内蒙古废弃钨钼矿区周围土壤重金属污染生态环境评价及成因分析

为研究内蒙古赤峰市废弃钨钼矿区周围土壤重金属污染特征、潜在生态风险及成因分析，共采集83份表层土壤样品和6个土壤钻孔。采用ArcGIS空间插值分析方法研究As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Mo和Zn的空间分布，构建重金属扰动指数函数研究重金属受人类活动的污染程度，利用地累积指数法验证矿区周围土壤重金属污染程度，通过相关性分析判断重金属来源并讨论污染成因。结果表明：矿区周围土壤As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn和Mo平均含量明显高于矿区周边背景值，高含量主要分布尾矿库周围，主要来源为矿山采选活动；Cr和Ni基本无污染，主要来源为母岩风化。通过重金属扰动指数函数计算发现：采用区域背景值对矿区周围进行重金属污染评价夸大了矿山采选活动对矿区周围土壤重金属的污染，矿区周围土壤重金属污染是由于天然重金属富集和采矿活动共同作用下的“双驱动模式”导致，尾矿库周围土壤重金属污染程度随着与尾矿库水平距离的增加和深度的加大而逐渐降低。降水量丰富程度是影响重金属迁移能力的关键因素，该矿处于降水量匮乏地区，尾矿库对周围土壤重金属污染范围有限，对生态环境影响轻微。     

Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soils around Manali industrial area, Chennai, Southern India

The concentrations of heavy metals (As, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Mo, Pb, Sr, V and Zn) were studied in soils to understand metal contamination due to industrialization and urbanization around Manali industrial area in Chennai, Southern India. This area is affected by the industrial activity and saturated by industries like petrochemicals, refineries, and fertilizers generating hazardous wastes. The contamination of the soils was assessed on the basis of geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor and degree of contamination. Soil samples were collected from the industrial area of Manali from the top 10-cm-layer of the soil. Soil samples were analyzed for heavy metals by using Philips MagiX PRO-2440 Wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The data revealed elevated concentrations of Chromium (149.8–418.0 mg/kg), Copper (22.4–372.0 mg/kg), Nickel (11.8–78.8 mg/kg), Zinc (63.5–213.6 mg/kg) and Molybdenum (2.3–15.3 mg/kg). The concentrations of other elements were similar to the levels in the earth’s crust or pointed to metal depletion in the soil (EF < 1). The high-EFs for some heavy metals obtained in the soil samples show that there is a considerable heavy metal pollution, which could be correlated with the industries in the area. Contamination sites pose significant environmental hazards for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. They are important sources of pollution and may result in ecotoxicological effects on terrestrial, groundwater and aquatic ecosystems. In this perspective there is need for a safe dumping of waste disposal in order to minimize environmental pollution.     

Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soils around Balanagar industrial area,Hyderabad, India

The concentration of heavy metals such as Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, V, Y, Zn, Zr were studied in soils of Balanagar industrial area, Hyderabad to understand heavy metal contamination due to industrialization and urbanization. This area is affected by the industrial activities like steel, petrochemicals, automobiles, refineries, and battery manufacturing generating hazardous wastes. The assessment of the contamination of the soils was based on the geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor, and degree of contamination. Soil samples were collected from Balanagar industrial area from top 10–50 cm layer of soil. The samples were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence spectrometer for heavy metals. The data revealed that the soils in the study area are significantly contaminated, showing high level of toxic elements than normal distribution. The ranges of concentration of Cr (82.2–2,264 mg/kg), Cu (31.3–1,040 mg/kg), Ni (34.3–289.4 mg/kg), Pb (57.5–1,274 mg/kg), Zn (67.5–5819.5 mg/kg), Co (8.6–54.8 mg/kg), and V (66.6–297 mg/kg). The concentration of above-mentioned other elements was similar to the levels in the earth’s crust pointed to metal depletion in the soil as the EF was <1. Some heavy metals showed high EF in the soil samples indicating that there is a considerable heavy metal pollution, which could be correlated with the industries in the area. A contamination site poses significant environmental hazards for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. They are important sources of pollution and may results in ecotoxicological effects on terrestrial, groundwater and aquatic ecosystems.     

