《吉林省岩石分类与命名原则》通过评审鉴定

吉林省地矿局于1991年10月31日,聘请长春地质学院、吉林省地矿局等有关专家,在长春对吉林省地质科学研究所完成的《吉林省岩石分类与命名原则》进行评审鉴定。该成果在第一代“吉林省岩石分类命名”的基础上,参考了近年来最新国内外岩石分类命名的大量资料,采用现代成因—化学成分—矿物含量相结合的岩石分类和命名原则,按岩浆岩、沉积岩、变质岩三大岩类对吉林省岩石作了系统分类与命名。岩石分类系统为类—亚类—组—系列—族—种—亚种,对某些归     

碱性增高的侵入杂岩体内铀和钍的性状(以天山北部克兹尔—奥玛波尔侵入体为例)

查明在不同成份岩石内化学元素的原始分布规律是岩浆作用地球化学的各种问题中的最重要问题之一。目前铀含量资料最多的是花崗岩类酸性岩石。对基性、超基性和碱性岩石的研究则差得多。不同作者[1—4]所测得的花崗岩类岩石中的平均均铀台量为3—4伽玛/克岩石,但在不同地区(天山[5—8],高加索[9],阿尔泰[10—12],图瓦[13],乌克兰[14—15],美国[16,17],德国[18],)对侵入杂岩和岩体的研究说明其变化范围较大(从3—8伽玛/克岩石,而高伽索、阿尔泰和图瓦的花岗岩类甚至到     

何谓灰色片麻岩?推测和问题

灰色片麻岩一这种英闪质—奥长花岗质成分的长英质岩石;广泛分布在由早前寒武纪岩石组成的地区。这类岩石占地球最古老岩石地段面积的50—80％;其中某些岩石经测定,年龄为36—38亿年。已知并经过研究的最老花岗岩类和英闪质—奥长花岗质片麻岩的地区,有科拉半岛、卡累利阿、加拿大地盾和拉布拉多半岛;在西格陵兰灰色片麻岩首次获得最老年龄;在明尼苏达、南非、圭亚那地盾和西澳大利亚花岗一绿岩区也发现了类似的岩石。很显然,     

广西岑溪地区糯垌岩体中岩石包体的岩石学、地球化学特征及其意义

为探讨广西岑溪地区糯垌岩体及其岩石包体的成因,对糯垌岩体的岩石包体进行详细的岩相学、LA—ICP—MS锆石U—Pb年代学和地球化学分析。岩相学研究表明糯垌岩体的岩石包体主要为斑状黑云母钾长花岗岩、黑云斜长片麻岩、黑云二长片麻岩、二长变粒岩、钾长变粒岩和花岗闪长岩,按成因分为捕掳体和残浆包体两类。斑状黑云母钾长花岗岩包体(样品F16—7—6)和黑云斜长片麻岩包体(样品F16—13—4)的LA—ICP—MS锆石U—Pb定年结果分别为(152. 3±2. 2) Ma和(252. 7±4. 4)Ma;斑状黑云母钾长花岗岩与寄主岩石形成时代一致,黑云斜长片麻岩与大冲花岗闪长岩的侵位时代一致。岩石包体和寄主岩石在hark图解、稀土元素配分曲线和微量元素蛛网图中具有相似的演化趋势,表明寄主岩石经历了一定程度的同化混染作用。     

陕西省山阳县小河口地区酸性-中酸性岩体地质特征及其成矿地质条件分析

通过对山阳地区地层、构造、岩浆岩特征的论述 ,归纳总结了区内酸性—中酸性小岩体的空间分布、岩石类型、岩石主要矿物、岩石化学成分、岩石碱度、稀土元素、微量元素等特征 ,从五个方面提出了酸性—中酸性小岩体具有壳幔同熔成因的证据 ,分析总结了山阳小河口地区以酸性—中酸性小岩体成矿作用为主的多金属成矿规律 ,提出了成矿模式。     

