Pollution pattern of underground river in karst area of the Southwest China

Investigation of groundwater pollution has been carried out on multiple typical karst underground river systems in recent years in order to reveal the characteristics and mechanism of underground river pollution. Through the summary of the survey results, five characteristics of underground river pollution have been revealed, including directionality, weak hysteresis, easier for reversibility, linear and intermittent (or seasonal); combining with karst geomorphic types, pollution sources (primordial, secondary pollution and compound), pollution ways and pollution receptors, three basic pollution patterns of the underground river were depicted: Recharge area pollution, runoff area pollution and discharge area pollution. At the same time, the study discloses the reality of the underground river pollution is the three basic patterns and their subgenera in combination with super imposition on the space and time. And from the angle of the hydrogeological model, the study expounds the process of underground river pollution. Finally, the study gives naming rules of pollution pattern of the underground river and sets up PISAB method of pattern recognition. The results provide scientific basis for pollution repair and management of underground river in the southwest karst region.     

太湖宜溧河水系沉积物中多环芳烃来源解析

利用索氏提取技术和GC／MS测定，分析了太湖定溧河水系中13个样点沉积物中的多环芳烃（PAHs)，并利用芳香类不可分辨鼓包峰的检出、多环芳烃组分协相关因子检验及PAHs特征化合物指数，分析了太湖流域宜溧河水系中各地区的PAHs污染来源差异，并结合定溧河所在地区工业布局和环境特征得到了验证。溧阳附近PAHs主要来自于油类污染和染料工业的影响；宜兴市附近PAHs来源与溧阳不同，主要与现代煤烟型污染有关。从水第的干支流对比中发现，主干河道中沉积物PAHs污染来源比支流复杂的多，存在多种污染源交叉作用的情况。     

岩溶地区地下水污染风险评价方法探究——以地苏地下河系流域为例

岩溶地下水污染风险评价对岩溶地下水的保护、管理和合理利用具有重要意义。文章总结了近年来国内外地下水污染风险评价方面的研究进展,针对目前评价体系存在的不足,构建了适合岩溶区地下水污染风险评价体系。该方法基于欧洲模式,实现地下水防污性能评价;污染负荷评价则考虑污染物在覆盖层中的衰减过程,利用折减系数实现污染负荷量化;最后,基于GIS空间叠加分析耦合防污性能与污染负荷评价,实现区域地下水污染风险评价。文章以地苏地下河系流域为例,开展岩溶区域地下水污染风险评价,结果表明：区域整体地下水污染风险偏低,地下水中等及以上污染风险区域面积424.41 km2,占研究区总面积的39.03%,主要分布在研究区中东部地苏乡、东庙乡、六也乡局部等人类活动频繁与地苏地下河干流中下游段。地下水污染风险空间分布特征不仅显示了岩性、坡度、岩溶网络发育等自然条件对评价结果的影响,同时也反映了人类活动的影响。地势平缓,岩溶发育程度强烈,加之人类活动频繁是导致区域地下水污染风险较高的原因所在。     

西南岩溶地下河流量重复统计问题及对策探讨

西南岩溶区的地下河数量及总流量是有关职能部门和专业技术人员关心的两个重要数据。20世纪80年代对西南6省进行统计,结果为2 836条,流量1 482 m3/s;20世纪90年代对西南8省进行统计,并经过近年的数据库校核为2 523条,总流量1 321.7 m3/s;其中流量大于2 000 L/s有120条,合计流量699.7 m3/s,占总流量的52.94%;流量在50~500 L/s地下河最多,有1 311条,占总数的51.55%,其次为流量小于50 L/s的有723条,占总数的28.43%。文章针对上述统计方法存在岩溶地下河流量重复统计、与岩溶大泉流量交叉重复统计两种问题,以大小井和寨底地下河系统为例,给出了具体重复统计量。基于1∶20万水文地质普查资料,大小井和寨底地下河重复统计量分别占总出口流量的57.1%、7.1%;而基于最新调查资料,重复统计量则分别可增加到134.3%, 86.1%。因此,随着1∶5万水文地质调查面积越多,所发现的地下河出口越多,按传统的统计方法其重复统计量则越大。引起上述重复统计问题主要原因是把地下河系统和子系统混合在一起。文章最后讨论了地下河系统的空间属性,提出避免重复统计措施,对西南岩溶区地下河流量正确统计以及具有相同特征的岩溶大泉流量统计有一定指导意义。      

