Origin of composite dikes in the Gouldsboro granite, coastal Maine

Composite dikes, consisting of aphyric basaltic margins and phenocryst-rich rhyolitic interiors, cut the Gouldsboro granite of coastal Maine at many localities. Limited hybridization (exchange of crystals, commingling, and mixing) occurs in most of the dikes and indicates that the two magmas were contemporaneous with emplacement of rhyolitic magma following closely in time the initial emplacement of the basaltic dike. Petrographic characteristics and geochemistry indicate that the source of the rhyolite was resident magma in the Gouldsboro granite magma chamber. The composite dikes formed when basaltic dikes ruptured the Gouldsboro magma chamber, permitting partly crystallized magma from the margin of the chamber to flow outward into the center of the basaltic dikes. Field relations of similar composite dikes in other areas (e.g., Iceland, Scotland) are consistent with this model. A second type of composite dike (silicic margins with chilled basaltic pillows) commonly cuts mafic intrusions along the Maine coast and probably formed when a granitic dike ruptured an established chamber of mafic magma, permitting resident mafic magma to collapse downward into the still Liquid granitic dike. Most composite dikes have probably formed when a magma chamber was disrupted by a dike of contrasting magma rather than by tapping a stratified magma chamber.     

The dunite bodies, websterite and orthopyroxenite dikes of the Leka ophiolite complex, Norway

Summary The investigated mantle section of the Leka ophiolite complex extends 1.4 km from and 1.1 km along the exposed Moho. The foliated peridotite contains numerous tabular and elongated dunite bodies, orthopyroxenite dikes, websterite veins, and dikes. The foliation of the peridotite is inclined by about 45° to the Moho. The dunite bodies and the dikes cut the foliation at low angles. The dunite bodies vary in width from 0.1 to 50 m and in length from 10 m to more than 1 km. Wider dunite bodies are commonly surrounded by 0 to 1.0 m wide margins of dunitized peridotite. Websterite veins may be present outside these margins. Apart from sporadic chromite layers the dunite is very homogenous. The dunite bodies are considered to have formed by deposition of olivine along the walls of dikes originally containing tholeiitic melt. The tholeiitic melt at first heated the peridotitic sidewalls so that they became partially molten and dunitized. The ascending magma then eroded the sidewalls and removed olivine as xenocrysts. When the ascent rate decreased, the temperature of the sidewalls decreased, so that olivine (Fo_89–92) began to crystallize along the dike walls. There is also evidence for percolative melt migration along foliation planes, however, the largest proportion of the melts intruded along dikes. The websterite dikes are mostly 1 to 4 cm wide and 3 to 20 m long and dispersed with mutual distances of 20–50 m. The websterite veins and dikes probably originated from melts that were generated along the heated sidewalls of the dunite bodies. The 0.02 to 10 m wide orthopyroxenite dikes have exceptionally high MgO contents for their SiO₂ contents; about 36 wt.% MgO and 50 wt.% SiO₂. They may have formed as segregates from a SiO₂-rich magma, although the parent magma does not appear to have been boninitic. The parent magma may instead have formed by second stage partial melting of depleted lherzolite.     

Genesis and evolution of subduction-zone andesites: evidence from melt inclusions

Andesite magmatism plays a major role in continental crustal growth, but its subduction-zone origin and evolution is still a hotly debated topic. Compared with whole-rock analyses, melt inclusions (MIs) can provide important direct information on the processes of magma evolution. In this article, we synthesize data for melt inclusions hosted by phenocrysts in andesites, extracted from the GEOROC global compilation. These data show that melt inclusions entrapped by different phenocrysts have distinct compositions: olivine-hosted melt inclusions have basalt and basaltic andesite compositions, whereas melt inclusions in clinopyroxene and othopyroxene are mainly dacitic to rhyolitic. Hornblende-hosted melt inclusions have rhyolite composition. The compositions of melt inclusions entrapped by plagioclase are scattered, spanning from andesite to rhyolite. On the basis of the compositional data, we propose a mixing model for the genesis of the andesite, and a two-chamber mechanism to account for the evolution of the andesite. First, andesite melt is generated in the lower chamber by mixing of a basaltic melt derived from the mantle and emplaced in the lower crust with a felsic melt resulting from partial melting of crustal rocks. Olivine and minor plagioclase likely crystallize in the lower magma chamber. Secondly, the andesite melt ascends into the upper chamber where other phenocrysts crystallize. According to SiO₂-MgO diagrams of the MIs, evolution of the andesite in the upper chamber can be subdivided into two distinct stages. The early stage (I) is characterized by a phenocrystal assemblage of clinopyroxene + othopyroxene + plagioclase, whereas the late stage (II) is dominated by crystallization of plagioclase + hornblende.     