冀东太古代花岗质岩石成因组构研究

我国冀东地区广泛分布着太古代各种花岗质岩石(英云闪长质—奥长花岗质—花岗质片麻岩,及微斜长石花岗岩)。在这些花岗质岩石中见有各种成因组构:残余岩浆组构、聚集重结晶组构、交代一熔蚀组构、分凝—共结组构及塑变—碎裂组构。运用这些标志性组构不仅可以研究该区花岗质岩石的成因而且可以追溯这些花岗质岩石的形成演化历史。     

内蒙古阿拉善右旗杭嘎勒晚二叠世花岗闪长岩地球 化学特征和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年

杭嘎勒地区晚二叠世花岗闪长岩主体与包体岩石轻重稀土分馏程度强烈,铕异常不明显,稀土配分曲线为向右倾,属轻稀土富集型。包体与主体岩石同时具有Sr、Nb、P、Ti的亏损,显示形成于增生在大陆边缘正常弧花岗岩的特征。AR—SiO2图解显示,主体与包体岩石虽同属钙碱性+拉斑玄武系列区,但却表现出不同的分布形式,反映二者应来自不同的岩浆源区。在Rb—Hf—Ta图解上,主体岩石样品全部落在弧系统岩石区,而包体岩石样品落在了弧系统岩石与板内岩石区分界处;在Nb—Y图解上,样品落在了火山弧—同碰撞花岗岩区;Rb—Y+Nb图解上,落在了火山弧花岗岩区;在R1—R2图解上,大部分样品集中在碰撞前花岗岩区。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年表明主体岩石年龄(257.9±3.1)Ma,包体岩石年龄为(257.7±3.2)Ma。杭嘎勒地区晚二叠世花岗闪长岩为碰撞前火山弧花岗岩,研究区在晚二叠世时属于活动大陆边缘的火山弧。     

冀东-辽西南太古代花岗质岩石的形成与演化

太古界迁西群、单塔子群变质火山沉积岩及其中的花岗质岩石是工作区最古老的岩石。花岗质岩石是混合岩化作用和深熔作用的产物。它们构成了一个变质岩—混合岩—花岗岩演化序列。     

煤层底板岩石全应力—应变渗透性试验

为探讨岩石应力应变与渗透率的关系,利用美国MTS公司815.02型电液伺服岩石力学试验系统,采用瞬态渗透法,研究了岩石在加卸载全应力—应变过程中的渗透规律。结果表明,岩石渗透系数既与应力状况和应变历史有关,也与岩石自身的结构和性质有关。      

消息二则

1984年4月部物探局组织召开了WRT—1型热退磁仪鉴定会,该仪器通过鉴定。 WRT—1型热退磁仪是古地磁研究中对岩石样品进行加热的一种不可缺少的专用设备。主要用于清洗掉岩石样品中不稳定的剩余磁性,而只保留岩石样品中稳定的原生剩余磁性。通过岩石磁性的测定,为古地磁学的研究提供科学依据。 WRT—1型热退磁仪主要由无感加热炉、磁屏蔽筒和温度控制器三部分组成。达到如     

海洋沉积物中氧化亚铁的分析测定

海洋沉积物试样用Ｈ２Ｏ２－ＨＡｃ浸取,用以除去干扰测定ＦｅＯ的锰化合物和硫化珠,并以Ｈ２ＳＯ３－Ｎａ２ＳＯ３混合溶液破坏过乘的Ｈ２Ｏ２,不需过滤分离,即可用ＨＦ－Ｈ２ＳＯ４分解试样,Ｋ２Ｃｒ２Ｏ７标准溶液滴定ＦｅＯ。方法经海洋沉积物国家标准物质分析验证,结果与参考值相符,ＲＳＤ为６．３３％。     

A study of Wilson's determination of ferrous iron in silicates

The chemical factors affecting the accuracy of Wilson's procedure for determination of ferrous iron in silicates have been investigated. This procedure utilizes pentavalent vanadium to oxidize ferrous iron as it is set free from the silicate by hydrofluoric acid. The quadrivalent vanadium produced is more resistant to oxidation by oxygen than ferrous iron, and conserves the reducing power of the silicate. The procedure is done at room temperature.Recovery of ferrous iron under various conditions has been studied to elucidate the chemical mechanisms of loss in the procedure. Some improvements have been made. The studies indicate that the procedure is of high accuracy.An effect resulting in loss of ferrous iron titre has been found, involving the chemical attack of solids by solutions containing oxygen and pentavalent vanadium. This loss does not appear to take place if all ion species are in solution.     

