近四百年北半球气温变化的分析:EMD方法的应用

利用一个二维非弹性非静力的数值模式，讨论了初始扰动的尺度对于对称不稳定发展的影响。结果表明：虽然对称不稳定是β-中尺度的不稳定，但其不一定必须由β-中尺度的扰动来激发；由不同水平尺度的扰动所激发的倾斜环流有不同的特点；对称不稳定倾斜环流可能存在最小临界尺度；对称不稳定的发展存在最优扰动水平尺度，而扰动的垂直尺度对于对称不稳定的发展影响不大。     

地形激发斜压波动的数值研究

分别用准地转和半地转两维模式研究了南北向长的山疹对过山斜压气流强迫产生扰动的过程，在扰动发展的初期，地形激发产生扰动占主要地位，扰动尺度也与地形宽度相当，在扰动发展后期，斜压不稳定起主要作用，扰动尺度为不稳定斜压波的尺度，最后把准地转模式和半地转模式的结果作了对比，并讨论了上述结果在实际天气过程中的意义。     

2007年8月登陆台风帕布、圣帕暴雨过程诊断分析

采用T213L31模式大气分析资料,诊断计算天气学中的凝结函数降水、水汽通量散度降水,并理想设计与诊断计算气层对流不稳定降水和层结不稳定降水,用于对2007年8月间西太平洋登陆台风帕布和圣帕降水运动进行诊断计算与分析。结果表明:热带扰动中凝结函数降水场呈弱态,但有较强水汽通量散度降水场,且水汽辐合降水运动组织对流不稳定降水和层结不稳定降水。在热带扰动发展与台风形成时,其低层风场水汽辐合与积云对流相互作用的过程,同时是气层对流不稳定能量与气块(团)湿不稳定能量的积聚过程,前者可带来暴雨,后者可带来大暴雨。相关天气学分析表明:台风暴雨是大尺度风场及中尺度水汽辐合降水运动组织起中、小尺度气层、气块(团)对流降水运动,对流性降水是由风场支配故变化较大、较快。     

β中尺度扰动的不稳定结构

计算分析了不同的环境场下,三种类型β中尺度扰动的不稳定结构,结果表明β中尺度对称不稳定的结构与α中尺度扰动不同,随水平尺度的减小,不稳定重力惯性波的垂直波数增大;斜交型扰动与横波型扰动不稳定的结构相似的,在Ri较小时,其流函数的垂直结构表现为"猫眼"流型,在Ri较大时,其流函数的垂直结构表现为不规则的波动流型,这说明在β中尺度范围内,这两种不稳定也是同源的.     

试用湿斜压大气不稳定理论对一次西南低涡迅速发展的分析和探讨

应用斜压大气不稳定理论解释中高纬气旋的发生发展效果显著。而对于西南低涡这类水平尺度一千公里左右暖湿的次天气尺度系统就不完全适用。谢义炳教授指出,湿斜压大气不稳定,能使扰动波长缩短。本文试用湿斜压大气不稳定理论,对1977年7月16—22日一次西南低涡扰动迅速发展进行分析和探讨。     

"1998年二度梅"暴雨与非线性亚临界对称不稳定的初步研究

对1998年7月20日00时8月1日12时这段梅雨暴雨过程进行诊断分析，并利用MM5V3中尺度模式作梅雨暴雨的数值试验，结果表明：(1)本次梅雨暴雨分为3大段过程，非线性亚临界对称不稳定可能是3段梅雨暴雨形成的重要机制；(2)扰动风场增长与降水增长关系密切，扰动风场的增长会超前于降水的增长，非线性亚临界对称不稳定的增强可能使降水增强；(3)非线性亚临界对称不稳定主要发生在高层200hPa，中层500hPa也有发生。非线性亚临界对称不稳定使线性对称稳定的大气变为不稳定。降水区和暴雨中心主要位于高层200hPa和中层500hPa扰动风场极大值南侧与低层850hPa扰动风场极大值北侧之间。(4)非线性亚临界对称不稳定扰动的P折时间和空间尺度，分别为5～8h和200～300km。     