西昆仑普鲁新生代火山岩的矿物化学特征及其对岩浆演化过程的约束

对西昆仑普鲁新生代火山岩的矿物学进行了系统的研究。结果表明：该地区火山岩主要由橄榄石、单斜辉石和斜长石组成,并有少量的斜方辉石、黑云母、角闪石、碱性长石和铁钛氧化物。其矿物学特征指示了岩浆的性质有点类似于碱性岩浆,但与典型的碱性玄武岩又有明显的区别,属于橄榄安粗岩系列。利用橄榄石-熔体平衡原理估算了进入高位岩浆房中的熔体的MgO含量约为6．2％,Mg^#为0．57,说明其不是地幔熔融形成的原始岩浆,而是经历了深部岩浆房的分离结晶过程。由单斜辉石估算的高位岩浆房的深度约7～9km。岩浆在高位岩浆房中发生了较长时间的强烈分离结晶作用,分离结晶相主要为橄榄石、单斜辉石和斜长石以及少量的斜方辉石、黑云母、角闪石、碱性长石和铁钛氧化物。不同时期形成的铁钛氧化物指示了分离结晶过程由相对高温高氧逸度向相对低温低氧逸度演化。与此相对照的是岩浆在深部岩浆房中可能只发生了橄榄石和辉石等铁镁矿物的分离结晶作用,且分异作用时间较短。深部岩浆房可能存在于岩石圈地幔或壳幔过渡带中,岩浆由深部岩浆房上升到高位岩浆房中的过程是近绝热的,从浅部岩浆房到地表是快速上升的过程。     

Thick chromitite of the Jacurici Complex (NE Craton São Francisco,Brazil): Cumulate chromite slurry in a conduit

The Jacurici Complex, located in the NE part of the São Francisco Craton, hosts the largest chromite deposit in Brazil. The mineralized intrusion is considered to be a single N-S elongated layered body, disrupted into many segments by subsequent deformation. The ore is hosted in a thick, massive layer. Two segments, Ipueira and Medrado, have been previously studied. We provide new geological information, and chromite composition results from the Monte Alegre Sul and Várzea do Macaco segments located farther north, and integrate these with previous results. The aim of this study is to determine and discuss the magma chamber process that could explain the formation of the thick chromitite layer. All segments exhibit similar stratigraphic successions with an ultramafic zone (250 m thick) hosting a 5–8 m thick main chromitite layer (MCL), and a mafic zone (40 m thick). The chromite composition of the MCL, Mg-numbers (0.48–0.72) and Cr-numbers (0.59–0.68), is similar to chromites from layered intrusions and other thick chromitites. Previous work concluded that the parental magma of the mineralized intrusion was very primitive based on olivine composition (up to Fo₉₃) and orthopyroxene composition (up to En₉₄) from harzburgite samples, and that it originated from an old subcontinental lithospheric mantle. We estimate that the melt from which the massive chromitite layer crystallized was similar to a boninite, or low siliceous high-Mg basalt, with a higher Fe/Mg ratio. The petrologic evidence from the mafic-ultramafic rocks suggests that a high volume of magma flowed through the sill, which acted as a dynamic conduit. Crustal contamination has previously been considered as the trigger for the chromite crystallization, based on isotope studies, as the more radiogenic signatures correlate with an increase in the volumetric percentage of amphibole (up to 20%). The abundant inclusions of hydrous silicate phases in the chromites from the massive ore suggest that the magma was hydrated during chromite crystallization. Fluids may have played an important role in the chromite formation and/or accumulation. However, the trigger for chromite crystallization remains debatable. The anomalous thickness of the chromitite is a difficult feature to explain. We suggest a combined model where chromite crystallized along the margins of the magma conduit, producing a semi-consolidated chromite slurry that slumped through the conduit forming a thick chromitite layer in the magma chamber where layered ultramafic rocks were previously formed. Subsequently, the conduit was obstructed and the resident magma fractionated to produce a more evolved composition.     

