations of Mn, Ba and Ce, stronger negative Eu anomalies, and greater accumulations of other rare earth elements (REE). Altogether, these geochemical characteristics indicate that: (a) the slip zones have greater abundance of clays, consistent with field and microscopic observations; (b) concentration of clay size particles within the slip zones may have been from downward leaching and deposition, and lateral transportation of Al-Si solutions and colloids through pores and fractures within the saprolite; and (c) there were prevailing oxidation and poor drainage, and occasional reduction conditions within the slip zones. It was concluded that geochemical analyses could be effective in gathering clues for understanding the development and nature of slip zones in landslide investigations.