川东南彭水地区五峰组-龙马溪组页岩孔隙结构及差异性

页岩孔隙结构及差异性是页岩含气性和产能评价的基础性问题.针对川东南彭水地区五峰组与龙马溪组页岩的孔隙结构已有若干研究成果,然而在页岩孔隙结构差异性和有机孔定量特征方面还缺乏研究.利用低温低压氮气吸附测定和氩离子抛光-场发射扫描电镜（FE-EM）技术,对页岩样品纳米孔隙进行了二维观察与统计以及分形特征计算,研究了3nm至几百nm页岩孔径范围的孔隙结构及其差异性.研究区五峰组-龙马溪组页岩有机孔十分发育;氮气吸附测定页岩孔隙形状包含开放型圆筒状、层状结构狭缝状和墨水瓶状等;扫描电镜观察有机孔形态主要有近圆形、椭圆形和多角形等.五峰组和龙马溪组页岩孔隙结构具有明显的差异性,主要体现在孔径大小、形态和数量上.氮气吸附测定表明,五峰组页岩孔隙比表面积和总孔容较龙马溪组大,微孔所占总孔的比例也较高;五峰组页岩孔径相对龙马溪组更细窄.扫描电镜二维图像观察与统计结果表明,五峰组有机孔径以小于3nm为主,形态以多角形为主;龙马溪组有机孔径以小于0nm为主,形态多呈近圆形和椭圆形.五峰组页岩的分形维值大于龙马溪组页岩,说明前者孔隙复杂程度较高.      

渝东南彭水地区龙马溪组页岩孔隙结构特征及吸附性能控制因素

以渝东南彭水地区志留系龙马溪组富有机质泥页岩为研究对象,通过扫描电镜以及场发射扫描电镜,同时对页岩微观孔隙结构进行定性观察;借助核磁共振与氮气吸附实验,联合定量表征页岩的孔隙结构特征;并通过甲烷等温吸附实验,探讨了页岩孔隙吸附性能的控制因素。研究表明:彭水地区龙马溪组页岩有机质孔和黏土矿物层间孔最为发育;氮气吸附实验和核磁共振共同表征页岩孔径分布曲线特征呈双峰或三峰形态,且左峰明显大于右峰,表明页岩介孔最为发育,约占孔隙的73.5%,同时还发育部分微孔和宏孔,分别占13.4%和13.1%,其中2~5nm的介孔是页岩孔体积的主要贡献者;页岩孔隙结构不规整,多为平行壁的狭缝型孔;孔隙发育主要受有机质含量控制,其次,岩石矿物成分也对页岩孔隙发育有一定影响,其中脆性矿物更有利于微裂缝和宏孔的发育,黏土矿物含量与页岩比表面积和孔体积呈较弱的正相关性;页岩吸附性能受页岩比表面积和孔体积控制,有机质含量是页岩吸附性能的主要控制因素,随着有机质含量增加,页岩的吸附性能提高,其次,页岩吸附性能与黏土矿物含量呈弱正相关性,而与脆性矿物含量呈弱负相关性。     

黔西北骑龙村剖面五峰-龙马溪组黑色页岩孔隙结构特征

页岩的孔隙类型、结构对于页岩气资源评价与开采具有重要意义,为了进一步认识页岩孔隙结构特征及其演化规律,利用场发射扫描电镜、氮气吸附实验对黔西北骑龙村剖面五峰—龙马溪组黑色页岩微观孔隙类型、结构进行了研究,结果表明,研究区五峰—龙马溪组页岩气储层的储集空间类型多样,主要包含粒内孔、粒间孔、有机质孔和微裂缝。页岩孔隙以介孔为主,介孔是页岩气的主要储集空间;孔隙结构以墨水瓶状孔和平行板状孔为主。探讨了影响页岩孔隙发育的主要因素,有机碳含量、热演化程度和矿物成分含量均对页岩孔隙的发育有影响,而且并非单相性的,是相互制约的。研究剖面石英含量与微孔、中孔的发育程度呈良好的正相关关系,而与宏孔发育程度的相关性不明显;黏土矿物含量与微孔、中孔的发育程度的相关性不明显,而与宏孔的发育程度呈负相关关系;有机质孔隙正处在其发育高峰期,对于页岩孔隙具有重要贡献,且随成熟度增加而增加。     

