活化断层对加拿大阿萨巴斯卡盆地不整合型铀矿的控制

先存断层的活化对许多热液矿床的形成起到至关重要的作用。加拿大阿萨巴斯卡盆地的不整合型铀矿是一个受活化断层控制矿床的典型例子。该铀矿产于基底与盆地砂岩之间的不整合面附近,并与根植于基底的断层密切相关。这些控矿基底断层切穿并错动了盆地的不整合面。一系列证据表明这些基底断层以韧性的方式形成于盆地之前,但在盆地形成之后又发生脆性活化,而正是这种断层活化作用控制铀矿的产出。先存断层作为完整岩石中的薄弱位置,在后期构造运动中,其活化比产生新断层更容易发生。数值模拟表明在后期挤压构造运动中,有先存基底断层的不整合面被显著错动,而无先存断层的不整合面并没有错动。基底断层的脆性活化,不仅在活化过程中为流体提供了驱动力,而且由于活化导致岩石渗透率的提高,为后期的流体流动提供了通道以及容矿场所,形成阿萨巴斯卡盆地的不整合型铀矿。     

基底构造对矿床定位的控制机制:焦家金矿带构造应力转移模拟

大型-超大型金矿床具有群聚产出的空间分布规律,这种空间产出规律与断裂带的渗透性结构有关。通过应力转移模拟,计算库伦破裂应力(CFS)的变化值,获取断裂带渗透性结构可以为成矿流体通量及其中金属沉淀成矿概率提供半定量约束。胶西北焦家金矿田是我国第一个千吨级金矿田,其内金矿化严格受NE-NNE向的焦家断裂带构造控制,而其深部隐伏的近EW向基底构造带对成矿的贡献尚不明确。为此,我们根据地球物理资料解译的基底构造带空间形态,通过三维有限元模拟计算基底构造带对理想模型和焦家断裂带内库伦破裂应力变化的影响,探讨基底构造对矿床定位的控制机理。研究表明,EW向基底构造带对区域库伦破裂应力的变化有明显影响,模拟结果图像可视作该深度上NE-NNE向浅表断层和EW向基底构造带分别引起的库伦破裂应力变化之和。成矿深度上某一点因基底构造带活动引起的库伦破裂应力变化的值与基底构造带埋深与成矿深度间距的平方呈反比。当基底构造带和浅表断层运动方向指向同一象限时,基底构造带和浅表断层交汇部位的库伦破裂应力变化值相对减小;而基底构造带和浅表断层运动方向指向不同一象限时,基底构造带和浅表断层交汇部位的库伦破裂应力变化值相对增大。焦家金矿带内基底构造带在成矿期发生右行为主的走滑活动,滑动侧伏角不大于30°,滑动位移量略大于浅表的焦家断裂带。基底构造带在成矿期的再活动导致在其与浅表断裂交汇部位形成构造节点(如新城、焦家),引起该处断层破裂的传播受到阻滞,库伦破裂应力增大,而岩石破碎,有利于高渗透性的裂隙-网脉系统的发育和大型-超大型金矿床的产出;在远离焦家主断裂带的前孙家、洼孙家等部位,浅表断裂引起的库伦破裂应力变化不明显,而基底构造带引起的库伦破裂应力变化占主导,发育高渗透性裂隙-网脉系统的发育和中-小型金矿床(点)的产出。基底构造带的空间展布及其埋深与成矿深度的间距可作为评估区域成矿潜力的重要因素,EW向基底构造带与NE-NNE向浅表断层的交汇部位是重点靶区,且基底构造埋深与成矿深度的间距越小则发育金矿床的概率和规模越大。     

华南混合岩中的铀矿化

以浸染扶晶质铀矿形式产于混合岩中的铀矿化是华南一种新的铀矿化类型。根据晶质铀矿在矿体中的存在形式,可划分为原生型和改造型。原生型矿床中主要铀矿物是晶质铀矿,改造型矿床中的主要铀矿物是沥青铀矿和残余的晶质铀矿。此类型矿床是富铀地层选择性熔融,并在此过程中导致铀的活化、转移和局部富集的结果。     

