澜沧江-湄公河水电站单位发电耗水量分析计算

为对比澜沧江-湄公河流域各国水电开发对水资源消耗的差异,选择流域范围内37座已建主要电站,基于遥感再分析资料,运用改进的水电站水足迹方法核算并分析2015年流域各国水电站水足迹及其年内变化。结果表明:流域中国段水电站水足迹最小,具有最高的单位耗水量发电效率;老挝及泰国水电站水足迹普遍偏大,发电效率低且耗水量巨大。因此,从发电水资源消耗角度看,流域内地处上游的中国江段较适宜水电开发,下游国家发展水力发电需考虑水资源消耗影响。     

Opportunities and eco-environmental influence of cascade hydropower development and water diversion projects in Hanjiang river basin

Hanjiang river is the longest river in Yangtze river basin, having high economic importance to China for its economically exploitable hydropower and potential water resources. In an attempt to satisfy China’s economic and social development needs, the Chinese government has established cascade dams and four relative water diversion projects in Hanjiang river, which aims at transferring water from south (Hanjiang river) to north (water-stricken areas). However, there are increasing eco-environmental concerns associated with the establishment and development of cascade hydropower. In this study, the opportunities and eco-environmental influences related to Hanjiang river’s cascade hydropower development are explored and then recommendations are put forward to minimize the potential impacts. The implementation of vigorous projects related to hydropower and water diversion has an important role to play in solving flood, energy and water shortage problems. In addition, the eco-environmental and socio-economic impacts on the middle and downstream and its diversion can be relieved to some degree in the area. However, the establishment of projects can cause several impacts on the local eco-environment. First, Danjiangkou reservoir construction can cause change in water flow, water bloom, soil erosion in the river basin. Second, it can directly lead to the decrease of 10.5 billion cubic meters of water in the middle- and downstream areas, threatening the local supply of drinking water and influencing farming irrigation and industrial production. Finally, the construction of cascade hydropower dams can change the water form and fish stocks may reduce threatening eco-environment security and environmental geology.     

老挝全国地球化学填图与成矿远景区预测

随着国家"一带一路"倡议的推进,在中国地质调查局的资助下,开展了老挝境内21万km^2的国家尺度(1:100万)地球化学填图工作,本次工作填补了老挝国家尺度地球化学填图的空白,为老挝基础地质、矿产开发、环境保护、农业生产等多个方面提供了基础地球化学保障。本次共采集老挝境内地球化学样品1905件,使用多种测试手段分析了71种元素的含量,并据此制作了这些元素的地球化学图和地球化学异常图。通过对老挝Au、Cu、Ni、Co、Mn、Zn、Ag、As、Sb、Pb、Bi和Sn的地球化学参数及其相关性的研究发现:这些元素的中位值均小于我国热带雨林区水系沉积物元素含量,而且这些元素的中位值均小于其平均值,As、Au、Bi、Pb和Sb在老挝境内的分布十分不均,元素局部富集明显。通过R型聚类分析,我们将上述元素分为Au;Cu;Ni、Co;Mn、Zn;Ag、As、Sb、Pb、Bi、Sn等5个簇群,并根据元素的地球化学分布特征及综合异常特征,在老挝划分了7个地球化学成矿远景区。     

澜沧江流域(云南段)水资源开发利用现状及趋势分析

澜沧江是一条国际河流,其中云南段自然资源丰富,水文、地理及气候特征独特。目前该流域水资源开发利用程度较低,仅有少量的灌溉面积,干流也仅建成了一个径流式水电站。作为我国西南地区的重要水电能源基地,流域的进一步开发将集中于水电、航运和农业灌溉。其开发方式具有立体开发、电力先行和国际合作开发等特点。     

Hydropower development and the meaning of place. Multi-ethnic hydropower struggles in Sikkim,India