旅游活动输入岩溶地下河系统的水化学指纹记录

地下河系统是岩溶地质景观的重要组成部分,利用特殊岩溶地形地貌建立的国家重大科技基础设施成为科研和旅游的胜地。为了解旅游活动对岩溶地下河系统水化学的影响,文章分析了大小井地下河系统入口和出口在不同旅游时段的水化学特征。结果表明：受旅游人数影响,污水水化学变化较大;大小井水化学类型为Ca-HCO3型,水岩相互作用产生的Ca2+、Mg2+和${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$从入口到出口逐渐增加,而人类活动输入的K+、Na+、Cl−、${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$和${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$则表现出差异性特征。小井地下河系统因受沿途城镇生活排放污水和农业活动影响,水化学波动较大,出口K+、Na+、Cl−和${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$升高;大井地下河虽受旅游活动输入影响,但K+、Na+、Cl−、${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$和${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$随着地下径流长度增加而降低。HFE−D和Gibbs模型以及离子比例系数分析显示,地下河系统受到了城镇生活排放、旅游和农业等人类活动输入的影响,这一现象应引起足够的重视。     

Sources and transports of organochlorine pesticides in the Nanshan underground river,China

Karst areas have much higher ecological vulnerability and are prone to be contaminated. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were detected in waters and sediment from the two sites of the karst Nanshan underground river system, China, to understand the sources and transport of OCPs in the underground river systems. Obviously, seasonal variations were found both in the waters and the sediments. Detected OCPs ranged from 61 to 936 ng L^?1 in the groundwaters and 51–3,842.0 ng g^?1 in the underground sediments, respectively. OCPs in groundwaters were mixture of younger and older residues from commercial sources. The maximum OCPs in the sediments of the underground river were historically older residues from commercial sources. The sources of OCPs in the waters and sediments of the underground river indicated that the surface systems play an important role in OCPs transport and pollution in the underground river. Karst features were liable for the transport behavior.     

Surface and subsurface environmental degradation in the karst of Apulia (southern Italy)

Karst environments are highly vulnerable to a variety of degradation and pollution problems. Geology (fractured carbonate rocks), morphology (presence of a network of cavities produced by karst processes), and hydrogeology (rapid concentrated flow through fractures and conduits) of karst carbonates strongly favour the movement of contaminants towards the water table. In particular, poor quality of subsurface water can derive from polluting substances flowing at the surface, and/or by direct immission of liquid and solid waste into the water table through the systems of conduits and joints in the rock mass. As a consequence, water quality can deteriorate severely, which implies very high economic and social costs in order to clean the polluted sites and restore the original situation. In some cases, such as when the original karst morphology is changed because of anthropogenic interventions, the variations created in the landscape are not recoverable, and a loss of sites of naturalistic interest has to be registered. High vulnerability of a typical karst region of the Mediterranean area is illustrated in this paper by describing some case studies from Apulia, southern Italy. The Apulia region, where karst processes have had a prominent role in the development of the present landscape, is mostly underlain by intensely karstified limestone. Two cases of pollution due to solid waste into karst cavities (Grave di S. Leonardo in the Gargano Promontory and Grave Pelosello in the Murge plateau), landscape transformation in the Minervino Murge area, and degradation of Gravina Monsignore, a typical karst valley in southeastern Murge, are described in the paper. In two out of four cases, degradation of the sites was discovered thanks to activity from local speleologists, who also acted as promoters for cleaning and safeguarding the polluted sites. These examples underline well the mismanagement of karst territories (in particular, the common practice to dump refuse into sinkholes and caves), the pollution of limestone aquifers, and the effects that such pollution in karst areas might have in terms of the risk to public health.     