中国沉积变质型铀矿床矿化特征和成矿条件探讨

我国沉积变质型铀矿床主要产在华北地台的太古界、元古界的变质岩系中,都在古老基底剥蚀面之上,有花岗岩侵入或混合岩化。古地理环境为滨海-浅海相中近古海岸线的基底洼地。矿化特点因地段不同而异:远离花岗岩地段,矿体呈似层状,与地层产状基本一致,受层位、岩性控制,铀矿物是沥青铀矿,粒度小,沿层理定向排列;近花岗岩外接触带或混合岩化地段为巢状矿体,铀矿物是晶质铀矿,粒度大,呈脉状、网脉状产出。与国外澳北区铀矿床相比,两者基本相似,但我国铀矿化分布空间大,形成时间长,无盖层。矿床形成过程为:沉积阶段形成了富铀     

粤北青嶂山岩体江头矿区铀矿微区矿物学、年代学特征及其成矿动力背景制约

粤北诸广和贵东是华南最重要的两个花岗型铀矿密集区,青嶂山(龙源坝)岩体位于两者之间,是华南花岗岩型铀矿研究薄弱地区。江头铀矿区地处青嶂山岩体北部与南雄断陷盆地的结合部位,该矿区的铀成矿年代学研究几为空白。本文通过电子探针方法研究了青嶂山岩体、及与该岩体密切相关的江头矿区中的铀矿物微区矿物学特征,获得岩浆成因的晶质铀矿与热液成因的沥青铀矿的U-Th-Pb化学年龄,探讨了华南铀成矿作用动力学背景及成矿地质体。研究表明:青嶂山岩体粗粒斑状黑云母花岗岩和中粒斑状黑云母花岗岩中的铀矿物主要有晶质铀矿、铀石,部分晶质铀矿存在明显铀释放的特征,其晶质铀矿化学年龄分别为246.8±8.8Ma、161.5±8.0Ma,与前人获得的锆石U-Pb年龄结果在误差范围内一致,分别代表了区内印支期与燕山期花岗岩体的成岩年龄,表明在南雄断陷盆地形成之前,青嶂山岩体与诸广岩体可能为一有机整体,有着相同的成岩、成矿环境。江头矿区矿石中铀矿物主要为沥青铀矿,伴有少量钛铀矿、铀石等,沥青铀矿化学年龄分别为121.3±9.8Ma、98.8±8.0Ma、73.2±8.8Ma,分别代表区内3期铀成矿作用的时代,结合华南中生代以来构造运动特征,认为区内铀成矿作用是受中-新生代盆地边缘深大断陷活动、产铀花岗岩体分布的双要素成矿动力学背景制约,青嶂山岩体应与诸广、贵东岩体具有相似的找矿前景。     

辽东大石桥组蛇纹石化大理岩中铀矿化特征及形成时代

在辽东大石桥组蛇纹石化大理岩中新发现晶质铀矿矿化现象。晶质铀矿呈角砾状发育在蛇纹石化白云石大理岩中,并叠加有辉钼矿、黄铁矿等矿化。U-Pb同位素年龄测定显示,晶质铀矿形成于1763~1794Ma。EPMA U-Th-Pb化学年龄显示,晶质铀矿形成后经历了1512±20Ma的热事件改造,对应一次岩浆侵入事件。辽东地区经历了古元古代的裂谷拉张、碰撞造山、造山后伸展等重大地质事件。大石桥组中蛇纹石化大理岩中的铀矿化,以及连山关铀矿床、翁泉沟地区铁-硼-铀矿床的热液铀成矿作用均形成于古元古代晚期造山后/非造山区域伸展环境,可能与区域伸展体制下的地幔柱活动有关。     

Geochemical,isotopic, and geochronlologic constraints on the formation of the Eagle Point basement-hosted uranium deposit,Athabasca Basin,Saskatchewan, Canada and recent remobilization of primary uraninite in secondary structures

