A SIMPLE METHOD OF MAGNETOTELLURIC INTERPRETATION *

A simple method of magnetotelluric interpretation is derived using the property that the earth currents flow in horizontal sheets. It is shown that when the depth is taken as two-thirds of the Cagniard's depth of penetration (Cagniard, 1953), the mean resistivity-over the depth is the same as the apparent resistivity of the medium. From a mean resistivity versus depth of penetration plot, resistivity can be easily computed at all depths of the sounding. This method gives satisfactory results in a short time and makes it possible to interpret the soundings over media of several layers. However, the results are inaccurate near maximum and minimum points of the plot as well as in the zone of thin layers.     

A NEW APPROACH TO MAGNETIC PROFILE INTERPRETATION*

By using two components of anomalous magnetic fields and a formulation including complex numbers it is possible to calculate the position parameters of thick plates and both magnetization and position of thin plates directly from any two or three points of anomaly profiles. The formulae (interpretation operators) allow automatic topographic corrections to be made. The new two-component operators give more reliable results than the conventional methods of interpretation. The variance of the parameter values obtained with subsequent points of an anomaly measures directly, the total error of interpretation. The application of infinite thin plate operators to a long profile results in characteristic patterns, from which the estimation of the number of plates and their approximate position is possible.     

A METHOD OF TACKLING SOME SEISMIC PROBLEMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS *

The theory is explained and practical applications are shown for a numerical procedure in seismology. Particularly the problems concerning the generation of waves under the action of external pressures, and their propagation, in non-homogeneous, both elastic and absorbing media, have been carried out. These problems have been assumed mono-dimensional and refer to plane and spherical waves. The procedure is based on the solution, by means of series, of the wave differential equation, non-homogeneous, and with non-constant coefficients. It is a direct numerical method whose advantage is, mainly, the possibility of tackling, without great difficulties, problems regarding non-homogeneous elastic and absorbing media. On the contrary the methods which require the theoretical expression of the solutions by means of formulae, generally, present conceptual and numerical difficulties. As examples of application of this procedure, the following cases have been carried out by means of numerical calculations. a) Propagation of a wave, initially of symmetrical shape, in a viscoelastic medium; from the results it appears that the wave propagates without losing its symmetry, i.e. without sensible dispersion. A theoretical analysis has been carried out to justify this result, showing that the dispersion in viscoelastic media is noticeable only for relatively high frequencies. It seems that the practical absence of dispersion in field experiments do not exclude necessarily the viscoelastic character of absorption. b) Generation of plane waves under the effect of a uniform pressure distributed on the plane surface of a medium. The way the length and the shape of the generated wave depends not only on the type of pressure acting on the surface but also on the near surface impedance variations has been studied. c) Generation of a spherical wave under the action of a pressure in a spherical hole. The examples treated show how the length and shape of the wave depends on the radius of the hole. Particularly the frequencies of the wave spectrum are proportional to this radius, for a given type of pressure acting in the hole. The characteristics of this procedure would also permit the study of media for which the stress-strain relations are not univocal and linear (non linear absorption). This study, interesting for the wave propagation in rocks, is worth while to be carried out in a special paper.     

地层倾角测井自适应窗长人机交互对比方法及地质解释

首先讨论倾角测井资料自适应窗长人机交互式对比方法．依据地质背景资料对倾角测井电导率曲线进行粗略分层，然后电脑进行精细对比，最后人的知识和经验对对比结果进行确认与解释，从而保证每个资料点对比结果的可靠与客观性．同时讨论了智能型知识库支持下的倾角测井资料交互式构造解释方法，采用人机交互技术识别地层倾角矢量模式组合。然后完成交互式地质解释过程．实践表明，上述方法在复杂地下地质条件和井眼条件下是一种有效而快速的方法，同时可以克服倾角测井资料地质响应的多解性．     

地层倾角测井自适应窗长人机交互对比方法及地质解释

首先讨论倾角测井资料自适应窗长人机交互式对比方法．依据地质背景资料对倾角测井电导率曲线进行粗略分层,然后电脑进行精细对比,最后人的知识和经验对对比结果进行确认与解释,从而保证每个资料点对比结果的可靠与客观性．同时讨论了智能型知识库支持下的倾角测井资料交互式构造解释方法,采用人机交互技术识别地层倾角矢量模式组合。然后完成交互式地质解释过程．实践表明,上述方法在复杂地下地质条件和井眼条件下是一种有效而快速的方法,同时可以克服倾角测井资料地质响应的多解性．     

CURVED RAYPATH INTERPRETATION OF SEISMIC REFRACTION DATA*

Vertical velocity gradients can be readily accommodated in seismic refraction interpretations by using simple mathematical idealizations of curved raypaths entailed by certain analytic representations of these gradients. Computation procedures are formulated for velocity gradients in the overburden or an intermediate layer of a multilayer section. The former is demonstrated for an overburden velocity gradient manifest in published time-distance data.     