渝东南牛蹄塘组与龙马溪组高演化海相页岩全孔径孔隙结构特征对比研究

中国南方主要富有机质海相页岩寒武系牛蹄塘组和志留系龙马溪组是当前页岩气勘探的重要目标地层,但演化程度普遍偏高,孔隙结构复杂。为加深对这种复杂性的认识,通过场发射扫描电镜、高压压汞实验与低温低压吸附实验(CO_2与N_2),对页岩全孔径孔隙结构特征进行对比研究。研究发现,牛蹄塘组孔体积与龙马溪组页岩的孔体积分别介于0.0202~0.0402 m L/g与0.0255~0.0310 m L/g之间,介孔在两套页岩孔体积中所占比例最大。两套页岩比表面积分别介于13.74~41.26 m~2/g与21.42~27.82 m~2/g之间,微孔与介孔几乎提供了两套页岩全部的比表面。孔隙结构的差异主要表现为牛蹄塘组页岩内溶蚀孔和粒间孔较为发育,有机质孔隙发育不均匀;而龙马溪组页岩内粒内孔、粒间孔和有机质孔隙均较为发育;牛蹄塘组在微孔范围内的孔体积与比表面积占有优势,而介孔与宏孔范围内的孔体积与比表面积均小于龙马溪组。根据实验数据结果与文献的调研,两套页岩孔隙结构差异的主要原因主要是成熟度与埋深的不同影响而形成的。     

生物地层格架下湘西北地区五峰组—龙马溪组孔隙结构特征

为探究生物地层格架下五峰组—龙马溪组孔隙结构特征,在笔石带划分的基础上结合孔隙结构特征及其影响因素将SY-3井五峰组—龙马溪组划分为LM5—LM7、WF4—LM4、WF2—WF3三个笔石带,并基于扫描电镜、低温氮气吸附实验、高压压汞实验等技术手段,分别对这三个笔石带进行孔隙结构特征的研究和对比。结果表明:LM5—LM7富集黏土矿物,主要发育较大孔径孔隙,以黏土矿物粒间孔为主;WF4—LM4富集有机质,主要发育较小孔径孔隙,以有机质孔为主;WF2—WF3富集石英,主要发育小孔径孔隙,以石英粒间孔为主,但大部分石英粒间孔被黏土矿物和有机质充填。LM5—LM7孔隙发育主要受TOC含量和矿物含量的影响,WF4—LM4孔隙发育主要受TOC含量影响,而WF2—WF3受矿物组分、有机质赋存特征及成岩作用等因素共同影响。不同笔石带由于沉积环境的差异导致其具有不同的有机质丰度及矿物组分,从而导致了孔隙结构的差异。     

湖北来凤LD-1井龙马溪组页岩孔隙结构特征分析

在分析湖北来凤地区海相龙马溪组页岩地球化学特征和岩石矿物学特征的基础上,通过高压压汞-低温N₂吸附-脱附联合实验对页岩孔隙结构进行了分析。湖北来凤地区龙马溪组页岩TOC(总有机碳含量)为0.41%～2.35%,R_o(镜质体反射率)在3.09%～3.42%之间,处于过成熟阶段,矿物组成以石英(29.9%～49.3%)和黏土矿物(17.8%～49.6%)为主,孔隙类型以无机粒间孔、无机粒内孔、微裂缝和有机质孔为主。高压压汞及低温N₂吸附-脱附联合实验表明页岩孔隙主要以微孔和介孔为主,孔喉细小且结构复杂,孔隙形态以细颈广体墨水瓶孔为主。利用FHH模型研究了其孔隙分形维数,得到其低相对压力条件下(P/P₀≤0.5)分形维数D₁(2.73～2.76,平均值为2.74),高相对压力条件下(P/P₀>0.5)D₂(2.80～2.89,平均值为2.85),通过建立分形维数与孔隙结构其他参数之间的关系认为:分形维数能够较为全面表征孔隙大小、孔隙复...     