凝结加热条件下垂直切变基本流中的混合波不稳定研究

在实际大气中凝结加热对中尺度系统的发展起着重要作用,通过数值计算方法研究了扰动的波谱和谱函数,重点讨论在凝结加热条件下扰动不稳定的性质及特征。研究结果表明:考虑凝结加热时,在相同垂直切变条件下,随着波长的减小,不稳定增长率增大,即加热放宽了不稳定出现的条件,且尺度越小的扰动,对不稳定的条件要求越低。当Nse2 <0时,在大尺度和中α尺度波段,风切变有利于不稳定的发展,由风切变造成的动力学不稳定是主要的,而凝结加热造成的热力学不稳定处于次要地位;而在中β尺度波段,风切变则抑制不稳定发展,此时凝结加热造成的热力学不稳定处于主要地位。      

南海地区中层气旋生成的斜压不稳定与CISK机制

本文所用的动力学模型是在给定切变基本流情况下,加进积云加热效应。结果表明斜压不稳定扰动的临界波长,因积云加热作用而明显变短,当积云加热达每天3.5度时,扰动发展的尺度和中层气旋的尺度是吻合的。在本文的后一部份,考察了积云对流的摩擦作用,结果也得出扰动的不稳定性,但一般而言,积云摩擦对扰动是起阻尼作用的,当摩擦造成的次级环流产生不稳定的加热效应时,摩擦可促进不稳定发展。      

维向切变流中的非线性对称不稳定

讨论了维向切变流中的非线性对称不稳定问题。中采用绝热无粘的非线性对称扰动方程组，利用多尺度摄动方法分析其不稳定波动的有限振幅特性。研究结果表明：不稳定波的有限振幅在强度上呈现出振荡趋势。无论是超临界切变情况，还是次临界切变情况，对称扰动振幅都随时间呈现出周期性的变化，振荡周期的大小不仅与基本场稳定度参数及波的特性有关，而且还与初始扰动的振幅及其增长率有关。     

垂直切变基流中的非平衡不稳定

采用计算横波型扰动波谱和谱函数的方法,研究了当基本气流具有垂直线性切变、层结参数为常值时横波型扰动的不稳定,给出了不稳定扰动的结构,讨论了不稳定的性质。发现：对于三支波动连续谱区互不重叠的天气尺度情况,若此时出现不稳定扰动,其性质属于纯涡旋波的准地转不稳定,与Eady模态类似,是Rossby波的斜压不稳定;在中 尺度中高端,其不稳定性质仍是纯涡旋波的不稳定,即准平衡的斜压不稳定;在中 尺度低端则出现了第一类混合波的非平衡不稳定,包括涡旋-逆传重力惯性混合波的不稳定和涡旋-顺传重力惯性混合波的不稳定,前者低层体现了涡旋波的特点,高层体现了重力惯性波的特点,后者反之;在中 尺度波段,若存在不稳定则均为非平衡的涡旋-重力惯性混合波不稳定,其包括第一类和第二类混合波的不稳定,后者低层体现重力惯性波的特点,中层体现涡旋波的特点,高层则又体现了重力惯性波的特点。     

2008年1月末九江雨凇转大雪天气过程成因分析

对2008年1月25—29日九江市一次雨凇转大到暴雪天气过程的大气垂直结构进行了分析。结果表明,在雨凇和降雪区域中层有暖层,低层有冷层,且存在对称不稳定层结。垂直风切变明显,有利于对称不稳定能量积累和上升气流的形成。高、低空急流辐散、辐合相互垂直,引发的较强上升运动是雨雪天气得以维持的重要条件。东西风向切变使冷、暖气流在雨雪区域上空交汇,形成水平气旋性辐合,产生垂直运动,且与垂直风切变相互作用,促动上、下层动量传递,使高、低空急流维持。雨凇转大到暴雪时,暖层气温降低,垂直风切变向上增强,对称不稳定能量增大,风向切变辐合加大,上升气流和水汽输送加大。     

与水平风切变强度不均匀相联系的CISK惯性重力波

在虚拟高度坐标系中, 用一个简单的线性模式初步研究了水平风切变强度不均匀分布对长江流域梅雨锋附近贯穿整个对流层的深厚惯性重力波发生发展的影响。结果表明:水平风切变强度不均匀对CISK惯性重力波不稳定有重要作用。在一般干的层结大气中, 实际可能出现再强的水平风切变的影响也难以使惯性重力波变得不稳定; 只有在积云对流潜热参与, 原为弱稳定条件下, 水平风切变强度不均匀能促使低空急流北侧不稳定扰动的发生发展。而水平风切变强度不均匀对不稳定贡献最大的区域是梅雨锋南侧的急流轴附近。     