The Athabasca Basin hosts many world-class unconformity-related uranium deposits. Recently, uranium reserves for the Eagle Point basement-hosted deposit have increased with the discovery of new mineralized zones within secondary structures. A paragenetic study of Eagle Point reveals the presence of three temporally distinct alteration stages: a pre-Athabasca alteration, a main alteration and mineralization comprised of three substages, and a post-main alteration and mineralization stage that culminated in remobilization of uraninite from primary to secondary structures. The pre-Athabasca alteration stage consists of minor amounts of clinochlore, followed by dolomite and calcite alteration in the hanging wall of major fault zones and kaolinitization of plagioclase and K-feldspar caused by surface weathering. The main alteration and uranium mineralization stage is related to three temporally distinct substages, all of which were produced by isotopically similar fluids. A major early alteration substage characterized by muscovite alteration and by precipitation Ca–Sr–LREE-rich aluminum phosphate-sulfate minerals, both from basinal fluids at temperatures around 240°C prior to 1,600 Ma. The mineralization substage involved uraninite and hematite precipitated in primary structures. The late alteration substage consists of dravite, uranophane-beta veins, calcite veins, and sudoite alteration from Mg–Ca-rich chemically modified basinal fluids with temperatures around 180°C. The post-main alteration and mineralization stage is characterized by remobilization of main stage uraninite from primary to secondary structures at a minimum age of ca. 535 Ma. U–Pb resetting events recorded on primary and remobilized uraninites are coincident with fluid flow induced by distal orogenies, remobilizing radiogenic Pb to a distance of at least 225 m above the mineralized zones.     

Age and origin of uranium mineralization in the Camie River deposit (Otish Basin,Québec,Canada)

The Camie River uranium deposit is located in the southeastern part of the Paleoproterozoic Otish Basin (Québec). The uranium mineralization consists of disseminated and vein uraninite and brannerite precipitated close to the unconformity between Paleoproterozoic fluviatile, pervasively altered, sandstones and conglomerates of the Matoush Formation and the underlying sulfide-bearing graphitic schists of the Archean Hippocampe greenstone belt. Diagenetic orange/pink feldspathic alteration of the Matoush Formation consists of authigenic albite cement partly replaced by later orthoclase cement, with the Na₂O content of clastic rocks increasing with depth. Basin-wide green muscovite alteration affected both the Matoush Formation and the top of the basement Tichegami Group. Uraninite with minor brannerite is mainly hosted by subvertical reverse faults in basement graphitic metapelites ± sulfides and overlying sandstones and conglomerates. Uranium mineralization is associated with chlorite veins and alteration with temperatures near 320 °C, that are paragenetically late relative to the diagenetic feldspathic and muscovite alterations. Re-Os geochronology of molybdenite intergrown with uraninite yields an age of 1724.0 ± 4.9 Ma, whereas uraninite yields an identical, although slightly discordant, 1724 ± 29 Ma SIMS U-Pb age. Uraninite has high concentrations in REE with flat REE spectra resembling those of uraninite formed from metamorphic fluids, rather than the bell-shaped patterns typical of unconformity-related uraninite. Paragenesis and geochronology therefore show that the uranium mineralization formed approximately 440 million years after intrusion of the Otish Gabbro dykes and sills at ∼2176 Ma, which constrains the minimum age for the sedimentary host rocks. The post-diagenetic stage of uraninite after feldspathic and muscovite alterations, the paragenetic sequence and the brannerite-uraninite assemblage, the relatively high temperature for the mineralizing event (∼320 °C) following the diagenetic Na- and K-dominated alteration, lack of evidence for brines typical of unconformity-related U deposits, the older age of the Otish Basin compared to worldwide basins hosting unconformity-related uranium deposits, the large age difference between basin fill and mineralization, the older age of the uranium oxide compared to ages for worldwide unconformity-related U deposits, and the flat REE spectra of uraninite do not support the previous interpretation that the Camie River deposit is an unconformity-associated uranium deposit. Rather, the evidence is more consistent with a PaleoProterozoic, higher-temperature hydrothermal event at 1724 Ma, whose origin remains speculative.     

Correlation between mineralization intensity and fluid–rock reaction in the Xinli gold deposit,Jiaodong Peninsula,China: Constraints from petrographic and statistical approaches