川东南地区龙马溪组页岩孔隙结构全孔径表征及其对含气性的控制

页岩气主要赋存于页岩孔隙中,研究页岩孔隙结构特征是深入认识页岩气富集机理的关键。通过CO2吸附、N2吸附、CH4等温吸附和高压压汞实验,对川东南地区龙马溪组页岩的孔隙结构进行了全孔径表征,并阐明了孔隙结构对页岩含气性的控制作用。页岩的微孔(＜2.0 nm)、中孔(2.0~50.0 nm)和宏孔(＞50.0 nm)都十分发育,且分布特征变化较大。在孔体积方面,中孔提供的孔体积最多,约40.8%,其次是微孔,约34.7%,宏孔的孔体积最少,只提供24.5%。在孔隙比表面积方面,微孔占有绝对优势,约提供76.87%,其次是中孔,约23.05%,宏孔只有0.07%。中孔和微孔提供了页岩中主要的孔体积,控制了游离气的含量。微孔的比表面积与CH4最大吸附量具有很好的正相关关系,且提供了页岩中主要的比表面积,控制了吸附气的含量。宏孔提供的孔体积和比表面积在页岩中不占优势,对吸附气和游离气含量的影响较弱,但可作为页岩气渗流的主要运移通道。因此,明确页岩的微孔、中孔和宏孔的分布特征,尤其是微孔对页岩中吸附气和游离气富集的贡献,对页岩气勘探与开发具有重要指导意义。     

滇东北龙马溪组页岩储层微观孔隙特征研究

基于扫描电镜、氮气吸附实验、高压压汞实验等方法,研究滇东北龙马溪组页岩储层孔隙类型、微孔形态、连通性、孔径分布及比表面积等微观孔隙特征。结果表明：主要发育有机质生烃孔、粒内孔、粒间孔及微裂缝等5种孔隙类型,其中有机质生烃孔和矿物粒间孔最发育;孔隙结构以两端开放圆柱形孔和平板孔等开放透气孔为主,含少量不透气孔影响页岩气渗流;孔径主要集中在过渡孔和微孔,贡献了大部分孔比表面积,为页岩储层的主要孔隙类型。     

渝东五峰组-龙马溪组页岩矿物成分与孔隙特征分析

页岩的矿物成分和孔隙特征对页岩气成藏和开采具有重要意义。四川盆地渝东石柱县打风坳地区五峰组-龙马溪组富有机质页岩广泛发育,应用X射线衍射技术对其矿物成分特征进行研究,发现五峰组-龙马溪组页岩矿物成分包含石英、长石、方解石、白云石、黄铁矿、伊利石、伊/蒙混层和绿泥石。脆性矿物含量(50%)和黏土矿物组合特征表明五峰组-龙马溪组是宜于页岩气形成与开采的有利层位。应用氩离子抛光-扫描电镜方法对页岩微纳孔隙特征展开研究,发现无机孔、微裂缝和有机孔3种孔隙类型。无机孔主要包括粒间孔、黄铁矿晶间孔、黏土矿物层间孔和溶蚀孔,孔径数百纳米至数微米;微裂缝包括构造裂缝和解理缝,缝长集中于3~10μm,缝宽数百纳米。有机孔主要发育在有机质内部,呈片麻状或蜂窝状,孔径30~200 nm,连通性较好。总体而言,五峰组页岩中最主要的孔隙类型是溶蚀孔,龙马溪组页岩中主要发育粒间孔和有机孔。     

川东南地区志留系龙马溪组页岩微观孔隙结构特征

以川东南地区为例,运用氩离子抛光扫描电镜技术对龙马溪组页岩孔隙结构特征进行研究。结果表明,该地区龙马溪组页岩孔径主要为纳米级,孔隙可分为有机质孔、无机孔（微裂缝、微孔道、絮状物孔隙、晶间孔、晶内孔）,以有机质孔为主。结合前人研究成果,建立了泥页岩微观孔隙组合模式。通过氮气吸附实验,确定龙马溪组页岩气储层为Ⅱ类吸附曲线,表明其孔隙主要由纳米孔组成,结构具有一定的无规则(无定形)孔特征,颗粒内部孔结构具有平行壁的狭缝状孔特征,且含有多形态的其他孔     

Estimation Algorithms of Methane Sorption Capacity of the Longmaxi Marine Shale in South China

<正>Shale gas is one of the most promising unconventional gas systems.The shale is both the source of,and the reservoir for,natural gas,which is derived from the organic matter within the shale through biogenic and/or thermogenic processes.Natural gas storage in shale differs significantly from conventional gas reservoirs and may be composed of free compressed gas,sorption gas and     

Reservoir Characteristics and Preservation Conditions of Longmaxi Shale in the Upper Yangtze Block, South China

The Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Shale in the Upper Yangtze block represents one of the most important shale gas plays in China. The shale composition, porosity, organic thermal maturity, and methane sorption were investigated at the Qilongcun section in the Dingshan area, southeastern Sichuan Basin. The results show that the Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Shale contains: (1) sapropelic I organic matter; (2) a 40-m thick bedded sequence where total organic carbon (TOC) content is > 2%; (3) a 30-m thick layer at the base of the Longmaxi Shale with a brittle mineral content higher than 50%; and (4) a mean methane adsorption capacity of 1.80 cm3/g (7 MPa pressure). A positive correlation between TOC and sorbed gas indicates that organic matter content exerts an important control on methane storage capacity. Based on the analysis of the shale reservoir characteristics, the lower member of the Longmaxi Shale can thus be considered a favorable stratum for shale gas exploration and exploitation. It has similar reservoir characteristics with the Longmaxi Shale in the Jiaoshiba area tested with a high-yield industrial gas flow. However, based on tectonic analysis, differences in the level of industrial gas flow between the low-yield study area and the high-yield Jiaoshiba area may result from different tectonic preservation conditions. Evidence from these studies indicates the shale gas potential of the Longmaxi Shale is constrained by the reservoir and preservation conditions.     

Physical Mechanism of Organic Matter-Mineral Interaction in Longmaxi Shale, Sichuan Basin, China

正Objective Shale gas is as an important kind of unconventional natural gas,with a great resource potential,and its exploration and development has attracted much attention around the world.Organic matter(OM)pores are a common constituent in shales and form the dominant pore network of many shale gas systems.The common viewpoint holds that the development of OM pores is related to thermal maturity     

南图尔盖盆地储层成岩作用及孔隙演化

储层储集性能普遍良好是南图尔盖盆地油气资源丰富的主要原因.通过对该盆地储层的岩石学特征、成岩作用及孔隙类型演化分析研究发现,砂岩的成岩作用及孔隙演化对储层的储集性能有着重要影响.在对大量薄片和岩心进行分析的基础上,运用扫描电镜和X衍射粘土分析等手段,对南图尔盖盆地砂岩储层研究结果表明,该区机械压实和压溶作用、杂基充填作用、胶结作用和交代作用使砂岩孔隙度降低,不稳定矿物的溶蚀作用导致储层次生孔隙发育.根据有机质的演化及粘土矿物的变化序列,成岩作用和孔隙演化随埋深具有明显的阶段性:早成岩阶段,孔隙类型以原生孔隙粒间孔为主;中成岩阶段,孔隙类型以原生、次生混合型为主;晚成岩阶段,孔隙类型以次生型为主.综合评价南图尔盖盆地储层发现,阿雷斯库姆组、阿克萨布拉克组和库姆科尔组为Ⅰ类储层,可作为今后油气勘探的主要目的层.     

四川盆地南部志留系龙马溪组富有机质页岩沉积环境的元素地球化学判别指标

氧化还原敏感元素是确定古海洋水体氧化还原环境的重要指标,常用的环境判别指标有U/Th,V/Sr,V/Cr,Ni/Co,V/(V+Ni),δU,Ce/Ce*,Eu/Eu*等元素比值。对四川盆地南部宁203井志留系龙马溪组页岩沉积环境的元素地球化学研究结果表明,龙马溪组底部富有机质页岩沉积于缺氧环境,上部为氧化环境。有机碳含量与V/Cr和Ni/Co呈正相关关系,且生物生产力相关元素富集,说明有机质保存与缺氧环境有关。认为在对页岩沉积水体氧化还原条件进行研究时,应将地球化学指标与沉积和古生物特征综合起来得出科学解释。     

Occurrence and influence of residual gas released by crush methods on pore structure in Longmaxi shale in Yangtze Plate,Southern China

The composition of gas released under vacuum by crushing from the gas shale of Longmaxi Formation in Upper Yangtze Plate, Southern China was systematically investigated in this study. The effect of residual gas release on pore structures was checked using low-pressure nitrogen adsorption techniques. The influence of particle size on the determination of pore structure characteristics was considered. Using the Frenkel-Halsey-Hill method from low-pressure nitrogen adsorption data, the fractal dimensions were identified at relative pressures of 0−0.5 and 0.5−1 as D₁ and D₂, respectively, and the evolution of fractal features related to gas release was also discussed. The results showed that a variety component of residual gas was released from all shale samples, containing hydrocarbon gas of CH₄ (29.58% −92.53%), C₂H₆ (0.97% −2.89%), C₃H₈ (0.01% −0.65%), and also some non-hydrocarbon gas such as CO₂ (3.54% − 67.09%) and N₂ (1.88%−8.07%). The total yield of residual gas was in a range from 6.1 μL/g to 17.0 μL/g related to rock weight. The geochemical and mineralogical analysis suggested that the residual gas yield was positively correlated with quartz (R²=0.5480) content. The residual gas released shale sample has a higher surface area of 17.20−25.03 m²/g and the nitrogen adsorption capacity in a range of 27.32−40.86 ml/g that is relatively higher than the original samples (with 9.22−16.30 m²/g and 10.84−17.55 ml/g). Clearer hysteresis loop was observed for the original shale sample in nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms than residual gas released sample. Pore structure analysis showed that the proportions of micro-, meso- and macropores were changed as micropores decreased while meso- and macropores increased. The fractal dimensions D₁ were in range from 2.5466 to 2.6117 and D₂ from 2.6998 to 2.7119 for the residual gas released shale, which is smaller than the original shale. This factor may indicate that the pore in residual gas released shale was more homogeneous than the original shale. The results indicated that both residual gas and their pore space have few contributions to shale gas production and effective reservoir evaluation. The larger fragments samples of granular rather than powdery smaller than 60 mesh fraction of shale seem to be better for performing effective pore structure analysis to the Longmaxi shale.     