地电震后效应与新地震异常的识别方法

文中重点讨论了大华北地区，Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ三类地震活动的地电震后效应特征。研究表明，不同地震活动类型的地电震后效应差异是比较明显的。这种差异性可为未来震情判断提供地电前兆依据。     

NEW RESULTS IN RESISTIVITY WELL LOGGING*

Two independent theoretical analyses show that, spacing for spacing, the two-electrode normal device investigates deeper than the seven-electrode focused Laterolog 7. The first analysis, published earlier, compares the radii of investigation of the different sondes from the portion of the ground that contributes maximum to, or fifty percent of, the measured signal. The second relates to the nature of the departure curves for the two sondes for an infinitely thick resistive formation pierced by a bore hole. With increasing spacing, the apparent resistivity for the normal device rises much faster and asymptotically approaches the true resistivity much earlier than that for Laterolog 7. These two analyses also prove that, in a Laterolog 7, the radius of investigation increases as O₁O₂ decreases relatively to A₁A₂. Since any complex point electrode system is equivalent to a superposition of elementary dipoles or two-electrode devices, it follows that no resistivity sonde of discrete point electrodes can have a radius of investigation larger than that for the normal device of the same spacing. Laboratory measurements in a model tank confirm these theoretical results. For thin highly resistive formations we find from theoretical and model studies that the normal device is markedly superior to Laterolog 7 as it gives apparent resistivity values much closer to the true. It has other advantages as well. Thus, our results on the comparative performances of the normal and Laterolog 7 devices are at variance with those published so far since the introduction of Laterolog 7 in 1951. For reasons given in the text, the chief characteristic of Laterolog 7—namely, focusing the current from the central electrode in a thin horizontal sheet into the target formation—does not endow it with any special advantage. The main reason is that the measured potential in a Laterolog 7 is caused not only by the current focused into the target formation but also by the currents from the outer two electrodes which flow, due to the same focusing process, entirely through the adjacent formations and the mud column. Indeed, the contribution to the measured signal by the outer two power electrodes is considerably larger than that from the central.     

用最大似然法进行波场分解和震相识别

本文以介质中弹性波场的传播特征和多元统计分析为基础,从数学上进行严格的推导,得到了模型与资料拟合的最大似然判据,以检验地震波列中是否存在某种特殊波型的能量。利用概率滤波可得分解后的地震图,从图中可以直接得到震相到时。用此方法处理P波资料,效果较好。对于剪切波资料,有时处理结果不十分理想。这可能是由于径向分量和横向分量之间的线性相关性造成的。对于因介质各向异性而形成的分裂剪切波,用此方法得到的S波到时为快S波到时。此方法对于单台三分向记录资料的处理是十分有效的。     

VELOCITY DETERMINATION AND ERROR ANALYSIS FOR THE SEISMIC REFRACTION METHOD*

A careful examination of the seismic refraction technique details the general assumptions and processes on which it is based. It is apparent that the normal interpretive process of determining velocity by hand fitting time breaks, while necessary to identify the refractors, is subject to imprecision. We describe a digital technique that calculates velocity and its precision from the time break measurements. The technique also facilitates examining for the possibility of systematic errors. Having observed the kind of imprecision that was apparent with velocity we extended our study to layer thicknesses (and thus depth) and found that the imprecision was significantly magnified. The technique and our claims for it are supported by an example of its application to a refraction survey in the Sturt Block, Western Australia.     

PHASE AND GROUP TIME SECTIONS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR THEIR USE IN SEISMIC INTERPRETATION OF COMPLEX MEDIA*

Interpretation problems are discussed for a new class of models for complex seismic media, called heterogeneous models formed by inclusions (HMI). Examples of such models in geology are destructive deformation zones, tectonic raptures, complex folds, magmatogene formations, fronts of metamorphism and of phase transition, etc., which are of importance in interpretation of seismic data. The wavefields in such media have a complicated interferential character and should be considered as complex wave groups characterized by their phase and group properties. To study the phase and group characteristics of such wavefields, a method of construction and comparative analysis of so-called phase and group sections is introduced. This method is based on a transformation of the wavefield (seismogram) into a normalized seismogram (cos of the phase) and a perigram (a low cut version of the trace envelope). The group sections obtained on the perigrams represent zones of energy concentration and give stable estimates of the average characteristics of model structure. The phase sections are obtained on the normalized seismograms and represent primarily, the inner structure of the model. The method was applied to both synthetic and field data. The results of the combined analysis of the phase and group sections show that in many cases there are significant differences between them. On the basis of this analysis, several types of seismic objects may be distinguished which can serve as a basis for seismic interpretation.     

