地面观测资料在西南地区数值预报中的敏感性试验

利用3.0版的GRAPES同化系统,针对西南地区2005年7月的夏季降水,开展地面观测资料的同化敏感性试验,对整月天气进行了每日一次的48小时预报,并对该月发生在川渝地区"7.8"大暴雨过程进行对比分析.试验结果表明,在地形复杂的西南地区,利用等压面的GRAPES 3DVAR同化系统同化地面观测资料对降水预报的影响随进入同化系统的地面观测资料疏密程度和同化内容的不同而不同;当模式采用较高分辨率时,同化的地面观测资料越多,对降水预报的改善作用越明显;同化地面观测资料的风速信息可以降低降水预报的空报率,但对漏报率和TS评分改善作用不明显;在几种同化方案中,利用GRAPES 3DVAR同化系统同化地面观测资料的相对湿度和位势高度信息,对降水预报的改善效果最明显.     

GRAPES混合同化方法在青藏高原区域的初步试验

针对青藏高原地区气象观测站点稀少和模式同化分析质量较低的问题,将GRAPES区域集合变分(En-3DVAR)混合同化系统应用于青藏高原地区,进行了单点理想试验和真实观测资料同化分析预报试验,分析评估青藏高原混合同化分析增量及预报误差的水平垂直结构特征及其合理性,并与中国东部平原地区进行比对。单点理想试验表明,En-3DVAR混合同化系统中背景误差协方差具备流依赖属性。真实资料混合同化试验结果表明,基于集合预报估计的分析增量具有流依赖的特征,特别是在高原地区和槽脊系统附近;青藏高原地区分析场的绝对误差总体低于3DVAR系统,其平均绝对误差在中层和高层低于平原地区,说明在青藏高原地区的改进效果略优于平原地区。需要关注的是,青藏高原地区En-3DVAR混合同化分析增量总体大于3DVAR,特别是近地面层u风分量分析增量明显偏大,这可能与青藏高原复杂地形有关。     

GRAPES非静力数值预报模式的三维变分资料同化系统的发展

为了减少分析变量与模式状态变量之间的插值误差,改善业务预报模式的初值质量,在GRAPES等压面三维变分资料同化系统的基础上,研究发展了针对GRAPES区域模式的非静力模式变量三维变分资料同化系统(GRAPES m3DVAR).该资料同化系统的垂直坐标及其分析变量的水平分布格式、垂直跳点方案与GRAPES预报模式保持完全一致.由于垂直坐标的变化和非静力关系,m3DVAR分析系统中设计了求解动力学约束方程的新方案.通过有效的高精度数学方案,避免了地形追随坐标下平衡方程的非线性项造成的复杂计算,有效解决了非静力平衡条件下求解平衡方程中非线性项的切线性方程和伴随方程引起的困难.重新构造各种观测算子,并考虑了质量场和风场之间的平衡约束关系、背景误差协方差结构,实现对探空、地面资料、船舶报等常规观测的同化.理想单点试验和实际资料的多变量资料同化分析结果表明,非静力模式变量三维变分资料同化系统能够正确地描写多变量之间的相互作用以及物理约束关系,分析结果合理,能够有效减少原等压面三维变分资料同化系统的分析与模式变量之间需要相互插值、变换产生的误差,在一定程度上提高了分析场质量,对预报模式的初值具有一定改善.     

多普勒激光雷达风场反演方法研究

采用三维变分同化反演(3DVAR)、 四维变分同化反演(4DVAR) 对多普勒激光雷达资料反演风场的方法进行了研究, 利用车载多普勒激光雷达在2008年残奥会测试赛期间外场试验取得的数据, 反演了海面10 m高度处的风场, 并将风场反演结果与浮标资料进行了对比分析, 结果表明: 3DVAR、4DVAR风场反演方法均能实现近海面风的精细化风场反演, 并能反映出风向的变化, 反演风场与浮标数据基本一致, 在风速较大的天气情况, 3DVAR与4DVAR反演风场的一致性要好于风速较小的天气情况; 4DVAR反演方法中以浮标资料作为背景场, 使得其与浮标的符合程度要好于3DVAR方法反演风场; 反演风场的风向与浮标风向具有很好的相关关系, 反演风场的风速与浮标风速具有一定的相关关系, 反演风场的风向、风速与浮标的风向、风速之间平均均方根误差和平均绝对误差表明, 这两序列之间具有一定差别, 在风速较小的天气情况下使用时需要注意。     