Petrology, geochemistry and tectonic settings of the mafic dikes and sills associated with the evolution of the Proterozoic Cuddapah Basin of south India

In this article we summarize the petrological, geochemical and tectonic processes involved in the evolution of the Proterozoic intracratonic Cuddapah basin. We use new and available ages of Cuddapah igneous rocks, together with field, stratigraphic, geophysical and other criteria, to arrive at a plausible model for the timing of these processes during basin evolution. We present petrological and geochronological evidence of dike emplacement along preferred lineament directions around the basin in response to stresses, which may have been responsible for the evolution of the basin itself. Basaltic dike intrusion started on the south Indian shield around 2400 Ma and continued throughout the Cuddapah basin evolution and sedimentation. A deep mantle perturbation, currently manifested by a lopolithic cupola-like intrusion under the southwestern part of the basin, may have occurred at the onset of basin evolution and played an important role in its development. Paleomagnetic, gravity and geochronological evidence indicates that it was a constant thermal source responsible for dike and sill emplacement between 1500 and 1200 Ma both inside and out-side the basin. Lineament reactivation in the NW-SE and NE-SW directions, in response to the mantle perturbation, intensified between 1400 and 1200 Ma, leading to the emplacement of several cross cutting dikes. Fe-Mg partition coefficients of olivine and augite and Ca-Na partition coefficient of plagioclase, calculated from the composition of these minerals and bulk composition of their host rocks, indicate that the dikes outside the Cuddapah basin are cumulates. The contemporary dikes may be related by fractional crystallization as indicated by a positive correlation between their plagioclase Ca# (atomic Ca/[Ca+Na]) and augite Mg# (atomic Mg/[Mg+Fe]). A few NW-SE and NE-SW cross cutting dikes of the period between 1400 and 1200 Ma, preserve petrographic evidence of episodic magmatic intrusive activity along preferred directions. Petrological reasoning indicates that a magmatic liquid reacted with a set of cross cutting dikes, intruding into one that was already solidified and altering the composition of the magma that produced the other dike. The Cuddapah basin tholeiites may be related by fractional crystallization at 5 kb and 1019-1154‡ C, which occurred in the lopolithic cupola near the southwestern margin of the basin. Xenolith bearing picrites, which occur near the periphery of the cupola, originated by the accumulation of xenoliths in the tholeiites. This is indicated by the composition of the olivine in the xenoliths (Fo_78.7-81.9), which are closely similar to calculated olivine compositions (Fo_77.8-78.3) in equilibrium with the tholeiites under the sameP-T conditions. It is inferred that fractionation in the cupola resulted in crystals settling on its walls. Hence, the xenolith-bearing sills occur at the periphery of the lopolithic body. The tholeiites both inside and outside the basin are enriched in incompatible elements compared to mid oceanic ridge basalts. The Ba, Rb and K contents of the Cuddapah and other Proterozoic Gondwana tholeiites indicate that a widespread metasomatic enrichment of the mantle source may have occurred between R∼2.9 and R∼2.7Ga. There may be local heterogeneity in the source of the Cuddapah tholeiites as indicated by different Ba/Rb, Ti/Zr, Ti/Y, Zr/Nb and Y/Nb in samples inside and outside the basin. Large-scale differences such as the low P₂O₅-TiO₂ and high P₂O₅-TiO₂ basaltic domains of the Jurassic Gondwana basalts, however, did not exist during the Proterozoic time period under consideration. Although we are beginning to understand the tectono-magmatic processes involved in the evolution of the Cuddapah basin, much work remains to be done to obtain a complete picture. Future research in the Cuddapah basin should focus on obtaining accurate ages of the igneous rocks associated with the evolution of the basin.     

Gebel Dahanib,Egypt: A late Precambrian layered sill of komatiitic composition

Gebel Dahanib is a well preserved, late Precambrian layered mafic-ultramafic sill about 1.5 km thick, forming a prominent peak in the Southeastern Desert of Egypt. Dunites, harzburgites and thin chromite layers at the base grade upward through pyroxenites to layered gabbros and rare anorthosite at the top. Peridotitic dykes from the main body, unsheared margins, and ubiquitous cumulate textures all suggest magmatic rather than tectonic emplacement.Olivine ranges from Fo₉₄ to Fo₇₆, orthopyroxene from En₉₀ to En₇₉, and abundant clinopyroxene is typically low Cr diopside or diopsidic augite. Plagioclase is exceptionally calcic (An₉₄-An₈₃) and typically is 10% more calcic at a given coexisting olivine composition than plagioclase in the Skaergaard and Stillwater intrusions. Assimilation of the country rock is common along the borders, and chilled margins are not developed. The bulk composition of the sill, estimated from whole rock analyses weighted according to outcrop areas, is SiO₂=50.1%, A1₂O₃= 8.9%, MgO=19.9%, CaO=12.1%, K₂O=0.06%, TiO₂=0.2%. REE contents in the original magma were less than four times chondritic abundances. The chemical and mineralogical characteristics of the Dahanib sill suggest comparisons with basaltic or pyroxenitic komatiites.     