甘肃嘉峪关市表层土壤重金属空间分布与评价

为研究嘉峪关市重金属分布对环境的影响,分析了嘉峪关市表层土壤重金属分布和含量变化,并评价其富集程度,判断其来源和影响因素。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）测量嘉峪关市134个表层土壤样品中六种重金属元素（Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb、Ni、Zn）的含量,其平均含量分别为281.6 mg/kg、0.35 mg/kg、60.68 mg/kg、51.39 mg/kg、108.65 mg/kg、161.0 mg/kg。在土壤重金属含量空间分布的基础上,用内梅罗指数法和地累积指数法对研究区土壤重金属富集程度进行了评价,六种元素地累积指数排序依次为: Cr > Cd > Pb > Cu > Zn > Ni,各功能区重金属元素整体富集程度依次为工业区 > 戈壁 > 生活区 > 农业区。戈壁采样点重金属元素含量（除Ni外）高于农业区,除工业因素外,地表植被的缺失加剧了戈壁地区重金属元素的富集。结合主成分分析,重金属元素空间展布,及内梅罗指数评价和地累积指数评价,分析了各元素可能的来源,认为Cr、Zn主要来自以钢铁生产加工为主的工业源,Cd、Cu、Pb来自于交通源,Ni可能与钢铁生产或当地背景值有关。通过分析嘉峪关市土壤重金属分布情况,以期为改善当地土壤质量提供科学依据,为我国西北地区土壤重金属的研究提供参考。     

锦州市土壤重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

以锦州市为研究区,分析8种土壤重金属As、Cd、Hg、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni的污染特征,采用单因子污染指数法、地累积指数法、内梅罗综合指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法确定锦州市土壤重金属污染程度,评价土壤重金属潜在生态风险.结果表明,锦州市土壤重金属Cd和Cr含量高于全国土壤及辽宁省土壤背景值,Cu、Hg、Ni和Pb含量高于辽宁省土壤背景值.采用单因子污染指数评价,Cd为中度污染,Hg、Pb、Cr、Ni和Cu为轻度污染.经地累积指数法评价,Cd为轻中度污染,其他重金属为无污染.内梅罗综合污染指数平均值为2.25,为中度污染等级.研究区综合潜在风险指数平均值为157.34,处于中等生态风险,造成局部地区土壤潜在生态风险较高的重金属为Cd和Hg.     

Heavy Metal Distribution in Soils near the Almalyk Mining and Smelting Industrial Area,Uzbekistan

Abstract: The present study demonstrates distribution and chemical forms of heavy metals in soils of the Almalyk mining and smelting industrial area along five transects. The study area is located in Almalyk, Uzbekistan, where the intensification of industrial enterprises negatively impacts the environment. The distribution of 17 heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Ga, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Th, and U) were studied in 21 sampling locations (21×3=63 soil samples) along five radial transects with a total length of 60?km downwind deposition gradient. Soil samples were collected from the upper layer (0–10?cm) at 4–6?km intervals. As a result of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry analyses by using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF, Philips Analytical Ink, USA ), a significant decrease in heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Pb) deposition was found going from the source in a downwind direction. Soil samples taken from the first location (near the pollution sources) showed higher concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb, and lower concentrations with increasing distance from the source. Obtained data showed different impact of pollution sources to heavy metal deposition and distribution in soils. The Almalyk mining and smelting complex is the major source of Pb, Zn and Cu enrichment in soils. Distribution of other trace elements does not exceed background content and suggests lithogenic background. This allowed us to divide these elements into two groups: (1) technogenic (Cu, Zn and Pb); and (2) lithogenic (Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Ga, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Th and U) origins.     