The Jiaodong Peninsula, the most productive gold province in China, is dominated by Jiaojia-type gold deposits that formed at ca. 120 Ma. The deposits are characterized by widespread alteration and mineralization resulted from fluid–rock reactions in the footwall of regional faults. It is known that the interrupted appearance of continuous mineralization zones and barren zones along regional faults is controlled by changes in the dip direction and dip angle of these faults, which can cause local dilational sense. In the continuous mineralization zone, intensive fluid–rock reactions occurred. Yet whether and how the fluid–rock reaction impacted on the mineralization intensity are not well constrained. In this study, we selected the Xinli Jiaojia-type gold deposit associated Sanshandao–Cangshang fault, located on the northwest margin of the Jiaodong Peninsula, to examine in detail the distribution of orebody parameters and to observe the mineralization occurrences. We applied the number–size fractal model and the lacunarity method to quantify the distribution of gold concentration along drifts, with the goal of clarifying the ambiguities noted above. The drifts in continuous mineralization zones can be divided into stable and unstable types, according to lateral changes in the dip direction and dip angle of the Sanshandao–Cangshang fault. Stable and unstable drifts share several common features. (1) Statistical results show that changes in the dip direction and dip angle of this fault bear almost no relationship to the thickness or grade–thickness of the orebody. (2) Mineralization along drifts is most intense at some distance from the fault plane rather than at locations immediately adjacent to the fault plane where fracturing is most extensive and, according to fluid infiltration theory, would be the most likely regions of intense mineralization. (3) Gold-bearing sulfide pods and veinlets in the alteration zone commonly possess irregular and corroded boundaries that are considered to be an indicator of fluid–rock reactions. (4) The threshold (the gold concentration that divides a segment with a lower fractal dimension in a lower concentration range from one with a higher fractal dimension in a higher concentration range) and the lacunarity (the parameter that evaluates the evenness of high gold concentration distribution) show positive and negative relationships, respectively, to the thickness and grade–thickness of a drift. We thereby argue on the basis of these features that fluid–rock reactions were an important factor responsible for the mineralization upgrade in continuous mineralization zones. An increase in the threshold and a decrease in the lacunarity indicate that fluid–rock reactions causing gold precipitation are more intensive and more evenly distributed throughout the footwall for better mineralization. These phenomena suggest that fluid–rock reactions responsible for the gold precipitation possibly own the characteristics of spatial self-organization mechanism, which is widely developed in various geological fluid–rock reaction processes.     

电子探针测年方法应用于粤北长江岩体的铀矿物年龄研究

晶质铀矿被认为是花岗岩型铀矿成矿的主要矿源提供者,在评价岩体的含矿性和确定成岩成矿年龄方面有重要意义。长江岩体属于诸广山复式岩体的一部分,是粤北地区重要的产铀花岗岩体,本文利用电子探针对该岩体中的铀矿物进行研究。结果表明:长江岩体中的铀矿物多以充填或被黄铁矿包围的形式存在,或者分布于石英、黑云母、绿泥石等矿物中;铀矿物类型主要有晶质铀矿、沥青铀矿、铀石、铀钍石四种。晶质铀矿/沥青油矿的化学年龄值可分为三组:~155 Ma、~106 Ma和~74 Ma。第一组年龄代表岩体的形成时代,后两组年龄代表铀矿的多期次成矿作用年龄。铀矿物从成岩后到~106 Ma,成分没有发生明显变化,直到~74 Ma后才发生明显的U元素活化、迁移。因此,可以推测长江岩体地区主要的铀矿成矿期应发生在~74 Ma及之后。     

Structural and biological control of the Cenozoic epithermal uranium concentrations from the Sierra Pe?a Blanca, Mexico

Epithermal uranium deposits of the Sierra Pe?a Blanca are classic examples of volcanic-hosted deposits and have been used as natural analogs for radionuclide migration in volcanic settings. We present a new genetic model that incorporates both geochemical and tectonic features of these deposits, including one of the few documented cases of a geochemical signature of biogenic reducing conditions favoring uranium mineralization in an epithermal deposit. Four tectono-magmatic faulting events affected the volcanic pile. Uranium occurrences are associated with breccia zones at the intersection of fault systems. Periodic reactivation of these structures associated with Basin and Range and Rio Grande tectonic events resulted in the mobilization of U and other elements by meteoric fluids heated by geothermal activity. Focused along breccia zones, these fluids precipitated under reducing conditions several generations of pyrite and uraninite together with kaolinite. Oxygen isotopic data indicate a low formation temperature of uraninite, 45–55°C for the uraninite from the ore body and ～20°C for late uraninite hosted by the underlying conglomerate. There is geochemical evidence for biological activity being at the origin of these reducing conditions, as shown by low δ³⁴S values (～?24.5‰) in pyrites and the presence of low δ¹³C (～?24‰) values in microbial patches intimately associated with uraninite. These data show that tectonic activity coupled with microbial activity can play a major role in the formation of epithermal uranium deposits in unusual near-surface environments.     