Ultramafic and Mafic Inclusions from Adak Island: Crystallization History, and Implications for the Nature of Primary Magmas and Crustal Evolution in the Aleutian Arc

Xenolithic inclusions in calc-alkaline andesite from Mt. Moffettvolcano, Adak Island, Aleutian arc, reveal a nearly continuousrecord of crystallization of basaltic magmas in the crust, andpossibly upper mantle, of the arc. The record is more detailedand continuous than that obtained from study of calc-alkalinevolcanic rocks in the arc. Cumulate xenoliths form a progressiveseries in modal mineralogy from ultramafic, hornblende-bearingolivine clinopyroxenite to both hornblende-bearing and hornblende-freegabbros. The cumulate hornblende gabbro xenoliths are typicalof those found in island arc andesites worldwide. Xenolithicinclusions without cumulate textures, here termed compositexenoliths, are characterized by forsteritic olivine, zoned Cr-diopsideand hornblende, and are interpreted to have resulted from reactionand chilling upon magma mixing at depth. The olivine and clinopyroxene in both cumulate and compositexenoliths show the largest and the most complete variation trendsfor Ni, Cr, and FeO/MgO ratio yet reported in igneous xenolithsfrom island arc volcanic rocks. Variation of Ni in olivine indicatesthat the parent magmas for the xenoliths had minimum MgO contentsof 9 wt. per cent. Variation of Cr in clinopyroxene indicatesthat the magmas were basaltic rather than picritic, probablyin equilibrium with spinel lherzolite at near Moho depths. Successiveinjections of batches of primary melt into a magma chamber fractionatingolivine and clinopyroxene can reproduce observed compatibleelement depletion trends. A steady-state process of cotecticcrystallization in a magma chamber continually replenished withbasaltic magma is a possible mechanism for producing large accumulationsof olivine and clinopyroxene, suggesting that Alaskan-type ultramaficcomplexes are related to hydrous basaltic magmas in island arcs.This steady-state open-system crystallization process can alsoyield the abundant high-alumina basalt type in the Aleutianarc. Continued crystallization of high-alumina basalt in lowercrustal magma chambers, recorded in a mineralogically coherentseries of pyroxenite to hornblende gabbro xenoliths, can yieldbasaltic to andesitic magmas of the calc-alkaline series. No xenoliths with a sedimentary protolith have been found atMt Moffett, evidence that the arc crust is igneous in origin,with the lower crust formed of gabbro crystallized from mantle-derivedmelts. Ultramafic cumulates may reside in both the lower crustor upper mantle beneath the arc. A model is proposed wherebythe cumulate crystallization products of hydrous, mantle beneaththe arc. A model is define the upper mantle and lower crustof the arc over time.The net composition added to the crustof the arc is that of high-alumina basalt.     

Origin,age and petrogenesis of Neoproterozoic composite dikes from the Arabian‐Nubian Shield,SW Jordan

The evolution of a Pan‐African (c. 900–550 Ma) suite of composite dikes, with latite margins and rhyolite interiors, from southwest Jordan is discussed. The dikes cut the Neoproterozoic calc‐alkaline granitoids and high‐grade metamorphic rocks (c. 800–600 Ma) of the northern Arabian‐Nubian Shield in Jordan and have been dated by the Rb‐Sr isochron method at 566±7 Ma. The symmetrically distributed latite margins constitute less than one‐quarter of the whole dike thickness. The rhyolite intruded a median fracture within the latite, while the latter was still hot but completely solidified. The dikes are alkaline and bimodal in composition with a gap in SiO₂ between 61 and 74 wt%. Both end members display similar chondrite‐normalized rare earth element patterns. The rhyolites display the compositional signature of A‐type granites. The (La/Lu)_N values are 6.02 and 4.91 for latites and rhyolites, respectively, and the rhyolites show a pronounced negative Eu anomaly, in contrast to the slight negative Eu anomaly of the latites. The chemical variability (e.g. Zr/Y, Zr/Nb, K/Rb) within and between latites and rhyolites does not support a fractional crystallization relationship between the felsic and mafic members of the dikes. We interpret the magma genesis of the composite dikes as the result of intrusion of mantle‐derived mafic magma into the lower crust in an extensional tectonic regime. The mafic magma underwent extensive fractional crystallization, which supplied the necessary heat for melting of the lower crust. The products of the initial stages of partial melting (5–10%) mixed with the fractionating mafic magma and gave rise to the latite melts. Further partial melting of the lower crust (up to 30%) produced a felsic melt, which upon 50% fractional crystallization (hornblende 15%, biotite 5%, feldspars 60%, and quartz 20%) gave rise to the rhyolitic magma. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西藏罗布莎蛇绿岩中不同产出的纯橄岩及成因探讨

