珠江口及其邻近海域重金属的河口过程和沉积物污染风险评价

根据2006年到2007年,“908专项”珠江口附近海域海水与沉积物的调查资料,研究珠江口海域海水和沉积物中重金属含量分布特征;珠江口及附近海域海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、总铬、汞、砷的含量平均值均符合国家一类海水水质标准,采用数理统计相关分析计算出各重金属元素与各环境因子之间的相关,发现在河口重金属主要以稀释混合过程为主,悬浮颗粒物中重金属在酸化作用下以解吸作用为主,氧化还原作用的影响不大.沉积物中铜-锌、铅-锌、铜-镉、铅-镉、锌-镉、铅-铬,锌-铬、镉-铬8组元素间具有显著的相关性,表明它们具有相似的元素地球化学性质和来源;并运用Hakanson潜在生态危害系数法对其潜在生态危害程度进行评估,珠江口沉积物的潜在生态风险的来源是镉和汞占据主要权重,尤其珠江口沉积物中镉的污染程度和潜在生态风险局部激增的特点值得重点关注.     

乐清湾表层沉积物重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价

笔者于2012年8月对乐清湾表层沉积物进行了采集,并测定了其中各重金属(汞、砷、铅、镉、铜、铬和锌)元素的含量。采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对重金属污染情况进行了评价,结果表明:7种重金属元素的地累积污染指数由大到小依次排列为:铜、锌、汞、镉、砷、铅、铬,乐清湾海域基本上所有站位均处于"无-中"的污染水平;同时该海域沉积物重金属污染总体潜在生态风险程度低,各重金属元素潜在生态风险程度由高到低依次排列为:镉、砷、铜、汞、铅、锌、铬,其中镉为该海域主要潜在生态风险因子。     

闽江口表层沉积物重金属分布及其潜在生态风险评价

为加强闽江流域的环境治理以及支撑闽江口重金属污染的管控工作,文章基于闽江口14个采样站位的实测数据,综合运用相关性分析、主成分分析和潜在生态风险指数等方法,系统评价闽江口表层沉积物重金属分布及其潜在生态风险。研究结果表明:闽江口表层沉积物重金属含量差异显著,除个别站位的锌和汞外,其他重金属含量均符合第一类海洋沉积物质量标准;影响铅分布的主要因素是工业排污,影响其他重金属元素分布的主要因素是有机质和沉积环境;闽江口表层沉积物重金属潜在生态风险的低风险程度和中风险程度占比分别为71.43%和28.57%,其中琅岐岛的东部和南部为中风险区,琅岐岛的北部和东北部以及川石水道外侧为低风险区;镉和汞为主要潜在生态风险重金属元素,达到较高风险程度,须加强风险监控。     

湛江港海域海水和表层沉积物重金属分布特征及其污染评价

根据2013年01月(冬季)和2013年06月(夏季)的调查数据对湛江港海域海水和表层沉积物中的重金属(铜、锌、铅、镉、砷和汞)进行了研究,调查结果显示调查海域海水和表层沉积物中重金属含量呈现岸边海域高于深海海域,东海岛北面海域高于东面海域;对比冬季和夏季的调查结果,调查海域海水中重金属平均含量夏季高于冬季。用单项污染指数对海水中的重金属进行了评价,结果表明,冬、夏两季海水中的Pb污染较明显,Cu和Zn轻度污染,其余元素(Cd,As和Hg)均未超过相应的国家海水水质标准限值,夏季重金属污染指数高于冬季,可能与陆源重金属污染物入海的影响有关;表层沉积物中重金属均低于相应的标准限值,沉积物环境质量状况良好。采用瑞典科学家H覿kanson的潜在生态危害指数法进行评价,沉积物中重金属的潜在生态危害较轻,生态危害程度HgAsCdPbCuZn。     

杭州湾海域表层沉积物中重金属污染物的累积及其潜在生态风险评价

文章利用2010年8月杭州湾海域表层沉积物重金属的资料,对其沉积物含量进行分析,并采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法两种方法对其进行评价。经过分析可知,杭州湾海域表层沉积物重金属平均含量由高到低排序依次为锌、铬、铅、铜、砷、镉、汞,铬和铅的富集程度最高。两种方法评价结果表明,地累积指数和潜在生态风险评价指数法对杭州湾海域的评价总体一致,大多数站位的Igeo和RI值分级彼此符合,杭州湾海域沉积物处于清洁或者低风险状态,沉积物质量状态良好。鉴于两种方法的优缺点,在评价过程中只有把重金属在沉积环境中的累积程度与其对海洋生态系统的潜在生态危害程度相结合,才能全面地反映沉积物中污染物的污染状况。     