电子探针化学测年在攀枝花大田晶质铀矿中的应用及其意义

晶质铀矿和沥青铀矿是热液铀矿床的主要工业铀矿物,在研究热液铀矿床成因及成矿规律方面具有重要的意义。攀枝花大田地区是我国混合岩型热液铀矿分布区,已发现粗粒特富铀矿滚石(铀含量10%)及较富基岩矿石(铀含量为0.1%~2%),主要铀矿物为晶质铀矿,对两种晶质铀矿成分及形成时代的研究对该区混合岩型热液铀矿成矿规律研究具有重要的价值。本文通过对大田地区滚石中的晶质铀矿和基岩矿石中的晶质铀矿进行矿物学及电子探针分析,研究了晶质铀矿的成分及形成时代。结果表明:(1)大田地区滚石和基岩矿石中的晶质铀矿除铅之外化学成分较为相似,两类矿石晶质铀矿中UO_2含量为77.36%~84.04%,ThO_2含量为0.98%~5.59%,PbO含量为1.79%~8.8%,其中滚石晶质铀矿中的铅含量低于基岩晶质铀矿,钍含量高于基岩晶质铀矿;(2)电子探针化学定年结果表明,基岩矿石晶质铀矿的形成时代为774.9~785.5 Ma,滚石晶质铀矿的形成时代为783.7 Ma,与传统同位素测年结果(775~777.6 Ma)非常一致,一方面说明滚石晶质铀矿和基岩晶质铀矿为同一时代的产物,另一方面说明电子探针原位测年方法是可靠的;(3)在后期的热液蚀变中,晶质铀矿先后发生了硅化、碳酸盐化及赤铁矿化,蚀变发生的时间分别为730.6Ma、699.8 Ma和664.0 Ma。此结论对研究攀枝花大田地区热液铀矿成矿时代及成矿作用过程提供了依据。     

Relationships among sedimentology, stratigraphy, and diagenesis in the Proterozoic Thelon Basin, Nunavut, Canada: implications for paleoaquifers and sedimentary-hosted mineral deposits

The Thelon Basin, Nunavut, Canada, is host to unconformity-type uranium mineralisation and has the potential to host other economic deposits. The Thelon Formation (ca. 1750 Ma) is composed of thick (meters to tens of meters), poorly sorted, trough cross-bedded conglomerate and coarse-grained lithic arenite beds, and to a lesser extent, well-sorted, medium- to coarse-grained quartz arenite beds. Relatively rare, 1–12 cm thick, clay-rich siltstones to fine-grained sandstone layers punctuate the coarser lithofacies. Based on regional analysis of drill cores and outcrops, multiple unconformity-bounded sequences are defined in this fluvial-dominated sedimentary succession. Stratigraphic correlations are based on detailed lithofacies analysis, distinct changes in fining-upward cycle thickness, and intraformational surfaces (unconformities, transgressive surfaces, and paleosols).Diagenetic and paragenetic relationships vary systematically with sedimentology and stratigraphy of the Thelon and provide a framework for understanding the evolution of fluid-flow systems in the context of basin hydrostratigraphy. Stratigraphic units with well-sorted textures, which lacked clay and unstable framework grains, originally were aquifers (depositional aquifers) during early basin evolution. However, pervasive, early quartz cementation radically reduced the porosity and permeability of these units, occluding pore throats and transforming them into aquitards. Proximal fluvial and alluvial fan lithofacies that contained detrital, mechanically infiltrated, and diagenetic clay minerals and/or unstable detrital grains originally had low permeabilities and only experienced minor quartz cementation. In the deep burial setting (2–7 km), these units retained sufficient permeability to allow diagenetic fluid flow (diagenetic aquifers) as suggested by feldspar dissolution, quartz dissolution, and formation and recrystallization of illite and other diagenetic reactions. Tracing potential diagenetic aquifer and aquitard units across the study area allowed development of a hydrostratigraphic model. In this model, diagenetic aquifers onlap onto, and focused basinal fluids into basement rocks to the east in the Thelon Basin (in the vicinity of the Kiggavik uranium deposit).     

