The impact of recreation in the Black Sea region on surface and sea water quality — Sochi case study

Sochi, the largest health resort in the country, is taken as an example to analyze a negative anthropogenic impact on the Black Sea coast environment, in particular on surface and sea waters. The paper gives the results of an integrated pollution study in Sochi, based on stationary systematic observations in the city of Sochi and Caucasus Biosphere Reserve, as well as on an integrated field survey of the resort's environment.     

奥运会及残奥会期间北京市区大气颗粒物污染特征及微观形貌类型

2008年8月和9月,北京市成功举办了第29届奥运会和第13届残奥会,对这段时间在北京市区(中国矿业大学校园综合楼五层,距奥运村3 km)采集的大气颗粒物的质量浓度和微观形貌类型进行了研究。结果表明:奥运会期间,北京市区大气PM10和PM2.5的日均质量浓度分别小于国家PM10二级标准(150μg/m3)和美国EPA的PM2.5二级标准(65μg/m3),12 h的质量浓度范围分别为7.64~81.63μg/m3和1.91~54.59μg/m3;残奥会期间,12 h的PM10质量浓度范围为33.83~106.36μg/m3,没有超标,PM2.5质量浓度变化范围为15.29~88.30μg/m3,其中出现了3 d超标天,分别为9月6日、7日和14日;从奥运期间PM2.5/PM10的比值(0.26~0.86,大部分值大于0.5)可以看出,奥运期间北京大气颗粒物以细粒子为主。与往年相比,颗粒物质量浓度出现大幅下降趋势。场发射扫描电镜观察显示,奥运会和残奥会期间样品的微观形貌类型主要有球形颗粒、烟尘集合体、不规则矿物和未知颗粒,其数量-粒径分布主要呈单峰分布,峰值均在0.1~0.2μm范围,其中球形颗粒明显占多数。各种分析数据均显示,残奥会期间样品比奥运会期间样品污染要严重。     

Environmental gradients in carbonate sediments and rocks detected by correspondence analysis: examples from the Recent of Norway and the Dinantian of southwest England

Continuous sedimentary gradients are only crudely expressed by standard facies and microfacies methods which are more appropriate to situations where changes occur in relatively discrete steps. In carbonate sediments and rocks, continuous gradients are often represented by the arrangement of component grain types in a relay, that is, a systematic shifting of the relative importance of the components. Subdivision of such relays into (micro)facies can only be arbitrary. Correspondence analysis is shown to be useful for detecting, isolating and describing relays. Particular use is made of the arch effect in which samples and components from data sets with a strong unidimensional structure (a relay) plot in the form of an arch in the plane of the first two factor axes. A relay index, indicating the position of samples in the relay, can be extracted from the analysis and plotted on maps and stratigraphic logs to reveal details of the sedimentary gradient in areal and/or stratigraphic context. Examples are given from: (i) Recent shallow-marine carbonate sediments from northern Norway, illustrating a relatively simple depositional setting where surface sediments are viewed in plan; and (ii) Lower Carboniferous carbonates of southwest England, representing a more complex regional study of a particular stratigraphic interval viewed in cross-section. In both examples the relays can be related to identifiable environmental gradients.     

Complex geographical analysis of the Greater Sochi region on the Black Sea coast

Results of the complex analysis of the unique natural territory of Greater Sochi from the point of view of physical geography are considered. The region of Greater Sochi is located on the S slopes of the Main Caucasus chain on the eastern coast of the Black Sea. Morphometrical analysis of the relief and analysis air surface temperature and precipitation allowed to distinguish four specific subregions within the whole territory. It is demonstrated that the period of stable snow cover in the two subregions which occupy more than half of the region's area is sufficient for successful development of winter tourism. Peculiar combination of the mild climate of the coast with stable snow cover in the mountains till the beginning of summer provide strong attractivity of the region for all-the-year-round tourists inflow to the most modern recreational centre of Russia. The work provides the methodology for similar studies.     