辽东湾东部浅水区沉积物中重金属潜在生态评价

根据重金属的生物地球化学特征，从沉积学角度，利用辽东湾东部浅水区3次环境调查数据（1988、1997、1999），进行沉积物重金属潜在生态危害评价。研究结果表明，辽东湾浅水区沉积物污染长期以来较小，属于轻微生态危害，产生危害的主要重金属元素是汞和镉。     

威海湾沉积物重金属含量分布及其潜在生态危害评价

对威海湾表层沉积物中重金属(Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd,Hg,As)的含量分布及富集状况进行了调查分析,并采用Hakanson的潜在生态危害指数法评价了该湾沉积物中重金属污染的程度及其潜在的生态危害。结果表明,威海湾表层沉积物中Cu,Zn,Pb,Hg 4种重金属的含量分布特征表现为由西北向东南递减的趋势;Cd在湾西部含量较高,呈由西向东递减的趋势;As整体分布较均匀,在湾内近岸处较高,湾口处较低。潜在生态危害评价结果表明,威海湾表层沉积物中重金属的潜在生态危害轻微;污染程度顺序为CdAsHgPbCuZn;对威海湾生态环境具有潜在影响的重金属主要是Cd。     

黄河口表层沉积物污染现状及潜在生态污染风险评估（英文）

根据2006年到2007年,908专项黄河口附近海域表层沉积物的调查资料,研究黄河口海域表层沉积物中重金属含量分布特征;沉积物中Cu-Cd、Pb-Cr、Cr-As 3组元素间具有显著的相关性,表明它们分别具有相似的元素地球化学性质和来源;运用Hakanson潜在生态危害系数法对其潜在生态危害程度进行评估,黄河口沉积物的潜在生态风险的来源是镉和汞占据主要权重;运用生物效应浓度法对其生物毒性效应进行评价,结果表明,As对黄河口海域环境中生物的负面效应偶尔发生,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr和Hg暂时不会产生不良生物效应。     

海南东寨港表层沉积物重金属分布特征及污染评价

表层沉积物重金属分布、污染源及潜在风险研究可为区域内重金属浓度变化及环境污染研究提供基础数据,为区域内渔业生产、海洋环境保护、典型生态系统的可持续发展提供科学数据及理论研究。通过对海南省东寨港内表层沉积物重金属的含量分布、同源相关性及生态危害程度分析与评价,结果表明:东寨港表层沉积物铜(Cu),铅(Pb),锌(Zn),镉(Cd),铬(Cr),汞(Hg)及砷(As)高值主要位于航道、口门及东潮沟;重金属Cu,Zn,Hg及As相互呈极显著相关,具相同污染源,主要受渔船与养殖影响;Pb,Cd与Cr相关性不显著,同源性有待考察。区域内重金属潜在生态危害以中等生态危害为主,其次为轻微生态危害,未出现强生态危害或很强生态危害,多种重金属的潜在生态危害指数(RI)较高的站位大致位于东寨港口门附近及东潮沟,潜在生态风险:CdHgCuAsPbCrZn。     

辽东湾西北部海域沉积物重金属含量分析及污染评价

为了解辽东湾西北部海域沉积物重金属的分布特征及污染程度,文章基于2017年3月辽东湾西北部12个采样站位表层沉积物7种重金属含量(Hg、Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr、As)的测定,对辽东湾西北部海洋沉积物中的重金属进行了研究。SPSS用于沉积物中重金属含量统计分析并通过地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数的方法评估重金属污染和生态危害的程度。结果显示:(1)辽东湾西北部沉积物重金属含量平均值只有Cd符合海洋沉积物一类标准,变异程度由高到低依次为Hg、Cd、As、Zn、Pb、Cu,汞和镉受人为来源控制最高;(2)地累积指数法评价结果表明重金属元素污染程度由大到小依次为Hg、Cd、Zn、As、Cu、Pb;(3)潜在生态风险指数法评价结果表明,单因子潜在生态风险系数由高到低依次为Hg、Cd、As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr,Hg具有很强的生态风险,综合生态风险指数在233.77~4785.15,平均1224.12,处于很强的生态风险水平。文章揭示了辽东湾西北部海域沉积物重金属的分布特征,为该海域的生态环境建设提供依据。     