粤北长江花岗岩型铀矿田沥青铀矿原位U-Pb年代学研究及其地质意义

花岗岩型铀矿床是我国重要的工业铀矿床类型,广泛分布于南岭地区。粤北长江铀矿田位于南岭中段诸广山岩体中南部,是我国典型的花岗岩型铀矿田。由于铀矿物在化学组成和成因上的固有属性,前人通过传统的铀矿物U-Pb同位素定年获得的成矿年龄(157～52Ma)变化范围较大且分散,难以有效约束精确的铀成矿时代。本文在精细矿物学研究的基础上,对长江铀矿田棉花坑、书楼坵和长排三个铀矿床的沥青铀矿开展了LA-ICP-MS原位微区U-Pb同位素定年研究。结果表明,棉花坑矿床成矿年龄为60. 8±0. 6Ma和66. 8±1. 6Ma,书楼坵矿床成矿年龄为71. 4±1. 3Ma和74. 4±1. 7Ma,长排矿床成矿年龄为62. 4±2. 5Ma和70. 2±0. 5Ma,总体分为～75Ma、～70Ma和～60Ma三期成矿年龄,代表了华南花岗岩型铀矿的晚期铀矿化。长江铀矿田成矿时代与诸广地区北东向断裂带、断陷盆地的强烈拉张时期(80～60Ma)同步,指示区内铀矿化与南岭地区晚白垩世-古近纪地壳拉张作用有关,区内铀成矿的幔源矿化剂CO_2来自区域性北东向断裂带的拉张作用。综合前人资料,认为诸广地区的铀成矿具同时性和多期性特征,成矿峰期为～140Ma、～125Ma、～105Ma、～90Ma和80～60Ma,成矿统一受制于华南岩石圈伸展的动力学背景,诸广山-南雄盆山体系白垩-古近纪的构造演化可能是促使区域铀矿化形成的主要因素。     

粤北产铀与不产铀花岗岩中铀矿物特征的电子探针研究及其找矿意义

晶质铀矿的含量、形貌、成分、铀矿物类型、与铀矿物共存的矿物组合等特征可以作为产铀与不产铀岩体的判别标志,为花岗岩型铀矿找矿工作提供了一种新的技术手段。长江岩体和九峰岩体是粤北地区典型的产铀与不产铀花岗岩体,本文利用电子探针测试了九峰岩体的铀矿物并与长江岩体进行对比研究。结果表明九峰岩体的铀矿物主要为晶质铀矿,其化学年龄可分为两组,分别为~160 Ma、~105 Ma,与长江岩体的两组晶质铀矿年龄基本一致;其中第一组年龄代表岩体的成岩年龄,第二组年龄与粤北地区~105 Ma的基性岩脉侵入时代相对应;但九峰岩体缺少长江岩体中~74 Ma的成矿年龄。相比于长江岩体,九峰岩体的铀矿物受到后期热液事件的影响较小,U没有发生明显的活化、转移,因而未能富集成矿,没有形成具有工业价值的铀矿床。     

诸广铀成矿区矿床成因探讨

本文通过对诸广地区内生铀矿床成矿地质背景分析,系统论述了矿区地质特征及矿床地球化学特征,对本区矿床成因进行了探讨,提出诸广地区存在富铀的前寒武纪结晶基底;成矿物质来源于上地幔流体与下地壳富铀前寒武纪结晶基底的混熔交代;成矿作用受晚中生代伸展裂陷构造——深源热流体演化机制控制,形成中高温热流体充填成矿的高品位脉型矿化和中低温热流体交代成矿的较低品位碎裂蚀变岩－微脉浸染型矿化。     

江西省峡江-广丰地区白垩纪红盆-火山盆地对铀成矿的制约探讨

江西峡江-广丰地区产铀盆地常具有特殊的三元结构:含铀火山岩发育在燕山早期的断陷区内,火山岩之下为一(几)套煤系地层,火山岩系之上为一套红色碎屑岩层,构成“黑-灰-红”特色三层结构的叠合式盆地。本文在总结前人工作的基础上,分析了该区叠合式盆地的空间分布、组成结构、形成演化和矿化等特征,并探讨区域构造演化对铀成矿富集的控制作用,以期为研究区铀矿勘查提供新的思路。研究表明:(1)叠合式盆地主要由多旋回的火山岩及其上部的巨厚红层组成,发育在前寒武系变质基底及较薄的峡山群(D2X)、安源群(T3A,含煤层)和林山群(J1L)之上。下白垩统武夷群(K1W)与火把山群(K1H)之间存在构造挤压事件,时限约为132~110 Ma,主要表现为近SN向的挤压和区域性抬升剥蚀,并导致NE和NW向两组共轭断裂分别发生左行和右行压扭,派生的近SN向断裂以张性为主。这些断裂构造是主要的控矿-赋矿构造,特别是近SN向张性断裂,富大矿体均赋存其中;(2)铀矿化时代晚于火山岩围岩的成岩时代,与红层沉积时代有很大程度上的重叠,暗示红盆发育过程对区内铀成矿起重要控制作用;(3)与铀矿物相伴生的萤石、石英中H、O、C同位素指示大气水对铀成矿的贡献,大气水对红层中的Fe^3+、F、Cl、H2S、(U)等进行淋滤,并携带至火山岩的构造裂隙中,在与深部来源流体共同作用下,使火山岩普遍发育水云母化、铀矿化等,因而成矿作用应滞后于火山作用。     