赣南离子吸附型稀土矿区土壤重金属形态分布特征及生态风险评价

稀土矿的露天开采易造成土壤重金属污染等环境问题。已有研究表明赣南离子吸附型稀土矿区土壤存在以Cd、Pb为主的轻、中度重金属污染。常见环境质量评价以主要污染因子(如重金属总量)作为衡量污染程度的指标,仅能反映重金属的富集程度。为查明赣南稀土矿区土壤重金属的赋存状态、迁移能力以及生物有效性,本文在利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定土壤重金属各形态含量的基础上,采用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法及RAC风险评价法对赣南稀土矿区土壤重金属的生态风险进行评价。结果表明:(1)研究区土壤重金属主要以残渣态存在,占总量的65.5%。(2)土壤样品中Cd、Pb含量平均值分别是江西省土壤背景值的1.72倍和2.14倍;流域内位于矿山下游河流沿岸农田土壤Cd的平均值、尾矿库附近农田Pb的平均值分别是土壤背景值的2.33倍和3.06倍,22.7%样品的Cd或Pb含量超过风险筛选值,其中可交换态所占比例仅次于残渣态,分别占总量的47.1%和13.5%。(3)地累积指数与潜在生态风险评价结果表明Cd、Pb累积程度及生态风险水平较高,Co、Ni、Cu、Zn较低;RAC风险评价结果显示Cd生态风险较高,Co、Zn、Pb生态风险中等,Cu、Ni生态风险低。(4)针对矿区农田土壤的三种评价方法各有侧重,其评价结果异中有同,均表明研究区土壤Cd具有较高的污染程度和迁移活性,生态风险较高。本研究结果将为识别稀土矿周边农田土壤的潜在环境风险,提出有效的防范、应急与减缓措施提供科学依据。     

Assessment of trace element contamination in soils around Chinnaeru River Basin, Nalgonda District, India

Concentrations of trace elements such as As, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, V, Y, Zn and Zr were studied in soils to understand metal contamination due to agriculture and geogenic activities in Chinnaeru River Basin, Nalgonda District, India. This area is affected by the geogenic fluoride contamination. The contamination of the soils was assessed on the basis of geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor and degree of contamination. Forty-four soil samples were collected from the agricultural field from the study area from top 10–50 cm layer of soil. Soil samples were analyzed for trace elements using X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Data revealed that soils in the study area are significantly contaminated, showing high level of toxic elements than normal distribution. The ranges of concentration of Ba (370–1,710 mg/kg), Cr (8.7–543 mg/kg), Cu (7.7–96.6 mg/kg), Ni (5.4–168 mg/kg), Rb (29.6–223 mg/kg), Sr (134–438 mg/kg), Zr (141.2–8,232 mg/kg) and Zn (29–478 mg/kg). The concentration of other elements was similar to the levels in the earth’s crust or pointed to metal depletion in the soil (EF < 1). The high EFs for some trace elements obtained in soil samples show that there is a considerable heavy metal pollution, which could be due to excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides used for agricultural or may be due to natural geogenic processes in the area. Comparative study has been made with other soil-polluted heavy metal areas and its mobility in soil and groundwater has been discussed. A contamination site poses significant environmental hazards for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. They are important sources of pollution and may result in ecotoxicological effects on terrestrial, groundwater and aquatic ecosystems.     