南洞地下河岩溶管道展布及结构特征的示踪试验解析

运用高精度的示踪试验研究了南洞地下河流域部分岩溶管道的展布状况,并对暗河管道的结构特征进行了分析。试验结果表明:一号暗河有一独立的含水系统,补给区为瓦白白一带,二号暗河主管道总体通往永宁和石洞方向,三号暗河通往城红寨方向,二号暗河和三号暗河在南洞口附近有连通,枯季时二号暗河补给三号暗河。此外,一号暗河和二号暗河分别呈老年期和壮年期地下河形态,较为畅通;三号暗河则发育较晚,出口处有较多的裂隙。最后,结合现有的资料及流域内的水文地质条件,对流域内岩溶管道的大体分布位置进行了推断,绘制了岩溶管道的展布图,以期为南洞地下河流域的岩溶水文地质调查、物探、钻探及地下水开发利用等提供理论依据。      

岩溶地下河管道流和管道结构及参数的定量示踪——以桂林寨底地下河为例

定量示踪研究是岩溶地下河管道流和管道结构参数估测的有用技术,可以为概化水文地质条件和数学模型研究提供科学依据.以桂林寨底地下河示踪试验为例,利用荧光素钠和罗丹明B为示踪剂,通过高精度、高密度和多指标的自动检测技术,不仅合理估算了管道流平均滞留时间、平均运移速度、弥散系数、管道过水体积、管道过水断面面积及其等效直径,而且表明常用示踪剂荧光素钠和罗丹明B在应用中存在的吸附性差异,认为荧光素钠吸附性弱,数据可信性强,而罗丹明B吸附性强,在数据解释中需要谨慎.     

岩溶区隧道暗河的综合预报及治理方案研究

为确保岩溶区隧道施工安全,利用综合预报分析方法可准确地对地质异常体进行预测,可明显减少发生灾害的可能性。以大广南高速公路紫荆山隧道为工程背景,通过地质分析研究了紫荆山隧道的岩溶发育特征,利用TSP（隧道地震预测）超前地质预报方法对ZK221+960处暗河位置进行了准确预报,并利用地质雷达对暗河的走向进行了短距离探测,探测结果与实际揭露走向基本吻合。针对紫荆山暗河,分析了各种暗河处治措施优缺点,最终制定了泄水洞方案。在保证隧道施工安全和工期的前提下,对泄水洞方案进行了优化处理,优化后的处理方案在紫荆山暗河治理中取得了较好的效果,其结果对类似工程具有一定的借鉴意义。     

环境同位素示踪的毛村地下河流域水流特征

岩溶水文特征是岩溶区生态环境可持续发展的关键驱动力。文章利用环境同位素示踪剂反馈的水动力过程,解译毛村地下河流域的水流特征。其流域内水体δD和δ¹⁸O范围均位于大气降水δD和δ¹⁸O的范围内,大气降水是流域主要的补给来源;基于δ¹³C_DIC利用质量守恒定律计算岩溶水体中DIC来源于碳酸盐岩溶解的平均值为52.13‰,可揭示相关的水—碳酸盐岩相互作用历程;流域内岩溶水点²²²Rn和EC值对大气降水的响应特征表明降水的蓄积作用可驱动深层岩溶裂隙水运移,且具有较强的稀释作用;基于²²²Rn的衰变特征,计算6月份地下河管道有效水流速度为2 427.49 m·d⁻¹;西南岩溶地下河水流与地表水流相似,且对降水响应敏感。综合毛村地下河流域的水文地质条件及其水文点SI、²²²Rn、δ¹³C_DIC和δ¹⁸O间的相关关系,环境同位素可更好地示踪岩溶裂隙水流特征,揭示岩溶含水系统的空间结构特征及水流路径。水化学环境天然示踪剂可提供有关岩溶含水系统的重要信息,对水动力学方法具有重要的补充作用。     

外源水和外源酸对万华岩地下河系统岩溶碳汇效应的影响

流域的岩石化学风化过程是全球碳循环中的重要环节。近年来流域水化学碳汇通量估算已越来越多地关注到外源水（硅酸盐风化）及外源酸对全球碳循环的影响。文章选取万华岩地下河流域为研究区,流域硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩分布面积占比为64%和36%,于2017年对洞口进行为期一年的取样监测,并分别于4月和9月对万华岩地下河系统内13个水点的离子组成进行监测,利用水化学平衡法和Galy模型,对流域岩石化学风化速率和CO2消耗通量进行了计算,对万华岩地下河系统的岩石风化和碳循环过程进行了分析。结果表明,万华岩地下河系统岩石风化消耗CO2的速率为31.02 t?（km2?a）-1;以碳酸岩风化为主,其风化速率为硅酸盐溶蚀的20倍;流域内碳酸盐岩风化对CO2消耗量占到整个流域的92.16％;不同岩石风化类型对碳通量的贡献率以碳酸溶解碳酸盐岩最大,为87.06%;流域上游的外源水对岩溶碳汇具有巨大的促进作用,外源水汇入后碳酸盐岩碳汇速率可以达到无外源水汇入流域的2倍;硫酸溶解碳酸盐岩次之,为9.24%;碳酸风化硅酸盐岩最小,为3.7%,在计算流域碳汇量的时候应将硫酸参与岩石风化的影响去除。     