AN APPROXIMATE METHOD OF RESISTIVITY SOUNDING INTERPRETATION*

An approximate method of interpretation of resistivity sounding is presented, which may be described as a very crude manner of application of the exact direct interpretation method. The accuracy of this method is fairly low, the errors being in the order of 25%. The method is very fast in application and well suited for application to multilayer cases. The main advantage of the method is that it is in close and clear relation to the exact theory.     

A NEW APPROACH TO THE INVERSION OF SEISMIC DATA*

A new inversion method for seismic reflection data is based on impedance concepts and uses transformations to reduce the essentially non-linear problem to a linear eigenvalue formulation without approximation. A set of reflection data has been inverted using this method. The characteristic impedances of the layers so determined are compared with log data from a reference borehole.     

DIRECT LOCATION OF OIL AND GAS BY THE SEISMIC REFLECTION METHOD*

The seismic velocity of sedimentary rocks is determined by the porosity, the velocity in the matrix and that in the fluid. The last two are known experimentally. The velocity can be measured from the surface. By applying the time average equation we can find the porosity. If the only difference at two points is the nature of the fluid in one layer, the ratio of the reflectivities of the layer at these points determines the nature of the fluid; this ratio is equal to the ratio of the amplitudes at these points. The size of the reservoir can then be found. The method can be applied to both oil exploration and production. It is more accurate in the latter case because more information is available than in the former case. The method is also more effective in developing discovered fields than the conventional method of relying only on the geological structural configurations.     

考虑不确定性的地震危险性分析方法及其应用

本文讨论了目前地震危险性分析过程中的不确定性及其对危险性分析结果的影响。引入“逻辑树”方法处理了四川某工程场地的地震危险性,最后用三种方法给出了地震危险性分析结果。     

数字地震仪参数设置方法的一些体会

本文是在我们工作实践的基础上,结合BBVS-60地震计和EDAS24IP数采组成的地震仪系统总结出了针对台站日常工作的一个有益补充,使得台站人员对数字地震仪有个清楚的认识,并产出高质量的数字地震记录。     

TEST RESULTS OF A NEW TYPE OF EFFICIENT SMALL AIRGUN ARRAY*

Recently the author developed and demonstrated (Safar 1980) an efficient method for operating the airgun. The method involves the generation of a short seismic pulse from the pressure bubble pulses radiated by an airgun when fired several times at the same optimum depth but with different chamber pressures. The purpose of this paper is to present and discuss the test results obtained when implementing the same method using a two-dimensional airgun array. The array consists of seven 0.65 liter airguns fired simultaneously at the same depth but with different chamber pressures. It is shown that the far-field pressure pulse radiated by the seven 0.65 liter airgun array is similar to that radiated by the Flexichoc seismic source. It is concluded that the proposed airgun array can be used as a subarray to form an extremely powerful super-long array suitable for deep seismic exploration. The author would like to thank the Chairman and Board of Directors of the British Petroleum Co. Ltd for permission to publish this paper. Thanks are also due to Mike Symes and Lovell Cox for carrying out the field tests and Seismograph Service (England) Ltd for providing the airguns.     

THE USE OF FOURIER SERIES METHOD IN UPWARD CONTINUATION WITH NEW IMPROVEMENTS*

This paper shows how to reduce the errors near edges of potential field data that result from using Fourier series in the computation of upward continuation of potential field anomalies. This kind of error, if uncorrected, can lead to erroneous geological interpretation. The errors that occur at both edges of potential field data after upward continuation originate from the representation of data by using Fourier series from which data becomes periodic with discontinuities or sharp changes between each period. In order to reduce this type of error, we propose, either 1) to use only the cosine series, or 2) to add a certain number of constant data to both edges of the original data before continuation. Using these new schemes, we have demonstrated the improvement on the accuracy near edges of continued anomalies with profiles of magnetic anomaly computed from an assumed model.     

神经网络技术在地震资料构造解释中的应用

将神经网络技术用于煤田地震勘探领域，对两个矿区的实际资料进行断层检测及煤层宏观结构的解释，提高了地震资料构造解释的水平和精度。