运用放射性方法探测活断层

水文地质工程地质勘查中 ,活断层的存在与否 ,是比选水利工程地质地址和采取工程措施、确定水力模型的重要依据。目前都是采用地质分析方法来确定活断层的。放射性方法的运用 ,为地质分析法提供了一种极有力的手段。本文从实用角度论述了活断层的放射性地球物理特征、探测活断层的判断依据和应用效果     

The hydrogeologic potential conditioning factors of hydrographic catchments of Upper Velhas River Basin,Southeastern Brazil

The hydrogeologic potential of a drainage catchment represents its capacity of sustainable water production, with good maintenance of the baseflows. In basins of similar shapes and bio-climatic characteristics, the potential will depend on several physical and anthropogenic conditioning factors. The determination of the hydrogeologic potential is a complex procedure, but alternative methods exist, in which hydrologic series are used to determine certain indexes, such as the recession coefficient (α), the specific baseflow (SBF), the baseflow index (BFI), transmissivity and storativity. Aiming at the evaluation of the hydrogeologic potential and its conditioning factors in the Maracujá River Basin (southeastern Brazil), ten catchments were selected and monitored. The catchments have distinct geologic and geomorphologic characteristics but are submitted to similar climatic conditions. The hydrogeologic potential is higher in crystalline basement areas, especially where the relief is flat and the regolith is thick; however, it is lower in the areas affected by gullies. The advantages of the hydrologic method, in particular to regions where information is scarce, are that it is easily applied and of low cost, enabling the characterization of the hydrogeologic potential and contributing to the management of water resources.     

Case studies in organic contaminant hydrogeology

The effective management of domestic solid waste and hazardous, toxic, and radioactive waste is a major problem in the area of environmental geology and water sciences over the world. This series of case studies of organic contaminants from both solid and hazardous waste disposal facilities provides examples of these problems. The facilities were investigated to determine risks and liabilities before acquisition, to determine the site hydrogeologic conditions for design of appropriate groundwater monitoring plans, and/or to determine the potential for groundwater contamination. The results of these studies and investigations by Waste Management Inc. (WMI) and its consultants have shown certain relationships in the distribution of organic pollutants to the different geologic and hydrogeologic charac teristics of each facility. In each of the case studies, all 129 priority pollutants were analyzed in private wells and/or monitoring wells at the request of regulatory agencies. The 31 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of the priority pollutant list were the majority of the organic compounds detected and these data are evaluated in each case study. The case studies are on disposal facilities located in glacial tills, carbonaceous weathered clay soils, weathered shale, limestone bedrock, dolomite bedrock, and alluvial and sedimentary deposits. A brief discussion of groundwater quality impacts and remedial measures also is included.Presented at the Second Annual Canadian/American Conference on Hydrogeology: Hazardous Wastes in Ground Water—A Soluble Dilemma. Banff, Alberta, Canada, June 26, 1985.     

吉大一院基础工程在粘性土层水文地质求参的尝试

本文着重在粘性土(隔水)层中进行水文地质抽水试验,通过施工6眼试验井,测得地层渗透系数、涌水量等水文地质参数,为深基坑开挖工程提供安全、可靠的设防,并满足抗浮设计计算所需的准确数据。     

Engineering problems and rock mechanics: some examples

Jaeger, C., 1973. Engineering problems and rock mechanics: some examples. Eng. Geol., 7: 333–358.

The purpose of this paper is to show how rock mechanics interprets geologic information and helps to adapt engineering design to rock conditions. The paper analyses eight case histories of large engineering projects. In five cases the designers took careful account of the conditions prevailing in the rock masses, the rock characteristics, the strength of the rock and the modified stress—strain pattern created by the new structure. The intrinsic curve of the rock mass, the Coulomb condition, the residual stresses and theE-modulus in the families of joints are among the more important characteristics of the rock mass. In two case histories, it is shown how an erroneous estimate of the cleft-water pressures caused disaster.

Rock mechanics is a necessary link between engineering and geology.     