安徽铜陵狮子山硫化物矿山酸矿水中微生物功能群的研究

从安徽铜陵狮子山硫化物矿山酸矿水溪流获得样品,采用YE、Feo、FeSo、FeTo 4种选择性培养基,利用overlay分离技术,获得7株细菌菌株.利用16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析,与目前已分离得到的酸矿水微生物进行了比较.利用分离菌株16S rRNA基因序列构建系统进化树,结果表明获得的菌株可分为3个功能群:嗜酸性异养菌、嗜酸性自养菌、中度嗜酸性铁氧化细菌.嗜酸性异养菌主要与酸矿水中三价铁的异化还原和寡营养状态的维持有关;嗜酸性自养菌与酸矿水中铁、硫元素的氧化有关,是酸水中的生产者;中度嗜酸性铁氧化细菌能将二价铁氧化成三价铁,并产生难溶性的矿物,可实现酸矿水与酸矿水底泥之间铁元素的动态平衡.     

钾长石粉酸浸除铁的实验研究

在利用钾长石粉合成沸石分子筛和制取碳酸钾技术中，铁的存在会降低沸石的白度。对北京平谷、天津蓟县、内蒙白云鄂博三地钾长石粉进行硫酸酸浸除铁实验，获得最大铁浸出率分别为88．6％、93．2％和64．6％，且前两地钾长石粉中铁的浸出行为相似，酸浸除铁效果均优于白云鄂博钾长石粉。采用正交实验法研究硫酸浓度、酸浸温度和时间对除铁效果的影响，表明三者对不同地区钾长石粉酸浸除铁效果的影响程度各不相同。钾长石酸浸除铁反应开始时，铁的溶解极快，反应速率主要由化学反应控制；其后溶解相对缓慢，反应速率则由扩散作用控制。     

Role of superoxide in the photochemical reduction of iron in seawater

We have conducted a series of laboratory studies to investigate the generation of ferrous iron and reactive oxygen species when solutions of seawater containing natural organic matter (NOM) and ferric iron are exposed to simulated sunlight. Total ferrous iron and hydrogen peroxide were measured at nanomolar concentrations with high temporal resolution using chemiluminescence-based methods. In all cases, ferrous iron concentrations rapidly peaked at several nanomoles per litre after a few minutes, and then declined over time, while hydrogen peroxide concentrations increased in a non-linear manner. Although concentrations of both species depended on the concentration of NOM, hydrogen peroxide concentrations were only minimally affected by the presence of iron. Increasing the NOM concentration while the total iron concentration was maintained constant led to an increase in the maximum ferrous iron concentration, suggesting that superoxide-mediated reduction of iron may be a major pathway for ferrous iron formation. This was supported by measurements of superoxide production from irradiation of NOM in the absence of iron and kinetic calculations, as well as an experiment in which superoxide dismutase was added. Further analysis of the data suggested that dissolved oxygen and photo-produced hydrogen peroxide were the primary oxidants of the Fe(II) formed. Thus we propose that superoxide and ferrous iron may be intricately coupled in the system, and that their generation is determined by the supply of NOM available to harvest light and donate electrons.     