Organoporosity Evaluation of Shale: A Case Study of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Shale in Southeast Chongqing

<正>1 Introduction Petrological characteristics(such as brittle mineral content),micro-nanoscale porosity,total organic carbon and organic matter maturity of shale play important roles in the accumulation and exploration of shale gas.The nanometre pores in shale are mostly organopores(pores within organic matters in shale)created from hydrocarbon     

Pore Types and Quantitative Evaluation of Pore Volumes in the Longmaxi Formation Shale of Southeast Chongqing,China

The common microscale to nanoscale pore types were introduced and divided into organic and inorganic pores to estimate their contributions to porosity in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale of southeast Chongqing. Following the material balance principle, the organic porosity values, which changed with formation subsidence and thermal evolution, were calculated using chemical kinetics methods and corrected via the organic porosity correction coefficient, which was obtained from field emission scanning electron microscopy. Grain density values were determined using the contents and true densities of compositions in the shale samples. The total porosity was calculated based on the grain and bulk densities. The inorganic porosity was determined from the difference between the total porosity and organic porosity at the same depth. The results show that inorganic pores mainly contain microfractures, microchannels, clay intergranular pores, intercrystalline pores and intracrystalline pores in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale of southeast Chongqing. Organic pores mainly include organopore and fossil pore. The total porosity, organic porosity and inorganic porosity of organic-rich shale samples can be quantitatively evaluated using this method. The total porosity, organic porosity and inorganic porosity values of the Longmaxi Formation shale samples from the well Py1 in southeast Chongqing lie in 2.75%–6.14%, 0.08%–2.52% and 1.41%–4.92% with average values of 4.34%, 0.95% and 3.39%, respectively. The contributions of the inorganic pores to the total porosity are significantly greater than those of the organic pores.     

南方下古生界海相页岩有机质成熟度评价

为明确适用于南方下古生界海相页岩成熟度评价的沥青反射率与镜质体反射率等效换算关系,利用初始成熟度接近的洪水庄组海相页岩及龙潭组煤样在350~525℃温度范围开展了系列共置热压模拟实验,通过测定各温度下页岩中的沥青与煤中的镜质体反射率的演化规律,建立了两者之间的等效换算关系,并利用模拟样品和实际剖面样品开展了方法验证.结果表明两者满足以下关系:VR_o（等效镜质体反射率）=0.879 8R_b（沥青反射率）+0.114 5（适用范围:VR_o 0.61%~3.04%）,本次建立的沥青反射率回归公式可以为准确评价缺乏镜质体的高演化海相页岩地层的成熟度判定提供重要参考.      

焦石坝页岩气田龙马溪组—五峰组沉积相特征

依据岩心观察、实验分析、录井和测井资料,研究了四川焦石坝页岩气田志留系龙马溪组下部—奥陶系五峰组海相页岩基本特征、沉积环境。龙马溪组下部—五峰组主要为黑色、灰黑色炭质页岩,形成于弱氧化—强还原环境,由含碳低硅,高碳低硅,中碳中硅、低硅,高碳高硅、中硅,富碳高硅7种岩石相构成;沉积微相可划分为深水砂泥质陆棚、深水混积陆棚、深水硅泥质陆棚、深水泥质陆棚4种;页岩沉积经历了一个较为完整的海进—海退三级海平面升降旋回,沉积亚相为深水陆棚沉积。研究成果为今后在四川盆地海相页岩地层寻找优质储层、深化认识焦石坝海相页岩储层特征提供了有益的借鉴。