新矿物（1992.7—1992.12）

本文以表格形式列举了１９９２年７月至１９９２年１２月经《国际矿物学协会（ＩＩＭＡ）新矿物与矿物命名委员会（ＣＮＭＭＮ）》批准并在各国矿物学杂志上发表的５０个新矿物的中文英文名称、化学式及其他数据。数据依次为：矿物的晶系、空间群、晶胞参数、主要粉晶数据（Ｉ、ｈｋｌ）、物理性质（晶形、颜色、条痕、光泽、解理、发光、硬度、密度等）、光学性质（一、二轴晶、正、负光性,折光率,反射率,双反射,２Ｖ,色散,吸     

应用随机方法研究全球气候变暖对东江流域水资源的影响

介绍了全球气候变暖对流域水资源影响研究中流域随机模型的应用.根据IPCC最新公布的2010～2039年和2040～2069年气候变化情景的GCMs模拟结果,计算并讨论了广东东江流域未来相应期内不同保证率径流量可能发生的变化.     

Groundwater Flow Driven by Heat

The temperature of groundwater will be increasing gradually while it is recharged and infiltrated down to the depth because of the geothermal gradient. So the density of water is smaller and smaller. The author puts forward the heat-driving mechanism that the movement of the groundwater is caused by the density differences from different temperatures. Based on this idea, the author proposes the short range recharge model of geothermal water in flat terrain hilly area. The model explains the coexistence mechanism of recharge and discharge (hot springs) zones can be at the same altitude. Considering that the temperature is an important driving force of groundwater movement, the paper puts forward and demonstrates that the hot springs can expose at higher lands while the recharge zone being situated lower lying areas.     

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans氧化分解毒砂的次生产物研究

毒砂是常见的含砷硫化物矿物。在金属硫化物矿山环境中,含毒砂矿石和尾矿的风化会导致严重的重金属污染,在其风化过程中,微生物能够显著促进毒砂的氧化分解。本文实验研究了Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans氧化分解毒砂矿物的现象,利用X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜,分析了毒砂微生物氧化作用形成的次生矿物类型,发现毒砂表面存在As含量明显不同的2类次生产物,观察到黄钾铁矾、臭葱石、自然硫和施威特曼石等矿物;借助光电子能谱仪重点分析了微生物作用前后毒砂晶面的表面化学组成,基本查明了Fe、As和S三种元素的价态变化,初步探讨了毒砂表面次生矿物成因和As的化学态转化。     

利用显微傅里叶变换红外光谱仪原位分析铀矿物

利用显微傅里叶变换红外光谱仪分析技术,对下庄矿田338矿床矿石中的铀矿物进行了原位无损分析,避免了传统方法(KBr压片法)需要剂量大及纯度高的缺陷。实验表明:利用显微傅里叶变换红外光谱仪原位分析铀矿物是可行的,并且具有用量少(薄片面积大于20μm×20μm)及原位无损的特性,而利用显微傅里叶变换红外光谱仪的"MAPING"功能可以快速、大面积的鉴定不同矿物的接触关系,确定矿石的成分场特征。     

微生物还原铁氧化物矿物的电化学研究

微生物可以还原铁氧化物矿物。本文通过使用电化学方法对铁氧化物矿物在微生物还原作用下的氧化还原特性进行模拟与表征,补充了从新角度对微生物还原铁氧化物矿物的研究。研究结果显示,微生物可直接以铁氧化物矿物作为电子受体将其还原得到二价铁生成物。电化学实验显示,0.2 mA阴极恒电流条件下铁氧化物矿物可以接受电子,同时铁氧化物矿物中的Fe3+在0.89±0.01 V(相对于饱和甘汞电极)时发生还原反应,表明铁氧化物矿物满足被微生物还原的电化学条件。双室微生物-铁氧化物矿物体系研究证实,铁氧化物矿物可以作为阴极接受微生物提供的电子。     

微生物影响硅酸盐矿物风化作用的模拟试验

研究了硅酸盐细菌对矿物的风化作用。选用土壤中常见的钾长石、伊利石等矿物作为细菌风化作用的对象,通过在含有矿物颗粒的无氮培养基中培养硅酸盐细菌,使其在培养液中与矿物颗粒发生相互作用,再取样并处理后进行电镜观察和X-射线衍射分析。电镜观察结果表明细菌对矿物试样表面确实发生了溶蚀作用,被细菌作用后的矿粉,颗粒浑圆,边缘模糊不清,表面呈凹凸不平状,矿物颗粒被大量的菌体物质所覆盖。用X-射线衍射分析检测到细菌对具不同晶体结构矿物的“选择性”破坏作用,在有多种矿物同时存在的情况下,细菌对较易分解的矿物破坏作用速度较快。结合矿物学与微生物学相关知识,初步分析了细菌培养液中细菌与矿物界面之间的相互作用以及土壤生态系统中矿物的生物风化作用过程。     