内蒙古包头某铁矿尾矿库生态修复的植物优选研究

【研究目的】植物修复技术因其具有绿色、经济、环保的特点,在矿山生态修复中应用广泛,而调查和筛选矿山周边适应本地生境的植物物种是进行植物生态修复的关键环节。【研究方法】通过野外调查取样和室内分析测试相结合的方法,对内蒙古包头某废弃铁矿尾矿库及周边11种优势植物的重金属含量、重金属迁移富集能力及其上覆土壤重金属特征进行分析研究,以期筛选优良修复植物,为矿区生态修复提供科学依据。【研究结果】该废弃铁矿尾矿库及周边土壤Fe、Mn、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、F含量均远超过河套平原土壤背景值,地累积指数显示污染等级为2～7级,污染程度从轻—中度污染到极强度污染。植物地下部分各元素含量总体上高于地上部分,除Cu外各植物重金属含量大多超出了正常值范围。【结论】沙蒿和独行菜具有富集型植物特征,玉米、狗尾草、虎尾草和拂子茅属于根部囤积型,碱蓬、灰条菜、苍耳、新疆杨和红柳符合规避型植物特征。可根据植物对重金属的吸收和富集特点,科学合理地选择适宜的植物进行矿区受污染土壤植物修复。创新点：研究了废弃铁尾矿库及周边11种优势植物的重金属特征;揭示了优势植物对重金属的吸收机制。     

Heavy metal contamination in dust from kindergartens and elementary schools in Xi’an,China

Concentrations of As, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn in campus dust from kindergartens and elementary schools in Xi’an, China, were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and heavy metal contamination levels were assessed based on the geoaccumulation index (I _geo), enrichment factor (EF) and numero synthesis pollution index (NSPI). The results indicate that, in comparison with Shaanxi soil, dust samples have elevated metal concentrations as a whole, except for V, Mn, Ni, and As. The assessment results of I _geo and EF indicate that V, Mn, Ni, and As in campus dust are uncontaminated, while Ba and Cr are uncontaminated to moderately contaminated, and Co, Cu, Pb, and Zn are moderately to strongly contaminated. The NSPI results show that most dust samples presented heavily contaminated by heavy metals. More attention should be paid to heavy metal contamination of campus dust from kindergartens and elementary schools of Xi’an.     

Assessment of spatial distribution and possible sources of heavy metals in the soils of Sariseki-Dörtyol District in Hatay Province (Turkey)

In this study, total heavy metal content of soil and their spatial distribution in Sar?seki-Dörtyol district were analyzed and mapped. Variable distance grids (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 km) were established, with a total of 102 soil samples collected from two different soil depths (0–5 and 5–20 cm) at intersections of the grids (51 sampling point). Soil samples were analyzed for heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Fe, and Ni). The most proper variogram models for the contents of all heavy metal were spherical and exponential ones. The ranges of semivariograms were between 1.9 and 31.1 km. According to the calculated geoaccumulation (I _geo) values, samples from both soil depths were classified as partly to highly polluted with Cd and Ni and partly polluted with Cr and as partly polluted-to-not polluted with Pb and not polluted with Cu, Fe and Mn. Similar results were also obtained when evaluated by the enrichment factor. The contamination levels of the heavy metals were Ni > Cd > Cr > Pb > Zn > Cu > Co > Fe > Mn in decreasing order. The soils in the study area are contaminated predominantly by Cd and Ni, which may give rise to various health hazards or diseases. Cadmium pollution results primarily from industrial activities and, to a lesser extent, from vehicular traffic, whereas Ni contents in the study area result from parent material, phosphorus fertilizer, industries, and vehicles.     

内江市双桥乡土壤重金属含量及风险评价

以四川省内江市双桥乡为研究区域,调查分析各类土壤中重金属（Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、As、Hg、Ni）含量情况。采用单因子污染指数、内梅罗综合污染指数和富集因子评价方法,对土壤重金属污染状况进行评价。研究结果表明,该地区Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn元素平均含量高于成都经济区、四川省、中国土壤背景值,有一定程度的Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn富集,Hg元素有个别样点含量偏高,并且单因子重金属的污染程度依次为：Cd〉Ni〉Zn〉Cu〉Cr〉Pb〉As〉Hg,Cd在绝大部份区域存在轻微污染,由内梅罗污染指数和富集因子评价得出区域综合污染程度为轻度。     

Heavy metal distribution and assessment in stream sediments of River Orle,Southwestern Nigeria