National identity in relief

This paper explores disaster relief as a medium, through which national identity manifests, circulates and is produced in local spaces.The objective is to move beyond studies of nationalism that emphasize solely the national scale (or the scale of the state) and to make visible the role of women as productive rather than merely reproductive subjects of national communities. The paper is based on over a year of ethnographic field work conducted between the years 2001-2005, in post-earthquake (2001) and in post-Godhra (2002) Gujarat, India.     

水泥厂球磨机基础切割拆除控制爆破

介绍了基础切割拆除爆破的实践和经验。同时成功地应用了非电毫秒导爆管雷管孔外多级接力扩大雷管起爆段数的方法。     

The Quebec question and the political geography of Canada

The Quebec-Canada problem arises some ambigious and contradictory issues with Quebec itself being the source of the current facets of the crisis. Political geography is able to contribute to a greater understanding of the crisis by clearly demonstrating some of the classig concepts drawn from the discipline: geography of federalism, political viability and centrifugal forces, ethnic separatism, territorial integrity and linguistic territoriality, nationalism, and regionalism, territorial ideology, international frontiers... Evermore, Quebec appears to be the unique case of a national state. The gravitation of Canada's population towards the West has a direct impact upon the Quebec situation, with the eventual independence of the Province bringing about ipso facto a Pakistanisation of the country as a whole. Currently, one may observe an ever-widening lack of communication between Quebec and the rest of Canada. In order that Europeans (and many others) may fully understand the Quebec situation, a sort of mental debriefing must take place.     

Identifying China’s leading world city: a network approach

This paper reports our research on China’s world cities. Formal network analysis of air passenger linkages for recent years among China’s most populous cities and among many of the world’s largest cities allows us to identify the country’s leading world city from among the leading Mainland candidates, Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. We theorize our findings about China’s world cities in relation to both global forces (and China’s increasing entanglement with them) and the policies and actions of the national state. We examine the national and global urban network through a longitudinal, two-level analysis of airline passenger travel for four time points between about 1990 and 2005. We show that Beijing was China’s leading world city at the beginning of the time period, a status it lost nationally in as early as 1995, and then globally 10 years later. On the other hand Shanghai became China’s leading world city, and it acquired this status first nationally in 2000, and then globally in 2005. The changing status of the Chinese capital corresponds to the country’s increasing involvement with the capitalist world economy. Shanghai’s ascendance as the leading world city in China may indicate that global forces have come to play an increasingly important role relative to that of the developmental state.

俄罗斯铜矿资源勘查开发现状、潜力及投资建议

俄罗斯铜矿资源丰富,储量居世界第三位。俄罗斯铜矿储量和资源量高度集中,大部分集中在诺里尔斯克及乌拉尔南部地区,以及靠近中国东北的后贝加尔、哈巴罗夫斯克和楚科奇地区,从地缘位置角度上看利于我国开发与资源获取安全。从俄罗斯铜原料的供需情况上看,未来一段时期内俄罗斯铜产量将持续增长,俄罗斯国内铜原料供大于求,与我国形成天然的供求关系。从自然社会经济条件上看,俄罗斯政局稳定,矿业法律完善,中俄政治关系良好,在俄投资矿业具有融资支持,虽大部分铜矿集区基础设施相对较差,但俄罗斯整体投资环境向好。基于以上原因,建议我国企业采取增持股份、签订购买合同或直接获取铜矿探矿权等多种方式投资俄罗斯铜矿。     

Social formation and settlement network in Greece

Social geography needs to obtain a coherent theoretical framework of a sociological nature. Using such a framework derived from historical materialism, this article defines a series of concepts and indices for the study of the regional space and the settlement network of Greece since the foundation of the modern state in 1827. The article finds that as Greek society passes from feudalism to capitalism, there is a continuous increase in the complexity and hierarchical organization of the national settlement network and a sharpening of spatial polarization, as a consequence of the economic development of the country. A similar phenomenon is repeated today in the contemporary regional structure of the country. Our study thus shows that spatial organization derives from the socio-economic structure of society.     