局地分析预报系统在GRAPES模式中的应用

在分析美国局地分析预报系统 (LAPS) 和GRAPES_Meso数值预报系统,实现GRAPES-LAPS接口的基础上,通过两种数据融合方案,即GRAPES/LAPS方案 (简称LAPS方案) 和GRAPES/3DVAR方案 (3DVAR方案),对2008—2010年华南地区的28个个例的地面、探空常规和加密资料,以及多部多普勒天气雷达数据等融合、同化,开展两种方案的对比模拟试验。结果表明:LAPS方案获得的初始场,水汽条件有所改善,其辐合辐散相耦合触发中小尺度系统发展加强的中尺度环境场,有助于提高模式对强对流天气的预报能力。两种方案的24 h要素场均方根误差检验结果和降水TS评分大体相当,但28个个例中,LAPS方案报出了10个暴雨,而3DVAR方案只报出了5个,LAPS方案的中雨、大雨和暴雨的24 h降水预报TS评分要略好于3DVAR方案相应预报的TS评分,表明LAPS方案对强降水的预报较3DVAR方案有一定改进。     

不同同化方案在一次梅雨锋暴雨预报中的应用研究

基于ATOVS辐射率资料和GTS常规观测资料融合,通过不同化任何观测资料的控制试验、3DVAR同化试验和ETKF-3DVAR混合同化试验,对2013年7月4—5日一次梅雨锋暴雨天气过程进行模拟分析。结果表明:混合同化方案能够明显地提高暴雨预报准确率,且有效改善了风场、温度场和相对湿度场等各个气象要素的初始场结构,而这些气象要素对于暴雨的预报准确性具有重要作用。且混合同化方案对于中低层大气改进效果较为明显。在数值积分过程中,随着时间的推移,混合同化方案的优势逐渐减弱。     

基于集合变分混合同化方法的双台风数值模拟

采用基于WRF模式的集合变分混合同化方法(Ens-3DVAR),对2013年双台风“菲特”和“丹娜丝”的路径、强度和降水进行模拟,结果表明:对双台风路径和强度的模拟,无论是模拟效果还是稳定性,Ens-3DVAR方法72 h模拟效果最优;三种试验方法对降水都有一定的模拟能力,SAL评分表明无论是对降水结构、强度,还是降水位置的模拟,Ens-3DVAR方法模拟效果最好;从Ens-3DVAR和3DVAR方法得到的初始时刻的同化增量场来看,同化卫星资料后,两种方法均改变了初始场信息,但Ens-3DVAR试验与3DVAR试验的增量无论是大小还是分布范围明显不同,说明预报系统的局地信息改变对模拟效果有很大的影响;Ens-3DVAR方法采用集合背景场和流依赖性背景误差协方差,弥补了传统3DVAR中采用均匀、各向同性、准定常的背景误差协方差所带来的局限,提供了更接近实际大气的背景场;同时该方法采用了多个不同时刻的输入资料,说明Ens-3DVAR方法是数值预报中利用历史资料的一种可行途径。      

多普勒雷达估算降水和反演风在不同初值方案下对降水预报影响的数值研究

基于有限区域中尺度暴雨预报模式AREM,利用常德、荆州、宜昌3部多普勒雷达及武汉数字化天气雷达联合反演的1h降水量资料和宜昌、荆州多普勒雷达反演的水平风场资料,采用3种不同的初值方案:Grapes-3DVAR同化方案、Barnes客观分析法及Barnes-3DVAR同化方案,对2002年7月22日20:00—23日20:00发生在长江流域的一次大暴雨过程进行了多普勒雷达估算降水和反演风场在不同初值方案下对降水预报影响的数值试验,结果表明:(1)采用相同资料源(探空 T213L31分析场),3种初值方案降水模拟效果差别显著。整体而言,融合了Barnes和3DVAR两种方案的Barnes-3DVAR初值方案降水模拟效果最好:雨带模拟完整,位置与实况完全一致;降水中心中尺度结构清晰,位置、强度与实况接近。(2)Barnes-3DVAR同化方案与Grapes-3DVAR同化方案都能同化雷达降水和风场资料,但两者降水预报结果相差很大。Barnes-3DVAR方案下的降水模拟结果明显好于Grapes-3DVAR同化方案。(3)Grapes-3DVAR同化方案下,在控制试验的基础上增加雷达降水资料的同化,24h降水模拟效果有所改善;增加雷达风场资料的同化,仅部分改善模拟效果,某些地方效果反而变差;同时增加雷达降水和风场资料的同化,降水模拟效果反而明显变差。Barnes-3DVAR同化方案则不然,无论雷达降水资料和风场资料单独同化还是两种资料同时同化,降水模拟效果都有不同程度的改进,特别是对雷达降水和风场资料同时同化的模拟结果是各种试验中效果最好的。(4)融合Barnes客观分析方法和Grapes-3DVAR同化方案的Barnes-3DVAR同化方案,是同化雷达降水和风场资料的一种新的、有效的初值方案。     