罗布莎蛇绿岩中的纯橄岩有三种产出情况,除了与豆荚状铬铁矿伴生的薄壳状纯橄岩外,还有产在方辉橄榄岩底部被认为是堆晶岩的厚层状纯橄岩和方辉橄榄岩中的透镜状纯橄岩。厚层状纯橄岩约700～1000m厚,以橄榄石富镁(Fo93～95),单斜辉石低铝富镁(Al2O30.47%～0.85%,Mg#95～97),铬尖晶石高铬低镁(Cr#值平均77,Mg#平均51)为特征。该纯橄岩中的浸染状铬铁矿也是高铬低镁型,但Mg#值(平均59)高于厚层状纯橄岩的副矿物铬尖晶石。薄壳状纯橄岩与厚层状纯橄岩成分相近,其橄榄石Fo92～94,单斜辉石Al2O3<1%和Mg#95～97;铬尖晶石的Cr#值平均71,Mg#值平均52。与薄壳状纯橄岩伴生的块状铬铁矿为高镁高铬型,但Mg#值(平均68)相对更高些,Cr#值平均79。透镜状纯橄岩的特征是橄榄石Fo(91～92)和铬尖晶石Cr#(60左右)均低于前两类纯橄岩,但单斜辉石的Al2O3(1.41%～1.71%)则高于前两者。透镜状纯橄岩的矿物成分与方辉橄榄岩重叠,两者为渐变过渡关系。研究对比表明,罗布莎厚层状纯橄岩不同于经典的蛇绿岩的超镁铁质堆晶岩,认为将其成因解释为拉斑玄武质熔体与地幔橄榄岩的反应较为合理。透镜状纯橄岩与方辉橄榄岩存在成生联系,可能是地幔橄榄岩高度部分熔融的产物,或熔体和方辉橄榄岩在原位发生反应的产物;薄壳状纯橄岩成因与厚层状纯橄岩相同,但与其相伴的块状铬铁矿是否由拉斑玄武质熔体与方辉橄榄岩反应形成,值得商榷。     

Chemical evolution of basalts from 23°N along the mid-Atlantic ridge: evidence from melt inclusions

The chemical compositions of melt inclusions in a primitive and an evolved basalt recovered from the mid-Atlantic ridge south of the Kane Fracture Zone (23°–24°N) are determined. The melt inclusions are primitive in composition (0.633–0.747 molar Mg/(Mg+Fe²⁺), 1.01–0.68 wt% TiO₂) and are comparable to other proposed parental magmas except in having higher Al₂O₃ and lower CaO. The primitive melt inclusion compositions indicate that the most primitive magmas erupted in this region are not near primary magma compositions. Olivine and plagioclase microphenocrysts are close to exchange equilibrium with their respective basalt glasses, whose compositions are displaced toward olivine from 1 atm three phase saturation. The most primitive melt inclusion compositions are close to exchange equilibrium with the anorthitic cores of zoned plagioclases (An_78.3-An_83.1; the hosts for the melt inclusions in plagioclase) and with olivines more forsteritic (Fo₈₉-Fo₉₁) than the olivine microphenocrysts (the hosts for the melt inclusions in olivine). Xenocrystic olivine analyzed is Fo₈₉ but contains no melt inclusions. These observations indicate that olivines have exchanged components with the melt after melt inclusion entrapment, whereas plagioclase compositions have remained the same since melt inclusion entrapment. Common denominator element ratio diagrams and oxide versus oxide variation diagrams show that the melt inclusion compositions, which represent liquids higher along the liquid line of descent, are related to the glass compositions by the fractionation of olivine, plagioclase and clinopyroxene (absent from the mincral assemblage), probably occurring at elevated pressures. A model is proposed whereby clinopyroxene segregates from the melt at elevated pressures (to account for its absence in the erupted lavas that have the chemical imprint of clinopyroxene fractionation). Zoned plagioclases in the erupted lavas are thought to be survivors of decompressional melting during magma ascent. Since similar primitive melt inclusions occur in olivine microphenocrysts and in the cores of zoned plagioclases, any model must account for all phases present.     