A linkage criterion for segmented normal faults

A detailed field study of 39 centimetre- to metre-scale relay ramps from two outcrops was performed to investigate the development of a linkage criterion for segmented normal faults. We analysed the displacement distribution and the geometry of fault arrays containing three types of relay ramp: open, linked, and fully breached, in order to identify which parameters are relevant to fault linkage, and to establish a linkage criterion. Each relay ramp geometry has a specific graphical field on a relay displacement–separation diagram. The field including all the linked geometries (initiation of linkage) separates open and fully breached relay ramps and is interpreted as a value of relay displacement to separation ratio for which faults link during their overlap. A ‘linkage threshold’, in each studied fault system, is defined as the best-fit linear trend of linked relays. We discuss the scaling and the variability of the linkage criterion using published datasets from a wide variety of settings and scales. The observed linkage threshold is linear, with a slope value varying less than one order of magnitude. This suggests that linking relay ramps have self-similar geometries from centimetre- to kilometre-scale and that normal fault linkage is governed by similar fault interaction across a broad range of scales. The linkage criterion, which can be an effective tool to estimate relay ramp geometry at depth or at the earth surface, could therefore be used to improve investigations in determining fluid entrapment or in the evaluation of potential surface of seismic ruptures.     

The Hague as the disputed showcase of the Dutch State and Dutch national identity 1814–1917

The central question of this article is What does the urban and architectural design of The Hague tell us about the Dutch political and administrative ambitions in representing the state and national identity from 1814–1917? In this period many European capital cities grew fast, governmentas acquired new ambitions and new powers, and nationalism spread. Many governments developed impressive national building activities. In The Netherlands there was hardly any urge to emphasize the state power by transforming the urban landscape even in its governmental center The Hague. One reason is that the dominant liberal politics refrained from social and economic interventions. A second reason is that the various population groups had difficulty to agree on one national building style. Accompanied by a strong ideological discussion, the Dutch polity finally succeeded in producing a governmental architecture (from ca. 1880–1815) in the so-called Dutch Renaissance style. Although the different population groups (orthodox Protestants, Liberals, Catholics) could, each for their own reasons, accept this national style, its characteristics (picturesque, simple and small) lent itself poorly to public governmental commissions on a grand scale.     

Comparative urbanization in Ghana and Kenya in time and space

There are few inter-African country urban analyses because of the continent’s enormous size and socioeconomic diversity, language barriers, and wide variations in national and regional urban research capacity. Nevertheless, comparative urban studies are critical in understanding contemporary African urbanization. In this comparative spatial and temporal analysis of Ghana and Kenya’s urbanization, we find that both countries are urbanizing rapidly and are faced with many common urban problems. Moreover, Ghana is more urbanized than Kenya and has a larger indigenous urban imprint and a more widely dispersed urban pattern. Besides their physiographic and population conditions, we trace these countries’ convergent and divergent urban trends to their shared but unique experiences of colonialism, nationalism and globalization.     

石笕岭隧道掘进爆破方案设计

分析了石笕岭隧道短台阶掘进爆破施工中存在的问题，在使用自制简易凿岩平台可实现全断面掘进钻眼条件下，提出了全断面掘进爆破方案。采用工程类比法设计，并通过场试验确定了合理适用的光面爆破参数。探讨了在隧道掘进中，利用非电毫秒差雷管孔外微差接力传爆，扩大起爆雷管使用段数的方法。     

Variations on a Hebrew theme: The politics of art music in Israel

No culture, no society, remains static but changes imperceptibly day by day. The struggle waged by western art music in Israel for survival is eerily suggestive of how Israeli society in general has changed since the early Zionists set the course for the creation of a Jewish nation-state. Once regarded as the civilized face and civilizing influence of the Jewish national endeavour in Palestine/Israel, its advocates claim ever more desperately that western art music in Israel is in a state of rapid decline. Yet public opinion surveys reveal that the Israeli public backs state support for arts and culture whether or not people participate in cultural activities. Despite this, the internal ethnic struggle for domination of the arts and culture world and the rearguard action by culture administrators are both in danger of being overtaken by the country’s exposure to global popular culture.     