Academic research and media tend to emphasize the strong opposition to hydropower development in Sikkim, India, and position this as resistance to an environmentally-destructive, trans-local development, particularly by the culturally-rooted, ethnic minority Bhutia and Lepcha communities. There are several accounts of contestations of hydropower development projects in India’s Eastern Himalayan States – signifying robust and predictable indigenous people-place connections. Why then, was the implementation of the largest, Teesta Stage III Hydro Electric Project, located in Chungthang Gram Panchayat Unit in North Sikkim, in the heartland of the Bhutia-Lepcha region, not contested? In unraveling this anomaly, our focus is to understand how people-place connections are shaped and differentially experienced. Our findings are that hydropower development has elicited diverse responses locally, ranging from fierce contestation to indifference, to enthusiastic acceptance. The complexity and malleability of “place” and people’s “sense of place” provide evidence that indigeneity does not always indicate resistance to large-scale project interventions. In ethnically and socio-politically fractured communities like Chungthang, trans-local developments can reinforce ethno-social divides and disparities, and re-align traditional place-based ethno-centric solidarities along new politically-motivated lines. We argue that linear, one-dimensional views of local social coalescence around place belie more complex relations, which evolve dynamically in diverse socio-cultural and politico-economic contexts.     

Water and energy

The science and engineering required for harnessing the energy from falling water are well established; the basic concepts are understood by the general public, and up to the last decade, there was strong public acceptance in developing water resource projects to provide an economic, reliable, and renewable source of electric power. At this time, however, water development projects are being critically analyzed with regard to overall justification on an economic, environmental and social basis. Further, various alternative power sources are being considered, which are widely variable with regard to economic justification, environmental effects, social and political problems, technology, reliability, and practical utilization.The purpose of this paper is to present a brief, nontechnical review of the principles of hydropower in order to give a non-water specialist an understanding of its overall potential and capabilities as well as problems related to its development. The paper considers the association between water and energy as related to hydropower, but it does not attempt to analyze the use of water in developing other forms of energy from thermal sources. The discussion presents a brief summary of (1) the historical background and physical concepts of hydropower; (2) the elements of hydropower engineering; (3) the overall availability of hydropower on a worldwide basis; (4) the integration of hydropower projects into multipurpose water development programs; (5) the environmental aspects of hydropower development; (6) and a case study of the Columbia River development.     

Making spaces: The ethnic Brao people and the international border between Laos and Cambodia

On December 6, 1904 the present international border between Laos and Cambodia was unilaterally established when the French colonial government extracted Stung Treng Province from Laos and transferred it to Cambodia. The ethnic Brao people living in the border region were not well known to the French, and in any case, their views were not deemed important. But since then the Brao have utilised this state administrative boundary in ways not intended by its designers, or governments since then, to give them more power to create new spaces. When conditions in Cambodia have been deemed unfavourable, the Brao have often crossed into Laos, and similarly, when circumstances have been less advantageous in Laos they have moved to Cambodia.This paper traces the history of the Brao as it specifically relates to the international border between Laos and Cambodia. While this administrative boundary was created to help national governments keep populations confined within nation-states, Brao human agency has sometimes confounded these efforts, through transforming its significance and role. The boundary has separated Brao populations in ways that are sometimes upsetting to them, but it has also allowed the Brao to position themselves at the margins of different nation-states, in spaces where they have been able to, at least temporarily, avoid or reduce state control over them. These are not non-state spaces; they are fundamentally constituted by a state-established boundary, even if the Brao have been able to mobilise this resource to empower themselves, and sometimes to resist the state itself.     

Real-time landslide monitoring of Pubugou hydropower resettlement zone using continuous GPS

Natural Hazards - The rapid growth of hydropower in China raises concerns about the related resettlement issues. In order to obtain the real-time surface displacement data of the potential...     

Effects of the forced resettlement of a community from an agricultural settlement to a high-rise building

The objective of this study was to understand the implications of forced displacement and resettlement of a rural community to an extremely different built environment in urban setting. Based on the Inglehart’s theory of cultural shifts we were able to delineate the process by which changes in physical environment caused significant changes in the community social structure and community members’ cultural identities. The collective characteristics that had once united and strengthened the community’s social structure began to dwindle. Meanwhile, a growing tendency towards individualistic characteristics gradually increased, causing the weakening and eventual dissolution of both the community and its social structure. The gradual process of community changes was reflected in the subjective narratives presented by community residents in a series of in-depth interviews conducted 4 years after the evacuation, in their new homes. Till that time, the community finally broke up, most of its members spreading out to live in various other areas. The study findings will be incorporated into a framework for resettlement policy on appropriate housing for resettled communities.     