Petrology and geochemistry of Tertiary volcanic rocks from the İkizce (Ordu) area, NE Turkey: Implications for the evolution of the eastern Pontide paleo-magmatic arc

Tertiary volcanism in the İkizce region at the western edge of the eastern Pontides paleo-magmatic arc is represented by basaltic and andesitic rocks associated with sediments deposited in a shallow basin environment. The basaltic rocks contain plagioclase (An_58–80), olivine (Fo_82–84), clinopyroxene (Wo_44–48En_35–42Fs_7–17), hornblende (Mg# = 0.68–0.76) phenocrysts, and magnetite microcrysts, whereas the andesitic rocks include plagioclase (An_25–61), clinopyroxene (Wo_46–49En_38–43Fs_11–13), hornblende (Mg# = 0.48–0.81), biotite (Mg# = 0.48–0.60) phenocrysts, titanomagnetite, apatite, and zircon microcrysts.Geochemical data indicate magmatic evolution from tholeiitic-alkaline transitional to calc-alkaline characteristics with medium-K contents. The geochemical variation in the rocks can be explained by fractionation of common mineral phases such as clinopyroxene, olivine, hornblende, plagioclase, magnetite, and apatite. The trace elements’ distributions of the volcanic rocks show similarities to those of E-Type MORB, have a shape that is typical of rocks from subduction-related tectonic setting with enrichment in LILE and to a lesser extent in LREE, but depletion in HFSE. The rocks evolved from a parental magma derived from an enriched source formed by subduction induced metasomatism of basaltic rocks, the latter formed through clinopyroxene ± olivine controlled fractionation in a high level magma chamber. The andesitic rocks developed through hornblende ± plagioclase controlled fractionation in shallow level magma chamber(s).     

西准噶尔东部碱性花岗岩体侵位机理的岩浆动力学初步探讨

运用岩浆动力学原理探讨了西准噶尔东部碱性花岗岩浆侵位的驱动力、上升通道、通道最小临界宽度和定位过程。指出：碱性花岗岩体是由其岩浆主要在区域性挤压应力作用下,沿深大断裂以最小临界宽度1．33～301m的脉状上升,并在地壳浅部发生气球膨胀和岩墙扩张．定位于与区内深大断裂有关的次级张性裂隙发育部位后形成的。     

塔里木板块东北部坡一镁铁质-超镁铁质层状侵入体岩石成因

坡一侵入体位于塔里木板块东北部坡北岩体内,是该岩体第三阶段岩浆活动形成的十几个小侵入体中的一个,锆石U-Pb年龄为278±2Ma。该侵入体属于以超镁铁质岩石为主的层状岩系,堆晶结构与韵律性堆晶层理非常发育。岩浆分异充分,形成了从纯橄岩到石英闪长岩的多种岩石类型。在超镁铁质岩石中,所有的橄榄石和大部分斜方辉石是堆晶相,少量斜方辉石是填隙相,大部分单斜辉石、褐色普通角闪石和黑云母是填隙相。在镁铁质岩石中,橄榄石和斜方辉石全部是堆晶相,单斜辉石与斜长石既可以是堆晶相,也可以是填隙相;褐色普通角闪石、黑云母和石英均为填隙相。超镁铁质岩石属拉斑玄武岩系列,镁铁质岩石属钙碱性系列。侵入体中大量存在的捕掳体、微量元素地球化学、Nd-Sr同位素组成的EMⅡ型演化趋势,充分证明了同化混染作用伴随岩浆演化过程而逐渐增强,并不断促进了岩浆的分异,而且导致了岩石化学系列的转化。PGE和亲硫元素地球化学以及硫同位素组成证明,硫主要来自于岩浆,硫化物形成于岩浆阶段,岩浆未经历过早期硫化物熔离作用,硫化物熔离起始于橄榄岩相结晶的晚期阶段,并伴随着此后的岩浆演化过程而继续熔离。硫化物熔离是岩浆自身演化和同化混染共同作用的结果。橄榄石Fo分子含量和全岩FeO含量显示,原生岩浆是苦橄质岩浆;源区物质应该是石榴石辉石岩;岩浆生成于地幔柱轴部。在塔里木板块东北部还存在分别来自于软流圈和亏损型大陆岩石圈地幔的二叠纪岩浆岩,它们都应该是塔里木大火成岩省的组成部分。     

The Dovyren intrusive complex: Problems of petrology and Ni sulfide mineralization