Ten heavy metals, namely, Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn were partially extracted using aqua regia digestion method and analysed by ICP-AES from 56 stream sediment samples collected from River Orle, Igarra area, southwestern Nigeria. The analytical results were used to produce geochemical distribution maps for the elements and were subjected to univariate statistical analysis in order to evaluate the distribution and abundance of the heavy metals in the study area. The degree of pollution of these stream sediments by these heavy metals was evaluated by calculating such parameters as enrichment factors (EF), as well as pollution load and geo-accumulation indices (PLI and Igeo). Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn are widely distributed in the drainage system while the distribution of Ag, Cd, As and Hg is restricted to only parts of the drainage system with Ag and Cd being localized to one sample site each near Epkeshi in the southern part of the study area. Cr and Pb display anomalously high concentrations, each from a site, also in the same locality where Ag and Cd were detected, indicating the likelihood that the four elements, Cr, Pb, Ag and Cd, are genetically related. Calculation of the enrichment factor (EF), pollution load index (PLI) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) yielded results that indicate that all the 56 stream sediment sites, except one located about 4 km southeast of Epkeshi in the southern part of the Orle drainage system, are practically unpolluted by heavy metals. The relatively high metal concentration of this anomalous site having Pb EF of 62.5, PLI of 1.14 and Pb Igeo of 2.44 signifies Pb pollution. Both natural and anthropogenic sources of the Pb contamination around Epkeshi locality are possible. In conclusion, the levels of concentrations of heavy metals in the study area, in general, do not constitute any serious environmental risk except for Pb which needs to be monitored at only one site in the study area. Therefore the concentration ranges for the different heavy metals in the study area can serve as baseline environmental data against which the degree of pollution of these heavy metals can be evaluated in future.     

高邮湖底泥及出入湖河口表层沉积物重金属元素分布与潜在生态风险评价

为查清高邮湖底泥及出入湖河口表层沉积物重金属分布特征,评价其潜在生态风险,以湖区及周边25个底泥和沉积物样品为载体,重点研究8种重金属元素,选用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合指数法、地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法,相似比对重金属污染等级及评价潜在生态风险。测试数据表明,8种重金属元素中,仅Hg含量（平均值）未超过里下河浅洼平原表层土壤重金属元素背景值,As含量（最大值）超过农用地土壤污染风险筛选值。Pearson相关系数矩阵表明,重金属元素Ni与Cr、Pb、Zn、Cu之间具显著同源性;单因子污染指数法与内梅罗综合指数法评价结果显示,污染指数均值排序均为As＞Cd＞Pb＞Cu＞Zn＞Ni＞Cr＞Hg,但对As、Cd评价前者为轻度污染,后者为中度污染;地累积指数Igeo显示,仅As为轻度污染,其余元素均为无污染状态。沉积物单项潜在生态风险指数排序为Cd＞Hg＞As＞Pb＞Cu＞Ni＞Cr＞Zn,仅Cd属中风险,其余元素为低风险;研究区综合潜在生态风险指数RI均值为115.7,表明全区总体生态风险属于低风险状态,重金属有沿入湖河口向湖心区富集趋势。     

Heavy metal distribution and contamination in soils of Thane–Belapur industrial development area,Mumbai, Western India

There is a growing public concern over the potential accumulation of heavy metals in soil, owing to rapid urban and industrial development in the last decade in India. Therefore, an attempt was made to investigate the pollution caused due to excessive accumulation of heavy metals in soils near Thane–Belapur industrial belt of Mumbai. Soil samples were collected from surrounding industrial areas and were analyzed for toxic/heavy metals by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The analytical results indicate that the soils in the study area were enriched with Cu, Cr, Co, Ni and Zn. The concentration ranges were: Cu 3.10–271.2 mg/kg (average 104.6 mg/kg), Cr 177.9–1,039 mg/kg (average 521.3 mg/kg), Co 44.8–101.6 mg/kg (average 68.7 mg/kg), Ni 64.4–537.8 mg/kg (average 183.6 mg/kg) and Zn 96.6–763.2 mg/kg (average 191.3 mg/kg). The visualization of spatial data is made by preparing distribution maps of heavy metal concentration in soils and co-relation diagrams. These results highlight the need for instituting a systematic and continuous monitoring of the study area for heavy metals and other forms of pollution to ensure that pollution does not become a serious problem in future.     