老挝Nam Ngum 5水电站重力拱坝裂缝处理实践

针对老挝Nam Ngum 5水电站重力拱坝裂缝进行的灌浆处理,采用化学灌浆和水泥灌浆相结合,取得了良好的治理效果。详细介绍了裂缝深度的检测方法和裂缝止裂措施,以及灌浆施工工艺。     

利用泰国及老挝的钾矿解决我国钾资源短缺之可行性探讨

泰国和老挝的呵叻高原蕴藏着丰富的钾矿资源，高原内部构造简单，地势平坦，交通方便，水、电资源充足，具备较好的开采条件，距我国较近，运费便宜，有待进一步开发。我国是农业大国，钾矿源不足，为解决钾肥短缺问题，除应继续加强国内的钾盐找矿工作，部分进口钾肥外，与老挝、泰国合作开发呵叻高原的钾矿资源也是解决我国钾资源不足的一个理想途径。     

老挝万象Sangthong-Bansakai金矿找矿潜力

Sangthong-Bansakai金矿分布于老挝万象西部和巴莱东部一带,属于老挝拉勃拉邦―泰国黎府金、铜、铅、锌多金属成矿带,成矿地质条件优越,已经控制为中型矿床,具超大型矿床远景。本文通过分析老挝万象Sangthong-Bansakai金矿及外围找矿潜力,对寻找老挝脆性剪切带中大型的蚀变岩型金矿具有指导意义。     

基于滑坡风险评价的卡拉水电站坝址比选研究

以雅砻江卡拉水电站为例,针对滑坡群风险在水电工程坝址比选时的量化评价问题,在考虑滑坡体危险性分析和易损性分析的基础上,引入滑坡体工程影响系数、重要性系数、距离模数、滑坡体状况系数4个指标参数,综合考虑滑坡体客观情况与人类活动的影响,建立以年期望损失为指标的水电工程滑坡风险评价体系。在以坝址安全风险指标、堵江引起发电量损失指标与清淤损失指标和涌浪破坏损失指标为标准的综合评价方法中,运用安全与经济相平衡原则,得出基于滑坡风险评价的坝址比选结果。经实例计算,采用改进后的评价方法可得同一量纲下的计算分析比常规方法更具可比性,综合考虑可为坝址比选提供依据。     

老挝北部华潘省(Houaphanh)华芒(Houamuang)铁矿床地质特征及找矿标志

老挝是我国近年来国外风险勘查重点支持的东南亚国家之一。通过路线地质调查、磁法剖面测量和槽探等勘查工作,在华潘省华芒县发现了一个优质富铁矿床,暂且称之为"华芒铁矿床"。本文着重从地层、构造、岩浆岩等三个方面与成矿的关系,阐述了华芒铁矿床地质特征及找矿标志,为后续找矿指明了方向。     

Differentiation and integration: off-site resettlement planning practice in New Beichuan after 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake

This article explores the spatial differentiation and integration between the post-disaster victims and the indigenous peasants 8 years after a rapid off-site resettlement oriented by governments in New Beichuan. Data were broadly collected from placement documents, questionnaires, interviews and site measurement by empirical research and on-site investigation in 2014. The resettlement plan was introduced and analyzed for housing resettlement, open space systems, public facilities allocation and resettlement policies. Based on statistical analysis of the questionnaire data and observation on the usage of the built environment, problems with the spatial usage and mismatches between the specific spatial requirements and subjective planning intention of integration are analyzed and preliminary findings are shown. The results showed that the excessive pursuit of speed and deficiency in economically self-sustaining efforts might contribute to insufficient attention given to spatial, social and economic aspects and leads to inevitable and long-standing problems, such as housing quality problems, neighborhoods management and security concerns, contradictions between the housing layout and local living habits, different spatial usage preferences between the indigenous peasants and post-disaster migrants, and disequilibrium of public facility allocation.