Weathering of phlogopite in simulated bioleaching solutions

The purpose of this study was to examine structural alterations of finely ground phlogopite, a trioctahedral mica, when exposed to acid, iron- and sulfate-rich solutions typical of bioleaching systems. Phlogopite suspensions were supplemented with ferrous sulfate and incubated with iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans) at 22 °C. As bacteria oxidized ferrous iron, ferric iron thus formed partially precipitated as K-jarosite. K-jarosite precipitation was contingent on the preceding ferrous iron oxidation by bacteria and the release of interlayer-K from phlogopite. This chemically and microbially induced weathering involved alteration of phlogopite to a mixed layer structure that included expansible vermiculite. The extent of phlogopite weathering and structure expansion varied with duration of the contact, concentration of ferrous iron and phlogopite, and the presence of monovalent cations (NH₄⁺, K⁺, or Na⁺) in the culture solution. NH₄⁺ and K⁺ ions (100 mM) added to culture suspensions precipitated as jarosite and thereby effectively prevented the loss of interlayer-K and structural alteration of phlogopite. Additional Na⁺ (100 mM) was insufficient to precipitate ferric iron as natrojarosite and therefore the precipitation was coupled with interlayer-K released from phlogopite. When ferrous iron was replaced with elemental sulfur as the substrate for A. ferrooxidans, the weathering of phlogopite was based on chemical dissolution without structural interstratification. The results demonstrate that iron oxidation and the concentration and composition of monovalent ions can have an effect on mineral weathering in leaching systems that involve contact of phlogopite and other mica minerals with acid leach solutions.     

含金黄铁矿氧化过程中金溶解机理的探讨——与王恩德、关广岳先生商榷

含金黄铁矿在细菌氧化、化学氧化过程中,除生成高铁的硫酸盐和硫酸外,还生成了亚铁的硫酸盐及硫的低价氧化物,体系中的电位较低,距溶解自然金呈Au(SO_4)_2~-所需电位甚远,实验表明,金不溶于硫酸铁溶液中。当氧化程度加深,介质pH>4,黄铁矿氧化产生的硫代硫酸根可稳定存在时,自然金呈稳定的硫代硫酸盐配合物溶解。     

The chemistry of suspended matter in Esthwaite Water,a biologically productive lake with seasonally anoxic hypolimnion

Ten detailed vertical water column profiles were taken between April and November, 1979, in Esthwaite Water (English Lake district), a lake with high biological productivity and a seasonally anoxic hypolimnion. Measurements of the major-element particle composition (organic C, P, S, Si, Al, Ti, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, and Ba) and hydrochemical constituents (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, total suspended load, dissolved Fe, Mn, P, and Ba) were carried out. These have revealed new information about the mechanisms and kinetics of biogeochemical cycles in a lake.Pronounced seasonal cycles exist in which large excess concentrations (those unsupported by detrital components) of particulate organic C, Fe, Mn, P, S, Mg, K, Ba, and Ca are being generated and lost in situ in the water column (15m deep). In the epilimnion these elements (excepting Fe and Mn) are incorporated into the organic components of growing phytoplankton during the spring and summer. Simultaneously, in the hypolimnion there is a build-up and then a decrease in the excess concentrations of particulate C, P, S, Mg, K, Ba and Ca; this cycle is due to the indirect involvement of these elements with the iron redox cycle. As the hypolimnion becomes anoxic, dissolved ferrous Fe is released from the sediments and large concentrations of excess particulate iron (III) oxides accumulate; these oxides act as adsorbing substrates for the above mentioned elements. As conditions become more reducing, these same elements are solubilized as the iron (III) oxide particles are reduced to dissolved ferrous iron.Adsorption equations are derived from the field data which relate the concentration of excess particulate Fe to those of POC, P, S, Ca, Mg, Ba, and K. At the last stages of anoxia (before the lake overturns) large populations of bacteria and the formation of iron sulfide particles control the concentrations of excess particulate C, S, P, Mg, K, and Ca.     

Modeling ferrous-ferric iron chemistry with application to martian surface geochemistry

The Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Exploration Rover, and Mars Express missions have stimulated considerable thinking about the surficial geochemical evolution of Mars. Among the major recent mission findings are the presence of jarosite (a ferric sulfate salt), which requires formation from an acid-sulfate brine, and the occurrence of hematite and goethite on Mars. Recent ferric iron models have largely focused on 25 °C, which is a major limitation for models exploring the geochemical history of cold bodies such as Mars. Until recently, our work on low-temperature iron-bearing brines involved ferrous but not ferric iron, also obviously a limitation. The objectives of this work were to (1) add ferric iron chemistry to an existing ferrous iron model (FREZCHEM), (2) extend this ferrous/ferric iron geochemical model to lower temperatures (<0 °C), and (3) use the reformulated model to explore ferrous/ferric iron chemistries on Mars.The FREZCHEM model is an equilibrium chemical thermodynamic model parameterized for concentrated electrolyte solutions using the Pitzer approach for the temperature range from <−70 to 25 °C and the pressure range from 1 to 1000 bars. Ferric chloride and sulfate mineral parameterizations were based, in part, on experimental data. Ferric oxide/hydroxide mineral parameterizations were based exclusively on Gibbs free energy and enthalpy data. New iron parameterizations added 23 new ferrous/ferric minerals to the model for this Na-K-Mg-Ca-Fe(II)-Fe(III)-H-Cl-SO₄-NO₃-OH-HCO₃-CO₃-CO₂-O₂-CH₄-H₂O system.The model was used to develop paragenetic sequences for Rio Tinto waters on Earth and a hypothetical Martian brine derived from acid weathering of basaltic minerals. In general, model simulations were in agreement with field evidence on Earth and Mars in predicting precipitation of stable iron minerals such as jarosites, goethite, and hematite. In addition, paragenetic simulations for Mars suggest that other iron minerals such as lepidocrocite, schwertmannite, ferricopiapite, copiapite, and bilinite may also be present on the surface of Mars. Evaporation or freezing of the Martian brine led to similar mineral precipitates. However, in freezing, compared to evaporation, the following key differences were found: (1) magnesium sulfates had higher hydration states; (2) there was greater total aqueous sulfate (SO_4T = SO₄ + HSO₄) removal; and (3) there was a significantly higher aqueous Cl/SO_4T ratio in the residual Na-Mg-Cl brine. Given the similarities of model results to observations, alternating dry/wet and freeze/thaw cycles and brine migration could have played major roles in vug formation, Cl stratification, and hematite concretion formation on Mars.     

Biogeochemistry and bacteriology of ferrous iron oxidation in geothermal habitats

A survey of hot, acid springs in Yellowstone Park has shown that high concentrations of ferrous and ferric iron are often present. Total ionic iron concentrations in different springs ranged from less than 1 ppm to greater than 200 ppm, and up to 50% of the ionic iron was in the ferrous form. Some of these springs also have high concentrations of reduced sulfur species (S^2? and S⁰). Significant populations of the bacterium Sulfolobus, acidocaldarius, an autotrophic organism able to live and oxidize sulfur compounds at low pH and high temperature, were present in most of these springs. The role of this organism in the oxidation of ferrous iron was investigated by incubating natural samples of water and assaying for disappearance of ferrous iron. Controls in which bacterial activity was inhibited by addition of 10% NaCl were also run. Bacterial oxidation of ferrous iron occurred in most but not all of the spring waters. The temperature optimum for oxidation varied from spring to spring, but significant oxidation occurred at temperatures of 80–85°C, but not at 90°C. Thus, 85–90°C is the upper temperature at which bacterial iron oxidation occurs; a similar upper limit has previously been reported for sulfur oxidation in the same kinds of springs. The steady-state concentrations of ferrous and ferric iron are determined by the rate at which these ions move into the spring pools with the ground water (flow rate), by the rate at which ferric iron is reduced to the ferrous state by sulfide, and by the rate of bacterial oxidation. The bacterial oxidation rate is faster than the flow rate, so that the rate of reduction of ferric iron is probably the rate-controlling reaction. In several springs, no decrease in ferrous iron occurred, even though high bacterial populations were present. It was shown that in these springs, ferrous iron oxidation occurred but the ferric iron formed was reduced back to the ferrous state again. These springs were all high in suspended sediment and the reductant was shown to be present in the sediment. X-ray diffraction revealed that the sediment contained three major ingredients, elemental sulfur, natroalunite, and quartz. Chemical analyses showed a small amount of sulfide, too little to reduce the ferric iron. Elemental sulfur itself did not reduce ferric iron but when elemental sulfur was removed from the sediment by CS₂ extraction, the activity of the sediment was abolished. It is hypothesized that the sulfide present in the sediment (possibly bound to natroalunite) reacts with elemental sulfur to form a reductant for ferric iron. The results show that bacteria can have a profound influence on the ferrous/ferric ratios of geothermal systems, but that temperature and mineral composition of the water may significantly influence the overall result.