雷达资料的3DVAR和EnSRF直接同化方法对一次暴雨预报的影响分析

利用合肥站雷达资料和NCEP再分析资料,采用WRF模式、WRF-3DVAR和WRF-En SRF同化系统设计了直接同化雷达径向风和反射率的试验,对2003年7月4—5日发生在江淮流域的一次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行数值模拟分析。结果表明:(1)同化雷达径向风资料可以增加暴雨区低层的扰动,增强对流运动,同时可以减少模拟的过量降水;(2)3DVAR同化方法对水平风场调整明显,同化反射率改进了模式中的微物理量和动力场,同时同化径向风和反射率可以更好地调整风场,改善模拟雷达回波带的强度和位置;(3)En SRF同化方法可以将更多小尺度的风场信息同化进入模式,单独同化反射率可以较准确预报出降水中心,同时同化径向风和反射率可以改进模拟雷达回波带的位置;(4)使用3DVAR和En SRF同化雷达径向风和反射率可以提高降水预报,改善雨带的范围,对降水中心位置和强度的预报也有改进。     

基于GRAPES-MESO模式的非静力三维变分同化方案性能分析

利用国家气象中心中尺度业务模式GRAPES-MESO V3.0,以2009年6 8月为例,用T213模式12h预报场为大尺度模式背景场,进行了非静力GRAPES-3DVAR系统同化(3DVAR试验)与不同化(CNTL试验)探空资料的两组数值试验,并对降水、高度、温度、风场和相对湿度场进行了统计检验和典型个例分析,探讨了非静力三维变分同化系统的性能.结果表明:(1)除700 hPa相对湿度场外,3DVAR试验850,700和500 hPa初始温、压、湿和风场均方根误差均比CNTL试验有所增加,其中3DVAR试验对500 hPa初始温、压和风场的负贡献最为显著.随着预报时间延长,3DVAR试验对500 hPa风场预报的负贡献较为明显;(2)对整个模式积分区域平均状况而言,3DVAR试验对模式0～24 h和12～36 h降水预报中大多数降水量级的TS评分都小于CNTL试验;(3)CNTL试验对小雨、中雨的预报范围比较适中,对大雨、暴雨及大暴雨的预报范围均小于实况,且随着降水量级的增大,预报范围较实况偏小的程度加剧;3DVAR试验则对各量级降水范围预报偏小的程度均大于CNTL试验,特别是中雨以上强度的降水;(4)CNTL试验较3DVAR试验能更好地模拟雨带的分布、演变特征和降水强度的变化;(5)CNTL试验较好地再现了长江中下游、华南、华北、东北、西南地区东部和华东平均降水率的逐日演变及峰值、谷值模拟,但强度普遍偏弱;3DVAR试验模拟的各区域日平均降水率的演变趋势与CNTL试验类似,但强度弱于CNTL试验,因而其与实况的差异进一步加大;(6)两个试验与观测均有较好的一致性,CNTL试验的一致性略好于3DVAR试验;对＜1.5 mm·d-1的降水,两个试验都倾向于过多地预报了降水量;对＞1.5 mm·d-1的降水,两个试验预报的都偏弱;对1.5 mm·d-1以下的降水,两个试验的预报水平相当;对1.5 mm·d-1以上的降水,CNTL试验的预报优于3DVAR试验;(7)对2009年6-8月逐日降水预报结果进行了考察,整体而言,CNTL试验能较好地预报出逐日雨带的位置,强度也与实况基本接近,对西风带低槽、台风、低涡、切变线和局地降水都有较好的表现.3DVAR试验对逐日雨带的预报大致与CNTL试验类似,但预报的降水强度普遍弱于CNTL试验.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.