     

The actualization of neoliberal space and the loss of housing affordability in Santa Monica,California

This paper reveals the contingent aspect associated with the actualization of a neoliberal space. The paper examines the material, institutional, and economic conditions necessary for a neoliberal agenda to transform its urban policy objectives into a material reality. The study follows changes in housing conditions in Santa Monica, California from 1990 to 2008. During this period, the confluence of three sets of events led to the actualization of a neoliberal space. First, housing damage from the 1994 Northridge earthquake removed “dead capital” from the housing sector. Second, subsequent administrative actions at the local level and more importantly deregulation legislation at the state level eliminated rent control regulations and created market incentives that favored upscale development. Finally, the state’s economic recovery generated a substantial flow of private investments into the real estate market. These combined factors led not only to the dismantling of affordable housing in Santa Monica, but also to the erosion of residents’ and local authorities’ ability to manage housing choices and, consequently, to a historic restructuring of Santa Monica’s physical and social space. These changes had a disproportionately and negative effect on low-income and minority renters.     

梯级施工导流系统整体风险分析

进行流域梯级水电站开发,对相邻两座同期建设的水电工程组成的梯级施工导流系统进行整体风险分析意义重大。基于风险分析理论,考虑梯级施工导流系统水文和水力的不确定性,建立了系统整体风险数学模型。在此基础上构建了不同洪水组合情况下的风险计算模型,并利用Monte-Carlo方法耦合主要风险因素进行模型求解。同时,针对洪水过程遭遇情况下的风险模型,通过引入起始时间差随机因素来计算下游导流系统施工洪水过程。工程实例分析证明,风险分析模型和方法是可靠、有效的,为流域梯级开发条件下施工导流标准选取及导流方案优选提供重要依据。     

Marginal land and the global land rush: A spatial exploration of contested lands and state-directed development in contemporary Ethiopia

The ‘global land rush’ or ‘global land grabbing’ phenomena has prompted concerns over the potential of large-scale land acquisitions to displace rural populations and impact food security in lesser-developed countries. State actors often assert that lands being leased to investors are ‘marginal’, ‘wasteland’, ‘barren’, or ‘unused’ without explicitly stating the criteria that are used to classify those spaces. Using Ethiopia as a case study, this paper synthesizes semi-structured interviews and geospatial land-use data to unpack the federal government’s notion of ‘marginal land’ to investigate how land qualifies for deposition into a federal land bank set aside for future investment and the agro-ecological characteristics and human-environment interactions endemic to these areas. We find that government officials conceive land bank areas to be generally fertile but currently ‘unused’. In reality, we find land bank areas: (1) are used by pastoralists or rural people practicing land extensive forms of cultivation that are only loosely integrated into the Ethiopian state, (2) overlap with protected areas such as National Parks, and (3) are located in places that have surface water resources the government intends to use for large-scale development such as irrigation or hydropower projects. We argue that the intended land uses of banked lands serve not only to fulfill larger development objectives but also increase state-accessible product produced in these areas strengthening the link between ‘othering’ labels, development, and state-making in the context of the global land rush.     

Analysis of a progressive slope failure in the Xiangjiaba reservoir area,Southwest China

The rehabilitation construction in the reservoir area of Xiangjiaba hydropower station in Southwest China has caused many landslides. A shallow progressive failure that occurred on the resettlement site of Xin’an Town of Pingshan County in Sichuan Province was selected as a case study. This landslide occurred in a long and gently inclined area by slope excavation under rainfall conditions. It is about 3.0 m deep with a total length of 35 m and is composed of some subfailures. Undisturbed samples were retrieved, on which the basic properties, shear strength, expansive potential, mineral compositions, and microstructures were tested and analyzed. The results show (1) the landsliding materials belong to medium expansive soil, consisting of the clay minerals of illite–smectite (I/S) and chlorite–smectite (C/S); (2) shear strength of the soil is sensitive to water, which greatly decreases once saturated; and (3) many fractures and relatively large pores are developed in the soils. Back analysis of the landslide shows that the shear strength at failure is less than the residual shear strength obtained from lab tests, indicating that some processes contributing to the slope failure could not be reflected by the shear box test. Based on the above analysis, the progressive process of the slope failure was interpreted, and it is inferred that the rainfall entered into the slope mainly through fractures and relatively large pores in the soil. It caused not only the great decrease in soil strength but also the swelling trend. The latter one would lead to growth, interaction, and coalescence of the fractures. Soon after, these fractures formed the shear planes (zones), which further decreased the resistance of the landslide. Under these favorable conditions, the slope excavation directly triggered the failure.