This paper presents a review of petrological-geochemical studies at the Yoko-Dovyren Massif with an emphasis on relations between parameters of the parental magma, a model for the genesis of the lower contact zone, and the nature of Ni sulfide ore mineralization, including the evaluation of the possible ore potential. Arguments are presented in support of the conclusion that the Dovyren magma brought much intratelluric olivine of the composition Fo _85–87 into the chamber, and the composition of the initial melt corresponded to gabbronorite or moderately magnesian basite with no more than 10 wt % MgO. The probable temperature of the parental magma was approximately 1200–1250°C, and the sulfur solubility did not exceed 0.10–0.12 wt % (P = 1 kbar, WM buffer). The comparison of this estimate with the average S contents in the bottom plagioperidotites (0.12±0.06 wt %) indicates that the initial magma was saturated with a sulfide phase. For the first time the problem of the composition of contaminated dunites was formulated (these rocks occur in the Layered Series and contain more magnesian olivine Fo _87–92). The reason for the increase in the mg# of olivine is thought to be the partial melting and compaction of the original cumulates due to the infiltration of intercumulus melt enriched in volatile components. The volatiles were presumably provided by the thermal decomposition of carbonate xenoliths, a process that resulted in an increase in the CO₂ pressure and the transfer of calcite-magnesite components of carbonates into the melt. This follows from (1) the occurrence of magnesian skarn developing after carbonates, (2) high CaO contents in olivine form the contaminated dunite, (3) the appearance of olivine-bearing pyroxenites and wehrlites in the upper part of the dunite zone, (4) correlation between the olivine and chromite composition in the contaminated and uncontaminated dunites, (5) broad variations in the oxygen isotopic composition of olivine and plagioclase from rocks of the Layered Series, (6) experimental data on the dissolution of carbonates in alkali basalt melts, and (7) analogies with isotopic-geochemical characteristics of rocks from the Jinchuan ultramafic complex. Petrological implications of the interpretation of the Dovyren chamber are discussed with reference to closed and flow-through (during an initial stage) magmatic systems. A petrological-geological model is proposed for the genesis of the Synnyr-Dovyren volcanic-plutonic complex and related Ni sulfide ore mineralization. The potential resources of Cu-Ni sulfide ores in the plagioperidotites are evaluated with regard to the still-unexposed part of the massif.     

STAGES OF KIMBERLITE DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLVING CONDITIONS OF DIAMOND FORMATION

Ultramafic/mafic complexes hosting Fe-Ni-Cu mineralization occur as small, lensoidal bodies within the Svecofennian, molasse-like metasedimentary rocks of the Vammala Nickel Belt (VNB) in southwestern Finland. One of them, the Sääksjärvi metaperidotitemetagabbro complex, has been studied to gain a better understanding of their petrogenesis and timing of emplacement. These ultramafic rocks were emplaced before the regional upper-amphibolite-facies metamorphism of the Svecofennian orogeny. They recrystallized to amphibole-dominated assemblages comprising: (1) in metaperidotiteolivine + magnesian hornblende ± chromite ± enstatite ± augite ± phlogopite; (2) in hornblendite-actinolitic hornblende ± augite ± plagioclase ± Fe-Ti oxides; and (3) in metagabbro-actinolitic hornblende + plagioclase ± Fe-Ti oxides ± biotite. The recrystallization was accompanied by changes that involved the formation of a lattice-preferred orientation in olivine and porphyroclastic, poikiloblastic, and equigranular textures.

Geochemical modeling indicates that the ultramafic rocks were derived from a tholeiitic magma (Mg/Mg + Fe = 0.58 to 0.62; Ni = 90 to 120 ppm; low Ti content) by olivine (Fo_78-84) accumulation and, in the case of the gabbro differentiates, accumulation of olivine with subordinate clinopyroxene and plagioclase. The geochemical character is that of island-arc low-Ti tholeiites and, like other VNB intrusions, involves enrichment of light-ion-lithophile elements and rare-earth elements relative to high-field-strength elements compared with normalized mid-oceanic-ridge basalts; this is particularly evident in the Nd/Nb, Zr/Nb, and Th/ Nb ratios. In the studied cumulate body, the sheared margins and the contact-parallel foliation indicate that the ultramafic bodies underwent plastic deformation and possibly were displaced along the evolving foliation in the more ductile migmatitic country rocks. This is contrary to previous interpretations of the VNB ultramafic bodies, which have been treated essentially as unmodified in situ magmatic intrusions.     

Microtextural and mineral chemical analyses of andesite–dacite from Barren and Narcondam islands: Evidences for magma mixing and petrological implications

Andesite and dacite from Barren and Narcondam volcanic islands of Andaman subduction zone are composed of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, olivine, titanomagnetite, magnesio-hornblende and rare quartz grains. In this study, we use the results of mineral chemical analyses of the calc-alkaline rock suite of rocks as proxies for magma mixing and mingling processes. Plagioclase, the most dominant mineral, shows zoning which includes oscillatory, patchy, multiple and repetitive zonation and ‘fritted’ or ‘sieve’ textures. Zoning patterns in plagioclase phenocrysts and abrupt fluctuations in An content record different melt conditions in a dynamic magma chamber. ‘Fritted’ zones (An₅₅) are frequently overgrown by thin calcic (An₇₂) plagioclase rims over well-developed dissolution surfaces. These features have probably resulted from mixing of a more silicic magma with the host andesite. Olivine and orthopyroxene with reaction and overgrowth rims (corona) suggest magma mixing processes. We conclude that hybrid magma formed from the mixing of mafic and felsic magma by two-stage processes – initial intrusion of hotter mafic melt (andesitic) followed by cooler acidic melt at later stage.     