Deciphering heavy metal contamination zones in parts of Nalgonda District,Telangana

The study area is very important in terms of anthropogenic activity like rapid industrial, urban development, pesticides, pharmacy, granite polishing and agro based industries. Soils represent an excellent media to monitor heavy metal pollution. The results of soil samples analyzed in the present work using XRF reveal anomalous heavy metal and major oxide concentrations. The geogenic and anthropogenic activities for a long period in the study area are responsible for the anomalous heavy metal pollutants. Hence, this work is of immense societal benefit in terms of prevailing human health hazards in the study area with a direct relevance to such industrially populated regions elsewhere. Soil samples collected from study area were analyzed for heavy metals (As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Ni, Co, Mo, Pb, Rb, Sr, V, Y, Zn and Zr and major oxides (SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, MnO, MgO, CaO, Na₂O, K₂O, TiO₂, and P₂O₅ ) using Philips PW 2440 X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (XRF). The minimum 0.08 for molybdenum and maximum 21.99 enrichment factor for arsenic is observed. The minimum -2.5 and maximum 17.97 geoaccumulation index values is observed for barium and molybdenum. The minimum 0.07 and maximum 4.3 contamination factors is observed for molybdenum and lead. High contamination degree 19.21 for SMP-1 and least 7.8 for SMP-12 is observed. The minimum 0.41 and maximum 0.95 pollution load index is observed for SMP-12 and SMP-20. Factor analysis results shows that, three factors emerged as significant contributors to the soil quality is about seventy six percent for heavy metals and sixty eight percent for major oxides. The spatial variation maps deciphering heavy metal concentration of both natural and anthropogenic origin by three zones i.e. low, moderate and high of the study area based on environment using Arc-GIS.     

基于地球化学数据的有毒元素潜在生态危害评价研究——以内蒙古自治区敖汉旗为例

环境中不同的污染物可经过各种迁移转化途径,通过食物链进入人体,对人体的健康带来威胁.土壤污染物中以重金属比较突出,其中Hg、Cd、Pb、Cr以及类金属As等对生物毒性显著,Zn、Cu、Ni、Co、Sn等对生物的毒性一般.利用1：5万敖汉旗幅水系及土壤地球化学勘查所取得的数据,采用单因子污染指数法评价单元素污染程度,并采用重金属元素毒性响应系数评价区域有毒元素潜在风险,得到研究区主要潜在生态危害元素为Cd、Pb、As,其中Cd元素危害最大,主要潜在污染因素为采石场、采矿场、垃圾场等人为地质作用因素以及原生地质环境因素.     

Multivariate statistical techniques for evaluating and identifying the environmental significance of heavy metal contamination in sediments of the Yangtze River, China

The concentrations of heavy metals (Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, As, Hg, and Fe) in sediments of the Yangtze River, China, were investigated to evaluate levels of contamination and their potential sources. The lowest heavy metal concentrations were found in the source regions of the river basin. Relatively high concentrations of metals, except Cr, were found in the Sichuan Basin, and the highest concentrations were in the Xiangjiang and Shun’anhe rivers. All concentrations, except Ni, were higher than global averages. Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis showed that Zn, Pb, As, Hg, and Cd were derived mainly from the exploitation of various multi-metal minerals, industrial wastewater, and domestic sewage. Cu, Co, and Fe were derived mainly from natural weathering (erosion). Cr and Ni were derived mainly from agricultural activities, municipal and industrial wastewater. Sediment pollution was assessed using the geoaccumulation index (I _geo) and enrichment factor (EF). Among the ten heavy metals assessed, Cd and Pb had the highest I _geo values, followed by Cu, As, Zn, and Hg. The I _geo values of Fe, Cr, Co, and Ni were <0 in all sediments. EF provided similar information to I _geo: no enrichment was found for Cr, Co, and Ni. Cu, Zn, As, and Hg were relatively enriched at some sites while Cd and Pb showed significant enrichment.     