Assessment of metals in sediments from Lake Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia, using normalisation models and sediment quality guidelines

Industrial activity since the 1890s and, more recently catchment development has resulted in significant metal contamination in Lake Macquarie, an estuary in New South Wales, Australia. This paper presents an analysis of metal concentrations in surface sediments from Lake Macquarie using normalisation models to estimate enrichment relative to natural background concentrations and by comparing concentrations with sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) and effects range median quotients to assess the potential for ecological harm. Of the 12 metals examined, cadmium, lead, mercury, selenium, silver and zinc were enriched in surface sediments throughout the lake. The greatest contamination was found in the north of the lake and, for selenium, also in areas adjacent to two power stations. Comparisons with SQGs and effects range median quotients found that sediments from a site in Cockle Bay had concentrations of metals with the highest likelihood of causing adverse effects on sediment associated biota, and that the likelihood adverse decreased with distance from Cockle Bay. Comparisons with historical sediment quality data indicated that there has been a marked reduction in surface metal concentrations throughout the lake over 15 years. Models could not be constructed for all metals due to low background concentrations. For most metals, simple linear regression models were adequate, but for selenium and arsenic a multiple regression model provided a better estimate of background concentrations. SQGs possibly overestimated effects for arsenic, which has naturally high concentrations in the lake and underestimated the potential for ecological effects in coarser sediments.     

胶州湾西北部海域大型底栖动物群落研究

自2003年9月~2004年9月在胶州湾西北部养殖区内外隔月取样,共获得7个航次的大型底栖动物样品。用PRIMER软件对大型底栖动物群落进行分析,结果表明:养殖区内站位的丰度值、生物量及群落结构与外面站位差别较大,经相关检验站位之间差异显著,说明养殖区内因为养殖活动已经引起大型底栖生物的剧烈扰动;还发现胶州湾养西北部海域群落种类组成季节变化明显,与历史资料相比,棘皮动物数量明显减少,软体动物特别是菲律宾蛤仔是胶州湾大型底栖动物生物量的主要贡献种。根据LUSTER聚类和MDS标序的结果,把底栖生物群落划分为四大生物组。比较发现,胶州湾西北部及附近海域大型底栖生物群落已经发生了变化,通过对底栖生物群落与环境因子的分析认为,造成变动的原因可能是渔业活动的加剧和湾内水体污染的压力。     

Heavy metal stress induced hyperglycemia in blue swimmer crab, Portunus pelagicus

The study was to find out the effect of cadmium and mercury on levels of hemolymph glucose, crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) and hepatopancreas glycogen in the blue swimmer crab Portunus pelagicus. The experiments were performed in both intact and eyestalk ablated crabs. Quantification of CHH was done by the indirect ELISA with the aid of primary anti-Carcinus maenas-CHH antibody. Higher glucose concentration was observed on exposure to 8×10^-6 of cadmium ((825.6±5.42) μg/mL) and 6×10^-6 of mercury ((90.5±6.25) μg/mL) after 48 h and 24 h respectively. Higher level of hemolymph glucose was observed in eyestalk intact crabs on exposure to cadmium and mercury than eyestalk ablated crabs. Decrease in the levels of CHH was observed in both eyestalk intact and ablated crabs on heavy metal exposure. Decline of the hepatopancreas glycogen level was also witnessed with the exposure to heavy metal, which validated its utilization in the production of glucose. Thus this study brings to light, the variations in hemolymph glucose, CHH and hepatopancreas glycogen on heavy metal stress. These carbohydrate metabolites can be used as biomarkers in assessing heavy metal contamination in water bodies.     