The role of the thermal convection of fluids in the formation of unconformity-type uranium deposits: the Athabasca Basin,Canada

In the global production of uranium, ~18% belong to the unconformity-type Canadian deposits localized in the Athabasca Basin. These deposits, which are unique in terms of their ore quality, were primarily studied by Canadian and French scientists. They have elaborated the diagenetic–hydrothermal hypothesis of ore formation, which suggests that (1) the deposits were formed within a sedimentary basin near an unconformity surface dividing the folded Archean–Proterozoic metamorphic basement and a gently dipping sedimentary cover, which is not affected by metamorphism; (2) the spatial accommodation of the deposits is controlled by the rejuvenated faults in the basement at their exit into the overlying sedimentary sequence; the ore bodies are localized above and below the unconformity surface; (3) the occurrence of graphite-bearing rocks is an important factor in controlling the local structural mineralization; (4) the ore bodies are the products of uranium precipitation on a reducing barrier. The mechanism that drives the circulation of ore-forming hydrothermal solutions has remained one of the main unclear questions in the general genetic concept. The ore was deposited above the surface of the unconformity due to the upflow discharge of the solution from the fault zones into the overlying conglomerate and sandstone. The ore formation below this surface is a result of the downflow migration of the solutions along the fault zones from sandstone into the basement rocks. A thermal convective system with the conjugated convection cells in the basement and sedimentary fill of the basin may be a possible explanation of why the hydrotherms circulate in the opposite directions. The results of our computations in the model setting of the free thermal convection of fluids are consistent with the conceptual reasoning about the conditions of the formation of unique uranium deposits in the Athabasca Basin. The calculated rates of the focused solution circulation through the fault zones in the upflow and downflow branches of a convection cell allow us to evaluate the time of ore formation up to the first hundreds of thousands years.     

关于火山岩型铀矿床成矿规律中一些问题的讨论

火山岩型铀矿常位于大的地质构造单元界线附近,特别是稳定区与活动区之间的过渡带上。矿区的基底不仅需有较高的成熟度而且是在火山岩形成前或长期处于隆起状态者。负向火山构造,上叠式或拗凸型上叠式火盆是铀矿田的有利构造形式。红盆对成矿的作用不是古气候方面的而是构造方面的。火山岩型铀矿成矿深度可以较大,而且在垂向上不只一个富集高峰。铀及其主要伴生组份不是来源于赋矿围岩,而是来自基底或更深处。     

粤北石角围花岗岩型铀矿床沥青铀矿LA-ICP-MS原位U-Pb定年研究

石角围花岗岩型铀矿床位于粤北下庄铀矿田东部,沥青铀矿是矿床的主要矿石矿物,也是厘定成矿年龄的理想对象。前人采用同位素稀释法(ID-TIMS)和电子探针U-Th-totalPb化学定年法获得的成矿年龄为38～138Ma,但前人年龄变化范围大,可靠性有待考究,难以有效约束矿床的成矿时代。本文利用LA-ICP-MS原位微区分析技术,对石角围矿床矿石中沥青铀矿开展了原位U-Pb定年。研究表明:沥青铀矿的206Pb/238U年龄为52. 46～56. 89Ma,加权平均年龄为54. 68±0. 53Ma(MSWD=1. 19,n=18)。本次沥青铀矿原位U-Pb定年与前人相比更好地避免了矿物包裹体、后期次生变化、显微裂隙等因素的影响,获得的沥青铀矿原位U-Pb同位素年龄代表矿床的成矿年龄。本研究获得的石角围矿床成矿年龄(～55Ma)与华南花岗岩型铀矿床主成矿期(～50Ma)相一致,指示石角围矿床铀成矿作用与华南岩石圈局部伸展作用下的断裂构造活动密切相关。