应用富集系数法和地累积指数法研究济宁南部区域土壤重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

评价土壤中重金属污染的方法有单因子指数法、内梅罗综合指数法、地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法等,但迄今尚没有成熟的、统一的标准。本文以济宁城区南部农田为研究区域,采集77件土壤样品进行调查,光谱、质谱等技术分析结果表明土壤环境中8种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn)平均含量分别为16.7、0.270、88.4、33.0、0.050、40.4、29.3、89.1 mg/kg,与黄淮海平原土壤生态地球化学基准值相比,Hg、Cd分别高于基准值的1.50倍、1.39倍,其他重金属高于基准值的0.26~0.52倍。Hg与As、Cr、F、p H、Cu、Ni、TFe2O3呈显著负相关,表明土壤受到了Hg的不同程度人为污染。用富集系数法和地累积指数法分析区内8种重金属元素的污染(富集)程度,均表明土壤环境中Hg、Cd为轻微污染(富集)程度,其他6种元素均为无污染。将该区域重金属含量与其生物毒性系数、生态效应、环境效应相结合,运用潜在生态危害指数法对重金属污染进行生态风险评价。结果显示,8种重金属的潜在生态危害由强至弱依次为:HgCdAsCuPbNiCrZn,与污染(富集)程度排序差异明显;尽管Hg、Cd在研究区内仅仅为轻微(富集)程度,但都具有较高的毒性响应系数,两元素对土壤综合潜在生态危害的贡献率之和达到了81.26%。借助Map GIS绘制研究区潜在生态风险程度评价图,表明区内土壤环境总体上处于"中度"潜在生态风险,约6.83%的面积呈"强"和"很强"潜在生态风险,其中复兴河、姚楼河、京杭运河3条河流交汇处的局部区域(占研究区面积的0.50%)达到了"很强"潜在生态风险。通过调查可疑人为污染源发现,"强"和"很强"潜在生态风险区域的布局恰好与区内煤矿生产开采活动相关。本文提出,应当注重对煤矿开采矿井周边区域土地复垦及污染防治工作,尤其是加强土壤中Cd、Hg的物理化学改良及生物治理修复工作,防止Hg、Cd进一步污染扩散。     

山东省沂南县东部土壤重金属生态健康风险评价

【研究目的】 山东是中国矿业与农业发达省份、沂南县东部堪称其代表。掌握当地土壤重金属污染及对生态健康风险的影响对生态环境保护有重要意义。【研究方法】 系统调查分析表层土壤样品4779件,获取Hg、Cd、Cr、Ni、As、Cu、Pb、Zn等元素分布最新数据,并用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法和健康风险评估模型等评价研究了生态健康风险及相关问题。【研究结果】 （1）上述重金属均量与临沂市土壤背景值大致相当,仅Hg略偏高且变异系数最大,指示当地土壤Hg受人类活动影响明显。与国家农用地土壤污染风险筛选值相比,Cu、Cr、Ni是相对主要超标元素,As、Cd、Cu、Pb超标倍数大,它们均可能会产生生态健康危害;（2）据地累积指数平均值,该区土壤总体无污染,据单样值,Hg、Cu污染最突出,其他6元素污染较轻;（3）生态风险方面,Hg、Cd是主要生态风险元素,As、Cu次之。高生态风险区为铜井镇南东部、界湖镇西北金场附近以及县城西部主城区3个片区;（4）人体健康风险方面,重金属对成人不具有非致癌风险和致癌风险,极个别地区对儿童具有非致癌风险和致癌风险,Cr、As是主要非致癌风险元素,As致癌风险最大。【结论】 沂南县东部土壤质量总体较好,铜井镇南东部、界湖镇西北金场附近以及县城西部主城区3个片区为高生态风险区,Hg、Cr、As为主要生态健康风险元素。