Reactive transport simulation study of geochemical CO2 trapping on the Tokyo Bay model – With focus on the behavior of dawsonite

A long-term (up to 10 ka) geochemical change in saline aquifer CO₂ storage was studied using the TOUGHREACT simulator, on a 2-dimensional, 2-layered model representing the underground geologic and hydrogeologic conditions of the Tokyo Bay area that is one of the areas of the largest CO₂ emissions in the world. In the storage system characterized by low permeability of reservoir and cap rock, the dominant storage mechanism is found to be solubility trapping that includes the dissolution and dissociation of injected CO₂ in the aqueous phase followed by geochemical reactions to dissolve minerals in the rocks. The CO₂–water–rock interaction in the storage system (mainly in the reservoir) changes the properties of water in a mushroom-like CO₂ plume, which eventually leads to convective mixing driven by gravitational instability. The geochemically evolved aqueous phase precipitates carbonates in the plume front due to a local rise in pH with mixing of unaffected reservoir water. The carbonate precipitation occurs extensively within the plume after the end of its enlargement, fixing injected CO₂ in a long, geologic period.Dawsonite, a Na–Al carbonate, is initially formed throughout the plume from consumption of plagioclase in the reservoir rock, but is found to be a transient phase finally disappearing from most of the CO₂-affected part of the system. The mineral is unstable relative to more common types of carbonates in the geochemical evolution of the CO₂ storage system initially having formation water of relatively low salinity. The exception is the reservoir-cap rock boundary where CO₂ saturation remains very high throughout the simulation period.     

Contamination,risk, and heterogeneity: on the effectiveness of aquifer remediation

The effectiveness of aquifer remediation is typically expressed in terms of a reduction in contaminant concentrations relative to a regulated maximum contaminant level (MCL), and is usually confirmed by sparse monitoring data and/or simple model calculations. Here, the effectiveness of remediation is re-examined from a more thorough risk-based perspective that goes beyond the traditional MCL concept. A methodology is employed to evaluate the health risk to individuals exposed to contaminated household water that is produced from groundwater. This approach explicitly accounts for differences in risk arising from variability in individual physiology and water use, the uncertainty in estimating chemical carcinogenesis for different individuals, and the uncertainties and variability in contaminant concentrations within groundwater as affected by transport through heterogeneous geologic media. A hypothetical contamination scenario is developed as a case study in a saturated, alluvial aquifer underlying an actual Superfund site. A baseline (unremediated) human exposure and health risk scenario, as induced by contaminated groundwater pumped from this site, is predicted and compared with a similar estimate based upon pump-and-treat exposure intervention. The predicted reduction in risk in the remediation scenario is not an equitable one—that is, it is not uniform to all individuals within a population and varies according to the level of uncertainty in prediction. The importance of understanding the detailed hydrogeologic connections that are established in the heterogeneous geologic regime between the contaminated source, municipal receptors, and remediation wells, and its relationship to this uncertainty is demonstrated. Using two alternative pumping rates, we develop cost-benefit curves based upon reduced exposure and risk to different individuals within the population, under the presence of uncertainty.     

华北煤田岩溶陷落柱分类及其特征

在总结华北煤田多起陷落柱突水事例及对徐淮煤田40多个矿区调研的基础上,依据陷落柱不同发育阶段的水文地质工程地质特征等,将其分为4个发育阶段:前期发育阶段、强烈发育阶段、衰退阶段和死亡阶段。通过分析陷落柱发育的不同层位,将其划分为3类,即奥灰层位之上可溶岩组、奥陶纪可溶岩组及寒武纪可溶岩组。继而,将陷落柱综合划分为12类,并总结分析了各类型陷落柱的地质特征。      

Hydrogeochemical exploration for Mississippi valley-type deposits, Arkansas, U.S.A.

Three areas located in northern Arkansas, U.S.A., representing differing host rock and mineralization, were selected to investigate the usefulness of hydrogeochemical exploration for Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn mineralization. Despite the geologic differences among the areas, there were no great differences in groundwater chemistry and threshold values. Anomalous Pb concentrations, and also anomalous Zn concentrations to a lesser extent, are useful in detecting the Pb-Zn mineralized areas; however, specific deposits could not be located. Because of the low threshold values (about 20 μg/1) for Pb and Zn, spring water must be utilized in order to avoid plumbing contamination.     