冷原子荧光法测定硫化物单矿物中痕量汞

针对辉锑矿、方铅矿、黄铜矿中主体元素Sb、Pb、Cu对原子荧光测定Hg的干扰,本文在20％王水介质中加入酒石酸溶液消除Sb的干扰,采用EDTA来消除Pb和Cu的影响。使得冷原子无色散原子荧光法测定Hg在硫化物类型的单矿物中得到扩大应用。     

粘土矿物保存海洋沉积有机质研究进展及其碳循环意义

海洋沉积物吸附有机质的量和有机质循环周期与粘土矿物类型和吸附方式密切相关,并在全球碳循环中扮演着不同的角色。粘土吸附有机质有物理吸附和化学吸附之分,前者主要存在于粘土的微孔隙中,参与年、十年或百年尺度的循环;后者主要存在于粘土矿物层间和外表面,稳定性较好,有机质易于保存,可参与百万年或更长时间的循环,这种不同时间尺度内的碳循环,将会改写海洋沉积物有机碳“源”、“汇”的关系。不同类型粘土矿物的性质存在差异,决定了吸附有机质量的多寡,蒙脱石的吸附量远大于伊利石的吸附量,这可能是造成全球不同海域中有机碳“源”、“汇”变化的原因。海洋沉积物处于水圈、生物圈和岩石圈的交汇地带,有机碳的差异和变化,都会对全球碳循环及气候变化产生重要的影响。     

Minerals formed and mineral formation from volcanic ash by weathering

Weathering of volcanic ash and pumice is unique regarding minerals formed and mineral formation. These minerals include allophane, imogolite, opaline silica and some halloysites, and have distinctive structures and properties. Studies on the surface and subsurface weathering of various volcanic ashes in different settings are reviewed. This review illustrates that relatively rapid weathering of finely comminuted volcanic ash well reflects the effects of climate, vegetation and time, and produces various combinations of weathering products. The moisture regime, the nature and amount of organic matter incorporated, the deposition of volcanic ash as overburden, and the chemical and mineralogical composition of parent ash are important in controlling the mineral formation in weathered volcanic ash.     

等离子光谱法分析黄铁矿的研究

本项工作试图利用等离子光谱分析的特点,制定一个用样量少,分析速度快,分析成本低和测定元素多的黄铁矿单矿物分析方法。由于黄铁矿单矿物中铁的干扰严重,几项易挥发元素的检出限较差,所以还需保持必要的取样量。 实验部分 1.工作条件 光量计:Jarrell—Ash Mark Ⅲ 1160 Plasma ATOMCOMP 雾化器:高盐雾化器,附蠕动泵。     

我国深海矿产研究:进展与发现(2011-2020)

深海矿产是地球上尚未被人类充分认识和利用的最大潜在战略矿产资源,近十年我国在该领域的研究取得了重要进展.在太平洋国际海底区域申请到2块多金属结核勘探区、1块富钴结壳勘探区,在西南印度洋中脊申请到1块多金属硫化物勘探区.研究阐明了我国多金属结核和富钴结壳勘探区小尺度成矿规律,揭示了其成矿作用过程及古海洋古气候记录,探讨了...     

有机酸对致密砂岩中黏土矿物的选择性溶蚀研究

提升致密背景下相对优质储层预测的能力,是当今油气勘探开发理论亟待破解的瓶颈和难题。致密油气储层的非均质性强,黏土矿物含量高且是吸附油接触最多的矿物之一。有机酸对黏土矿物的溶蚀影响,是实现致密油高效开采的关键。本文选择鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组为研究对象,通过有机酸与砂岩的溶蚀模拟实验,对实验产物进行pH值、阳离子检测、孔隙度和渗透率测试以及扫描电镜观察。探讨了时间、温度和不同有机酸类型对黏土矿物的溶蚀影响。实验结果显示：①随时间的增长（1~9d）,孔隙度增幅呈先增长后降低的趋势,渗透率的增幅呈持续增长趋势;温度升高（80~95℃）对有机酸溶蚀致密砂岩中的黏土矿物具有促进作用;②不同类型的有机酸对黏土矿物具有选择性溶蚀作用。酒石酸溶蚀大量黏土矿物、碎屑长石以及少量方解石胶结物;乙酸则相反,主要溶蚀方解石;甲酸、乙酸和丙酸配比的合酸以及甲酸、乙酸、丙酸和酒石酸配比的合酸溶液,均优先溶蚀绿泥石化、泥化的长石和方解石,直至方解石完全溶解;③不同类型的有机酸对储层物性的改造能力不同,甲酸对孔隙度的改善不明显,乙酸和丙酸对孔隙度改善明显,合酸对孔隙度的影响是单一酸改善的综合反映。综合分析,有机酸流体与致密砂岩的溶蚀反应机理主要为两种：①有机酸流体提供氢离子,溶蚀致密砂岩中的易溶矿物;②有机酸直接与致密砂岩矿物发生络合反应,影响络合物稳定性的因素主要是有机酸种类和pH值。乙酸、甲酸、丙酸和酒石酸等不同类型的有机酸对致密砂岩中黏土矿物的选择性溶蚀,对储层物性影响程度不一致。     