Sources of environmental sulfur in the groundwater system,southern New Zealand

Sulfide minerals commonly occur in sediments and basement rocks in southern New Zealand, as authigenic precipitates from groundwater below the oxygenated surface zone. There are two principal potential sources for sulfur in the groundwater system: weathering of sulfide minerals in the metamorphic basement and rainwater-derived marine aerosols. We present data for these two key sulfur sources: metamorphic sulfide and associated hydrothermal Au-bearing veins within the Otago Schist (average δ³⁴S = −1.8 ± 2.4‰), and an inland saline lake (S derived entirely from rainwater, δ³⁴S = 21.4 ± 0.8‰). We use these two end member δ³⁴S values to estimate the contributions of these sources of sulfur in authigenic groundwater sulfide minerals and in waters derived from oxidation of these sulfide minerals, across a range of environments. We show that authigenic groundwater pyrite along joints in the Otago schist is derived primarily from metamorphic basement sulfur. In contrast, authigenic groundwater pyrite cementing Miocene-Recent aquifers shows a substantial marine aerosol component, and represents a distinct hydrogeological system. We suggest that marine aerosols represent a significant flux to the terrestrial sulfur cycle that has been present through the groundwater system in Otago over the past 20 million years.     

Geomorphological,pedological, and hydrological characteristics of karst lakes at Conversano (Apulia,southern Italy) as a basis for environmental protection

The land around Conversano (Apulia, southern Italy) is part of the Murge karst, interesting limestones and dolomitic limestones of Upper Cretaceous age, in a flat environment with sub-horizontal setting. Dolines and karst depressions are the most typical landforms in the area. Filling of these landforms with eluvial deposits locally created the possibility of water stagnancy at the surface. The Conversano territory presents ten karst lakes that represented, until some decades ago, the only water resource available for the local people, who built the typical bell-shaped wells to collect water volumes satisfying local needs during the dry season. Currently, these lakes have no great importance as water supplies, but represent habitats of great naturalistic value that are still able to support the ecological functionality and the wet environments with self-vegetation. Hydrological and hydrogeological studies have been carried out with the aim to fully estimate the related environmental problems. For this purpose, the hydrogeologic data of historical time series have been collected and compared to those of the last 5 years; successively, according to the Thornthwaite method, a hydrological monthly balance has been evaluated to quantify the distribution of water volumes interacting annually between the surface water bodies and the underlying carbonate groundwater. This evaluation has highlighted the need to carefully consider all the parameters concurring to a right definition of water balance for a karst environment, where pedological features, climatic conditions and anthropogenic modifications to the environment represent the elements of a very delicate system. Particularly, on the basis of recent soil map and field surveys, a re-evaluation of the available water capacity, estimated in some 40 mm, has been carried out. The studies have highlighted the need to extend the environmental protection rules to larger areas around the lakes, e.g. at the catchment scale, with definition of buffer zones; in this manner, it will be possible to constantly monitor the protected land and the local anthropogenic activities, that represent real polluting sources for both the surface water resources and the underlying carbonate groundwaters.     

清水泉地下河多环芳烃来源及分配动态

城市化进程的不断加快,使得南宁市地下水多环芳烃（PAHs）污染日益严重,作为城市主要饮用水源地的清水泉地下河,对当地的经济和社会发展具有重要的支撑作用。文章选择南宁市清水泉地下河作为岩溶地下河的代表,以前人多年测试数据为基础,结合本次采样数据,分析水环境中PAHs的含量、分布特征和来源的多年变化情况,重点研究PAHs的分配规律。结果表明：地下水PAHs以2~3环为主,沉积物PAHs以4~6环为主,且由于污染源的增多,使得水环境中PAHs含量从上游到下游逐渐增大;不同区域的PAHs来源多年变化规律有差异,上游PAHs来源一直为生物质燃烧源,中游的PAHs来源由石油源转变为混合源,下游PAHs来源由以化石燃料燃烧源为主转变为以混合源为主;随着环数的增加,分配系数逐渐增加,且环数越大的PAHs更趋向被沉积物吸附;下游大部分采样点的PAHs在颗粒物上吸附能力较强,剩余采样点在分配过程中受溶解性有机质的影响。     