海珍品养殖水质微机自动监测系统

化学传感器用于海洋增养殖业水质环境监测领域，它与传统的物理传感器相比具有许多不便之处，如易漂移、难校准、受环境影响大等问题。因此在现场测量和实现长期连续监测方面受到了限制。文中主要介绍了海珍品养殖水质自动监测系统利用先进的电化学传感器技术（863－818－01－01课题研究成果）与计算机技术相结合，实现了海珍品养殖中必须监测的常规化学要素的现场定点长期连续监测，为水产养殖业提供实时的数据服务。     

波浪作用下沉积物中重金属Cu释放规律研究

黄河水下三角洲位于半封闭的渤海内部,海底沉积物中重金属Cu污染严重,且该区域多发风暴潮,引起沉积物再悬浮甚至液化,导致沉积物中重金属Cu重新释放进入海水中。本研究以黄河口粉质土作为底床,采用室内波浪水槽试验模拟重金属Cu在不同水动力条件下,通过静态扩散、底床未液化状态下再悬浮以及底床液化状态下再悬浮3种方式进入上覆水体的释放过程。结果表明:上覆水体中重金属Cu的浓度分布与悬浮泥沙浓度分布密切相关,呈现出一致的变化规律;沉积物液化会明显促进重金属Cu向上覆水体中释放,底床液化再悬浮阶段上覆水体中溶解态Cu的浓度为静态扩散阶段的18倍,为底床非液化再悬浮阶段的11倍;此外,底床液化会导致沉积物中重金属Cu向深处扩散,扩散深度约为沉积物液化深度的一半。     

渤海沉积物中细菌群落结构和基因丰度的空间分布特征

This study investigated differences in the community structure and environmental responses of the bacterial community in sediments of the Bohai Sea.Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology and real-time PCR were used to assay the bacterial 16S rRNA genes in the surface sediments of 13 sampling stations in the Bohai Sea.The results showed that sediments at the majority of the 13 sampling stations were contaminated by heavy metal mercury.The main phyla of bacteria recorded included Proteobacteria(52.92%),Bacteroidetes(11.76%),Planctomycetes(7.39%),Acidobacteria(6.53%)and Chloroflexi(4.97%).The genus with the highest relative abundance was Desulfobulbus(4.99%),which was the dominant genus at most sampling stations,followed by Lutimonas and Halioglobus.The main factors influencing bacterial community structure were total organic carbon,followed by depth and total phosphorus.The content of lead,cadmium,chromium,copper and zinc had a consistent effect on community structure.Arsenic showed a negative correlation with bacterial community structure in most samples,while the impact of mercury on community structure was not significant.The bacterial community in sediment samples from the Bohai Sea was rich in diversity and displayed an increase in diversity from high to low latitudes.The data indicated that the Bohai Sea had abundant microbial resources and was rich in bacteria with the potential to metabolize many types of pollutants.     

Heavy metal toxicity of kidney and bone tissues in South Australian adult bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus)

Metallothioneins (MT) concentration, renal damage, and bone malformations were investigated in 38 adult Tursiops aduncus carcasses to determine any associations with cadmium, copper, zinc, mercury, lead and selenium. Significantly higher concentrations of cadmium, copper, and zinc in the liver were observed in dolphins showing evidence of more advanced renal damage. No significant differences in metal or selenium concentrations in the liver were observed between groups differing in level of bone malformations. Some dolphins displayed evidence of toxicity and knowledge of metal toxicity pathways were used to elucidate the cause of these abnormalities. Two dolphins had high metal burdens, high MT concentrations, renal damage, and evidence of bone malformations, indicating possible severe and prolonged metal toxicity. One dolphin showed evidence of renal damage, but the lack of any other symptoms suggests that this was unlikely to be caused by metal toxicity. We recommend examining a range of metal toxicity symptoms simultaneously to aid in distinguishing metal toxicity from unrelated aetiologies.     

THE EFFECT OF CADMIUM ON THE ACTIVITY OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN MUSSEL VIRIDIS

The paper preliminarily discusses the effects of cadmium pollution on the alkaline phosphatase of mussel, mytilue viridid. The results show the cadmium pollution has a inhibition on the alkaline phosphatase, and the degree of inhibition rises with the increases of concerntration if cadmium in seawater. When the concentration is within the range of 1-500 ppb, the percentage of inhibited emzyme has a linear relationship with the logarithm of cadmium concentration. The results also prove that the salinity may increase the effects of cadmium on emzyme. The inhibition which may be indirect or secondary effects is reversible.Mussels play a purification role in the waste water containing cadmium, the purification rate of which may as high as 125 mg Cd2 gram (mussel)/day. This is a prospective method in purification and removing of cadmium.The study of effects of cadmium pollution on the alkaline phosphatase of mussel shows that in the study of effects of pollutants on aquatic organisms, biochemical index may