Fractional crystallization and magma mixing in the Tigalak layered intrusion,the Nain anorthosite complex,Labrador

The Tigalak intrusion is a dominantly dioritic layered body, about 80 km² in area, which ranges in composition from norite to granodiorite. Local areas of the layered rocks display upward fractionation from norite to ferrodiorite. Periodic reversals of mineral composition trends record the emplacement of less fractionated dioritic magma. Heterogeneous mixtures of dioritic and granodioritic rocks occur widely in mappable lenses and layers that alternate up section and along the strike with more uniformly layered rocks. In these mixtures, chilled dioritic pillows occur abundantly in a hybrid cumulate matrix of granodiorite to diorite composition. Cross-cutting granodioritic dikes grade upward into stratigraphically-bound lensoid masses of the hybrid cumulates. It appears that the hybrid rocks formed as a result of the emplacement of the granodioritic magma through lower cumulates into the dioritic magma chamber and that the dioritic pillows represent chilled bodies of Ferich dioritic magma that commingled with cooler granodioritic magma and settled to the floor of the Tigalak magma chamber. The restricted distribution of these mixtures of hybrid cumulates and chilled pillows indicates that mixing between granodioritic and dioritic liquids was limited in time and lateral extent. Periodic injections of granodioritic liquids may have collected as a separate layer below the roof of the magma chamber and above dioritic magma.     

Trace element composition of parental magmas from mafic–ultramafic cumulates determined by in situ mineral analyses: The Juquiá mafic–ultramafic alkaline–carbonatite massif,SE Brazil

Major and trace element analyses of relict cores of cumulus minerals (olivine and clinopyroxene) from primitive rocks of the Juquiá mafic–ultramafic alkaline–carbonatite complex (Early Cretaceous) in the Ponta Grossa Arch Alkaline Province, southeastern Brazil, were used to calculate the equilibrium melt compositions. Olivine relict cores are compositionally restricted to the Fo_83–74 interval, and they exhibit significant concentrations of Mn (2220–3001 ppm), Ni (1188–2327 ppm), Ca (175–649 ppm), Co (169–216 ppm), Zn (115–215 ppm), Ti (55–305 ppm), Cr (4–320 ppm) and P (31–154 ppm). Clinopyroxene relict cores are essentially diopside, with minor amounts of hedenbergite and tschermakite components. The trace element contents found in clinopyroxene cores are Ni (196–339 ppm), V (99–318 ppm), Sr (110–260 ppm), Zr (12–163 ppm), Sc (50–78 ppm), P (16–118 ppm), Zn (16–48 ppm) and Co (25–43 ppm). The rare earth element (REE) concentrations are variable (28–240 ppm), with the lighter elements present in the greatest abundance, particularly Ce (up to 83 ppm).The melt compositions in equilibrium with olivine and clinopyroxene cores from different samples suggest that distinct basanite magma batches have played a role in the formation of the Juquiá cumulate rocks. These calculated liquids have compositions that are quite similar to those of the nearby lamprophyre dikes. The CaO/Al₂O₃ values (>0.8) from the lamprophyre dikes and the high La/Zr and low Ti/Eu values from the calculated liquids point to a previous carbonatite metasomatic event in the magmatic source that lead to the formation of wehrlite veins in a peridotitic mantle. The variation in the Hf/Y ratio implies differences in cpx/gt modal proportions in the source. Non-modal mantle batch-melting models indicate that a homogeneous source with little variation in the degree of partial melting cannot explain the trace element differences among the calculated liquids. The models suggest that the geochemical differences represent (1) mixing between metasomatic vein partial melt and garnet lherzolite partial melt and (2) clinopyroxene/garnet modal ratios of the residual mantle.     

Field characteristics of laterally emplaced dikes: Anatomy of an exhumed Miocene dike swarm in Reydarfjördur, eastern Iceland

Many dikes of the Tertiary Breiddalur dike swarm in Reydarfjördur have a great lateral extent but are vertically (upward and/or downward) discontinuous. Field relationships indicate that they are not the feeders of the lava pile they intrude. Their characteristics can be best interpreted as them constituting the fossil expression of lateral magma emplacement analogous to that occurring in the actively spreading Krafla volcanic center of the neovolcanic zone. Average dike thickness increases clearly with depth and the thickness versus depth relationship is different from that described for other Tertiary dike swarms in eastern Iceland. It is suggested that dikes represent the extent of finite spreading which at higher levels in the crust is expressed by fissures and other extensional structures.