基于“三源模式”的岩溶地下河区污染场地修复治理——以遵义坪桥地下河系统为例

在分析岩溶地下河系统范围内水源、污染源特性的基础上,建立了双源调查、源汇追踪和源头阻控为主要内容的岩溶地下河污染修复治理模式——三源模式。以遵义市坪桥地下河系统为例,利用三源模式对该地下河污染进行修复治理实践。结果表明：研究区分布有各类水点25处,以钻孔、岩溶泉点、地下河出口为主,特征污染物为以NH地下河; 污染; 修复; 双源; 近源截排; 帷幕工程在分析岩溶地下河系统范围内水源、污染源特性的基础上,建立了双源调查、源汇追踪和源头阻控为主要内容的岩溶地下河污染修复治理模式——三源模式。以遵义市坪桥地下河系统为例,利用三源模式对该地下河污染进行修复治理实践。结果表明：研究区分布有各类水点25处,以钻孔、岩溶泉点、地下河出口为主,特征污染物为以NH₄⁺、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、Mn2+、Se2+为主;分布有各类污染源点15处,以工业废渣堆放场为主,主要分布在地下河系统下游坪桥工业园区一带,特征污染物同样为以NH₄⁺、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、Mn2+、Se2+为主;地下河系统范围内有3条地下水污染通道,均分布在地下河出口与坪桥工业园区Z1(1#、2#)废渣处置场之间;通过对2#废渣处置场排洪竖井-地下河出口这一污染通道上游段进行帷幕工程修复后,地下河出口可减排污水排放量47 244...     

Geothermal spring causes arsenic contamination in river waters of the southern Tibetan Plateau,China

Large numbers of As-enriched geothermal springs are distributed at the southern Tibetan Plateau, and their influence on river water is still not clear. Lhasa River and its tributary, Duilong Qu located at downstream of the largest geothermal spring of the Tibetan Plateau, were selected for sampling during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons. Dissolved trace elements (B, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cs, Ba and U) were measured in river water samples by ICP-MS. The results show that due to contribution of geothermal spring, As levels of Duilong Qu (205.6 μg/L) and Lhasa River (12.7 μg/L) were higher during non-monsoon season than that of WHO guideline for drinking water (10 μg/L). Accordingly, As level of river water was lower during the monsoon season than that of the non-monsoon season due mainly to dilution process. Therefore, although Tibetan rivers are generally considered as free of contamination, geothermal springs cause As contamination of river water at some local regions and may harm the local residents. Further research is needed in other parts of the plateau to determine whether As level of groundwater of the related region is high.     

Analysis of water control in an underground mine under strong karst media influence (Vazante mine,Brazil)

This work presents analysis of groundwater flow conditions and groundwater control measures for Vazante underground mine located in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. According to field observations, groundwater flow processes in this mine are highly influenced by the presence of karst features located in the near-surface terrain next to Santa Catarina River. The karstic features, such as caves, sinkholes, dolines and conduits, have direct contact with the aquifer and tend to increase water flow into the mine. These effects are more acute in areas under the influence of groundwater-level drawdown by pumping. Numerical analyses of this condition were carried out using the computer program FEFLOW. This program represents karstic features as one-dimensional discrete flow conduits inside a three-dimensional finite element structure representing the geologic medium following a combined discrete-continuum approach for representing the karst system. These features create preferential flow paths between the river and mine; their incorporation into the model is able to more realistically represent the hydrogeological environment of the mine surroundings. In order to mitigate the water-inflow problems, impermeabilization of the river through construction of a reinforced concrete channel was incorporated in the developed hydrogeological model. Different scenarios for channelization lengths for the most critical zones along the river were studied. Obtained results were able to compare effectiveness of different river channelization scenarios. It was also possible to determine whether the use of these impermeabilization measures would be able to reduce, in large part, the elevated costs of pumping inside the mine.