Splendid Achievements,Greater Mission—Write before the 33rd International Geographical Congress in Beijing

This paper reviews the major achievements of geography in China over the past 60 years. It points out that such accomplishments are unmatched by any other countries in the world in the diversity of fields, scale, and their contributions to solve significant practical problems in the development of our country and society. The theoretical progress made in certain important fields also takes a leading position in the world in general. The 33^rd International Geographical Congress which will be held in Beijing in August 2016 will be a rare opportunity for Chinese geography to display its notable achievements to the world systematically and thoroughly. We should take full advantage of this conference and make it a good opportunity for Chinese geography to comprehensively reach out to and lead the world in the new development of geography.     

对北京市水资源可持续发展之路的思考

新中国成立以来，北京市多次发生水危机，且一次比一次严重这一状况严重制约了北京社会经济的发展，引起了党中央，国务院和北京市委，市政府的高度重视，并采取了有力措施缓解了水危机。随着１９９２年６月联合国环境与发展首脑会议的如开，要持续发展的思想已深入人心。     

Regional development and the disintegration of Czechoslovakia

The breakup of Czechoslovakia on 31 December 1992 resulted in the emergence of a newly independent Slovakia and Czech Republic. The split is often interpreted as the result of ethnic nationalism. In contrast, this paper attempts to assess the influence of regional inequalities and uneven economic development on the split. Pre-World War Two Czechoslovakia was unable to address large regional differences between the Czech lands and Slovakia. The economic policies pursued by the state socialist governments following 1948 were directed toward the elimination of these differences through rapid industrialization of Slovakia. The economic transformation in Czechoslovakia after the collapse of state socialism resulted in reemergence of uneven development between Slovakia and the Czech lands, which contributed to the disintegration of the country. The links between economic issues and politics are discussed, and the paper shows how the regional inequalities and economic issues were used to justify the necessity of Slovak and Czech independence.     

第二深度空间金属矿产探查与东北战略后备基地的建立和可持续发展

我国正处于快速工业化和经济腾飞的前夜,对金属矿产资源的需求必将日益增大,而第一深度空间（0~500 m）找矿、勘探和开发的资源量远远不足,且十分紧缺。为此,在多元利用世界资源的同时,必须立足本土,迅速强化进行第二深度空间(500~2 000 m)高精度地球物理找矿、勘探与开发,并从速在我国东北地区建立起金属矿产资源安全、可靠、稳定供给的战略后备基地,以保证我国社会与经济的可持续发展。这是因为金属矿产资源的形成与聚集取决于深部物质与能量的交换和其深层物理-力学-化学作用过程与其动力学响应。 为此,本文将讨论以下6个问题： （1）当今世界上各国对金属矿产资源的需求势态。 （2）我国在快速工业化和腾飞前夜对金属矿产资源的需求与对外依存度。 （3）我国必需金属矿产资源的保障途径之一,世界资源的多元化利用。 （4）中国在共享世界资源的同时,必须立足于本土。 （5）我国东北多金属矿产资源的深入找矿、勘探、开发和利用与我国东北地域金属矿产资源战略后备基地的建设。 （6）必须迅速强化开展地壳内部第二深度空间金属矿产资源的地球物理找矿、勘探与开发。     

我国资源潜力、趋势与对策

Symposium on potentiality, tendency and countermeasures of our country resources was convened by the Geoscience Division of Chinese Academy in Beijing in April 14-17, 1991. In the symposium, the present situation, exploiting potentiality in future and countermeasures of mineral resources, energy resources, land resources, water resources,living things resources,climate resources,human resources, marine resource and tourism resources were discussed detailed.
In this report, scientists who joined the symposium have analysed the characteristics and circumstances of our country resources, and discussed its potentiality, put forward that our country should establish the national economic system of resources-saving. At last the development strategy and fundamental countermeasures of our country have given.