Planning and design considerations in karst terrain

This article discusses the various steps that the authors feel are necessary to the successful progression of an engineered project sited in karst terrain. The procedures require a multidisciplined approach with liaison and cooperation among the various parties to the project. Initially, the prospective owner must have sufficient understanding of the potential engineering problems to incorporate the engineering geologist into the early stages of any planned acquisition. The first step in an investigation should include a review of the available geologic information, aerial photo interpretation, consultation with the State Geological Survey, and a geologic reconnaissance of the prospective site and surrounding area. A go-no-go decision as to purchase can often been made at an early time. Although, in some instances, more study is needed for a particularly intriguing property. The second stage should consider the various planning alternatives that are feasible based upon the limited available information. At this stage planning/purchase decisions can be made as to purchasing options, value of the property, design constraints, and the possible economic penalties that could be associated with the potential site construction. Various planning and construction alternatives should be considered in this phase of the work. The third stage should include a site investigation program of moderate size, consisting of test pits and/or exploratory borings. The borings should be drilled using water as the drilling fluid, with an experienced crew and qualified technical inspection. The authors find the use of geophysical techniques can be extremely misleading unless used in conjunction with exploratory drilling. Successful evaluations using geophysical procedures occur only under ideal conditions. The geotechnical viability of the plan and preliminary design should be investigated in the fourth phase. Additionally, the physical parameters required for the design of structures founded atop cavities can be obtained at this time. Several support schemes which incorporate cavity roof thickness, rock strength, and cavity space are discussed. Possible construction procedures include excavation and dental concrete, grouting, piers or piles to sound rock, or moving to another area. The relative economies of these procedures are discussed in relation to the size and depth of the soil or rock cavity, possible future cavity formation, magnitude of loading and acceptable safety factors.     

东北地区饮水型地氟病与地质环境

东北地区饮水型氟中毒病具有病区分布广、病人多、病情重、危害大的特点,控制东北地区饮水型氟中毒病区分布的主要因素有气候、水文、地形地貌、地质构造、水文地质环境、地球化学环境.分析了地氟病与地质环境的关系,提出了饮水型氟中毒病区防病改水的途径和对策.     

超前预测预报在笔架山隧道施工中的应用

由于地质条件的复杂性,隧道施工中难免会遇到诸如岩溶突水、岩爆、围岩大变形、塌方等地质灾害问题。超前预测预报技术作为隧道勘察结果的进一步认识和补充,在隧道施工减灾、防灾方面发挥着重要的作用。以笔架山隧道为例子,针对该隧道复杂的地质条件,采用工程地质方法和物探方法相结合,以隧道内地质观测分析与设备测试相结合的超前预测预报技术,成功地预报了掌子面前方的地质信息,有效地指导了该隧道的安全施工。     

Hydrogeological studies for the Nubia sandstone aquifers in Garf Hussein area,Western Desert,Egypt

The lithology of the studied aquifers has an important effect on their hydrogeologic setting. Moreover, the structural patterns have their imprint on the geologic setting and consequently the hydrogeologic conditions of the area. Lake Nasser recharges the groundwater in the study area by large amount of water increasing the groundwater level. A comparison of the depth to water in the same wells at two different periods (1998 and 2014 ) shows that the depth to water increases with average rise 11.1 m during 16 years. The constructed water table map shows that the groundwater flow is mainly towards the northwest direction reflecting recharge from Lake Nasser. The hydraulic parameters of the Abu Aggag and Sabaya sandstone aquifers are determined in the present work from pumping tests. The transmissivity of the studied aquifers reflects the moderate to high potentiality. The groundwater salinity of the studied aquifers is fresh water and varies from 353 to 983 ppm (part per million) and suitable for all purposes. It increases due to the west direction coinciding with groundwater flow direction. The main result of the present study shows that the seepage water from Lake Nasser attains 17 mcm/year.     