Mechanism of the Mudstone Tunnel Failures Induced by Expansive Clay Minerals

Expansive clay minerals can be a serious threat to underground rock structure because of their swelling behavior when absorbing water. Roof and wall collapse as well as large deformation were observed in Xiaotun Coal Mine, Guizhou Province, China. This paper studies the characteristics of expansive clays in order to understand the mechanism of the mudstone tunnel failures in the mine. The physical and mechanical properties of the tunnel surrounding rock samples, including mudstone, silty mudstone, argillaceous siltstone and fine sandstone were determined. X-ray diffraction analysis was conducted to determine the mineralogical composition while the scanning electron microscope was used to examine the internal structure of the different samples. The results indicate that the illite–smectite and the montmorillonite are the main minerals composing the rock samples. A series of micro-cracks and pores occur in the samples which suggest a good hydraulic conductivity. The results indicate that the mudstone has poorer mechanical properties in comparison to the fine sandstone. Also, the Flac3D numerical simulations were conducted and it was shown that the large deformations were consistent with the field observation due to weak mechanical properties of the surrounding rock under seepage action especially with the increase of water head and porosity. It is concluded that internal structure and mechanical strength of the mudstone is weakened by the illite–smectite and the montmorillonite mineral content as well as the combined action of underground water causing physical disintegration.     

碘化物萃取原子吸收分光光度法连续测定矿石中的锑和铋

矿石中的锑、铋通常是利用其与碘离子分别生成黄绿色的碘化锑络阴离子SbI_4-、黄色的碘化铋络阴离子BiI_4-而进行比色测定。由于锑、铋在分析化学性质上的差异,试样的分解方法,显色条件亦有所不同,故往往是分别取样测定,有分析周期过长的缺点。利用碘化物萃取原子吸收分光光度法测定铋,已应用于矿石及铁合金中。Luke研究了在含碘化物的5％盐酸介质中,用甲基异丁基酮(MIBK)可定量萃取锑、铋等金属元素。Headrige制定了在     

电子探针快速自动定量矿石中矿物的方法研究

利用电子探针、能谱仪、扫描电镜和计算机等一整套仪器,对组成矿石样品中有用矿物的含量进行定量统计。既能准确识别矿物又能精确统计各矿物在矿样中的面积百分含量(面积法)。     

Environmental Properties of Minerals and Contaminants Purified by the Mineralogical Method

The investigation of the environmental properties of minerals, i.e., environmental mineralogy, is a branch of science dealing with interactions between natural minerals and spheres of the Earth surface as well as a reflection of global change, prevention of ecological destruction, participation in biomineralogy, and remediation of environmental pollution. Pollutant treatment by natural minerals is based on the natural law and reflects natural self-purification functions in the inorganic world, similar to that of the organic world - a biological treatment. A series of case studies related to natural self-purification, which were mostly completed by our group, are discussed in this paper. In natural cryptomelane there is a larger pseudotetragonal tunnel than that formed by [MnO6] octahedral double chains, with an aperture of 0.462-0.466 nm2, filled with K cations. Cryptomelane might be a real naturally-occurring mineral of the active octahedral molecular sieve (OMS-2). CrⅥ-bearing wastewater can be treate     

用改性粘土矿物治理赤潮灾害的前景

赤潮,这一当今全球性的海洋灾害,正严重干扰着３０多个沿海国家的经济发展。近年来,我国已成为一个赤潮灾害多发的国家。我国大陆沿海１９７２年至１９９４年记录有２５６次赤潮灾害,且呈逐年增加趋势。据统计,仅１９９８年的赤潮所造成的经济损失就已超过１０亿人民币。１９９８年是我国赤潮重灾年：三四月份,赤潮袭击香港,造成约３亿港元的损失。广东省从饶平市、汕尾市到深圳、珠海、阳江沿海相继发生了赤潮,蔓延速度之快,致灾面积之大,实属历史罕见,是广东省近１３年来最严重的一次,造成的经济损失超过１亿元。１９９８年下…