标准化与海洋产业发展研究

标准作为竞争的手段,对海洋经济发展至关重要。文章从标准化对产业发展的作用、国外标准化现状和我国海洋产业标准化现状着手,讨论了标准化对于海洋产业发展的重要作用,并提出了促进海洋产业标准化工作的几点建议。     

我国海洋环境保护标准化的现状、需求和建议

海洋环境保护标准化对我国海洋环境保护事业的发展具有重要的技术支撑作用。文章从海洋环境保护标准体系、标准发布和制修订以及标准类别特征等方面,概述我国海洋环境保护标准化的发展现状;分析海洋环境保护标准化的需求,主要包括标准的适用性和有效性有待评估和提升、标准制修订的进程有待加快、监测方法标准的体例和结构有待规范和统一、海洋高新技术标准体系有待建立以及与多学科和其他行业标准有待统筹5个方面。基于此,提出促进和保障海洋环境保护标准化工作发展的4点建议,即建立海洋环境保护标准化工作专家库、健全海洋环境保护标准体系、加强多部门合作和积极参与海洋国际标准化工作。     

浅析标准化对海洋高技术产业发展的促进作用

在分析我国海洋高技术产业发展现状的基础上,着重阐述了标准化助推海洋高技术产业发展的重要作用,从标准化视角探讨了我国海洋高技术产业发展问题,促进海洋标准化在海洋经济转型过程中的效能发挥。     

海洋能源标准化现状与分析

海洋能源标准的建立,是建设海洋科技强国的基础力量之一,是保护国家经济贸易的壁垒,是海洋能源技术进步的动力,是推动海洋能源科技创新的力量。文章对海洋能源产业和标准化的国内外现状进行了阐述,分析了国际和国内海洋能源标准的发展状态,提出了我国海洋能源标准化的发展趋势,以推进我国海洋能源标准的建立。     

标准化管理与我国海洋监测高新技术发展

文章就标准化管理在我国海洋监测高新技术发展中的法律地位、功能和作用以及管理内容等做了详细论述。探讨了如何建立我国海洋高新技术标准化管理体系以及如何搞好我国海洋高新技术标准化管理。     

浅谈如何提高海洋标准编制质量

海洋标准化工作是海洋领域各项工作的基础,标准在海洋经济发展、海洋科学研究、海洋环境保护、海域使用管理、海洋资源开发利用等过程中发挥着重要的技术支撑作用。经过几十年的努力,海洋标准化工作已经取得了可喜的成绩,全国海洋标准化技术委员会的成立预示着海洋标准化事业即     

强化海洋标准化计量质量工作在海洋执法监察中的支撑保障作用

中国海监作为国家海洋局所属的综合性海洋执法队伍,履行着维护国家海洋权益、查处违法使用海域、损害海洋环境、破坏海洋设施、扰乱海洋开发秩序等非法活动的重要职能。随着海监执法工作的不断深入,海监执法工作对技术支撑,包括标准化计量质量管理工作的需求日益紧迫。执法工作的性质和特点,也决定了对标准化计量质量管理工作的高度依赖性。进一步加强海洋标准化计量质量工作在海监执法工     

海洋动力环境观测设备综合测试平台技术研究

随着海洋观测预报事业的不断发展,建立一套针对海洋观测仪器设备进行验证、测试、评估的入网认证体系越发重要。构建海洋观测仪器综合测试平台对推进海洋观测仪器标准化工作有着极大的帮助,是对海洋观测仪器设备标准化检验的有益探索。通过该平台可对海洋观测网中的设备进行入网前的检验与业务考核,提升入网设备的可靠性指标并对提升海洋观测网的整体鲁棒性具有积极意义。     

海洋标准化工作设想

做好“十五”期间海洋标准化工作，迎接海洋世纪的到来，本文主要从海洋标准化制定、海洋标准化的贯彻、实施与监督、海洋标准的复审和修订、海洋标准信息、海洋标准化研究和海洋标准化管理等六个方面提出了海洋标准化工作设想。     

海洋观测数据通信与管理系统标准化构想

近年来随着海洋事业的大力发展,在国家"863"计划和专项支持下,建立了多个区域性的海洋观测集成示范系统,并制定了多项海洋环境观测仪器设备标准,但目前尚未制定出针对海洋观测数据通信与管理系统的设计、建设、运行管理等相关标准和规范。文章针对海洋观测数据通信与管理系统的组成结构和实现流程分析了该系统标准化的实际需求,并以海洋观测数据通信与管理系统专业化、标准化、业务化为目标,提出了关于该系统标准化的初步构想并说明了其涉及的主要内容,为海洋观测数据通信与管理系统的标准化工作提供参考。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.