涟源钢铁厂铁路路基塌陷原因分析及其防治方案

1990年6月一场暴雨后,涟源钢铁厂铁路路基塌陷约3600m~2。从区内的水文地质、工程地质条件分析,引起塌陷的原因主要是由毛细水作用、真空吸蚀作用、地表水作用、地下水的潜蚀作用和震动作用的踪合影响,从而提出防治再次塌陷的方案,宜采用桥托、注浆、钻孔通气、疏排地表水等措施。     

泰宁县地质灾害影响因素及防治建议

在泰宁县地质灾害详细调查的基础上,统计分析了地质灾害发生与地形（地貌）、地层岩性、降雨、人类工程活动等影响因素的关系。地质灾害主要分布于丘陵、低山的缓坡一陡坡地带,尤其是变质岩、侵入岩地区;降雨和人类工程活动是主要的外在诱发因素。     

含矿自流盆地的放射性环境地质和地浸法开采铀矿床

层间 渗入型铀矿床不同的现代水文地质环境对采用地浸方法采矿过程中保护环境不受污染的程度不同。根据水文地质特征 ,特别是水动力指标可将铀矿床分为有利的、不利的和非常不利的 3类 :有利的铀矿床指矿区的水流从矿带两侧分别从氧化带和原生灰色岩石带以斜交形式向矿带方向流动 ,并沿矿带走向方向相互作用。这样的水文地质条件下工艺溶液不可能流到矿带范围以外 ,故环境将不受污染。完全不利的水文地质条件是指水流垂直穿透矿带从氧化带向原生灰色岩石带流动 ,它们能将有毒元素和重金属带到矿带以外的相邻地区。不利的水文地质条件是指同时具有上述两种特征的铀矿床。实践证明 ,水文地质条件有利于地浸方法开采和有关工艺流程时 ,开采工作对现场造成的污染要比天然放射性污染低。     

福建福清核电厂厂址地质环境条件浅析

通过对福清核电厂厂区附近地质构造特征以及岩土工程勘察和水文地质调查进行综合评价,并对厂区内可能出现不良地质体的成因进行了分析,提出需要治理改造的建议。     

Correction and protection in limestone terrane

Structural features that are hazards to building foundations include pinnacles, slots, and chimney-like openings in rock, alternate strata of hard rock and soft clay, dome-like cavities in soil, caves in rock, weak and compressible soils in cone-shaped depressions over collapsed domes and cavities, and open sinkholes from soil or rock collapse and soil erosion Design to overcome them includes avoiding areas of concentrated hazards, correcting the hazards by filling them or collapsing them, bridging over small hazards, reinforcing the rock, bypassing shallow hazards with deeper foundations, and minimizing activation of the hazard-forming processes.     

Review: Water–rock interactions and related eco-environmental effects in typical land subsidence zones of China

Land subsidence is common in some regions of China. Various eco-environmental problems have arisen due to changes in water–rock interactions in these subsided areas, for which a comprehensive understanding of the hydrogeological setting is needed. This paper presents the general status of land subsidence in three typical subsided areas of China through the compilation of relevant data, and reviews some typical changes in the water–rock interactions in subsided areas along with related eco-environmental issues. It is found that the subsidence development and distribution are controlled by the groundwater-withdrawal intensity externally, and by the thickness and compressibility of unconsolidated sediments internally. The physical changes and related effects of water–rock interactions in subsided areas include: (1) the decreased ground elevation that caused floods, waterlogged farmland, etc.; (2) the differential subsidence that caused ground fissures; and (3) the change of seepage field that caused substantial reduction of the water resource. Chemically, the changes and related effects of water–rock interactions include: (1) the change to the chemical environment or processes due to the hydrogeologic structure alteration, which caused groundwater pollution; and (2) hydrologic mixing (seawater intrusion, artificial recharge; exchange with adjacent aquifers or aquitards), which degraded the groundwater quality. Further research on the subsided areas in China is suggested to reveal the mechanisms regarding biological and gaseous (meteorological) changes from the perspective of interacting systems among water, rocks, biological agents and gases.     

Naturally occurring mercury contamination in a pristine environment?

About 19 percent of sampled residential water wells situated in a pristine, granitic Maine (USA) coastal environment have elevated mercury concentrations according to USEPA standards. There are no identified anthropogenic sources for mercury but some local granitoids have anomalous mercury concentrations in the Waldoboro Pluton Complex (WPC). Site-specific hydrogeologic conditions appear to have aggravated what is otherwise only trace amounts of some naturally occurring toxic analytes in the groundwater in contact with the suspect granitoids of the WPC. The extent of mercury in this crystalline rock environment is examined here. It is prudent to exercise preventive measures and appropriately site water supply wells and not expect complete remediation of the affected homeowners' wells.