一次强烈雹暴的多普勒天气雷达资料分析

利用石家庄多普勒天气雷达资料和常规探测资料,对2008年5月17日发生在河北南部的强烈雹暴的生成环境和动力机制以及发展演变特征进行了分析。内蒙古东部冷涡后部的冷空气和低层暖湿气流在河北中南部交汇,导致这个地区上空的层结不稳定,低层的暖切变和地面的东风辐合线为触发系统。高低空急流、不稳定层结、强垂直风切变为强烈雹暴的发生提供了有利的环境条件。强烈雹暴的多普勒天气雷达观测特征表现为一个次超级单体的发展移动过程,呈现回波悬垂和弱回波区特征,强回波核区反射率因子达到73 dBz,三体散射现象明显,对应径向速度图表现为弱中气旋,旋转速度为15 m/s。次超级单体右移特征明显,沿承载层平均风方向偏右侧移动。风暴相对螺旋度(Srh)大值与强雹暴的产生密切相关,0.3～2.1 km的Srh正值出现以及2.1～6.1 km的Srh减小随后迅速增加对冰雹的预报有很好的指示意义。     

A case study of warm air advection over a melting snow surface

When relatively warm, moist air moves over a snow surface, sensible heat and moisture are extracted from its lower layers and used to melt the snow. The depth of the cooled layer depends on horizontal wind speeds and the presence of high vertical wind shear. The mechanism for air mass modification appears to be turbulent mixing.     

The Nighttime Accelerations of the Wind in the Boundary Layer

Blackadar’s inertial relaxation of the nighttime boundary layer is modified to account for the finite scale of the pressure gradient normal to the jet. Even though this horizontal dimension may be several thousand times the depth of the daytime convective layer, it severely reduces the period of the free oscillation in the relaxation process and replaces the harmonic acceleration of the jet with a linear growth rate.     

对称不稳定与初始扰动尺度关系的数值研究

采用两个不同的东亚夏季风指数分析了1951～1999年间东亚夏季风强度的年代际变化特征。结果一致表明，20世纪70年代中期左右，东亚夏季风经历了由强到弱的年代际变化。而且西太平洋副热带高压作为东亚季风系统的重要成员，其强度和位置也在1970年代中期左右发生了明显的年代际变化。这种大气环流背景的年代际变化造成了1970年代中期以后我国的华北地区干旱少雨；长江中下游地区洪涝多雨。     

斜压切变基流中横波型扰动的特征波动──Ⅰ:谱点分析

文中对谱点的分布作了定性分析和数值计算。结果发现：当基流存在切变时,无论是重力惯性波还是涡旋波都存在连续谱。在通常的环境下,对天气尺度的扰动,3支波动的连续谱不重叠,3支波动明显可分;当扰动尺度小于临界波长l0时,可出现涡旋波和一支重力惯性波的两波连续谱区的重叠,当扰动尺度小于l0／2时,可出现涡旋波和一对重力惯性波的三波连续谱区的重叠,此时两种波动不可分。当出现重叠谱时,若出现不稳定扰动,其频率的实部落在重叠谱区。     

The scaling of flow in vegetative structures

Sensible heat flux data obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Regional Air Pollution Study in St. Louis, Missouri are presented and discussed. Large spatial variations exist in heat flux on both a land-use scale and the urban scale. Arguments based upon empirical data and sampling theory show that estimates of heat flux representative of an upwind fetch l _x require a minimum observation height proportional to z ^3/4. The influence of advection on the magnitude of the heat flux is also explored for both the urban and sub-urban or land-use scales. The data clearly indicate that advection can strongly modulate and even dominate the vertical heat flux above surfaces in areas which maintain large horizontal temperature gradients. The advection contribution is positive for cold air advection and negative for warm air advection, and may result from either the urban heat island or land-use mesoscale features. The depth of advective influence is directly proportional to the horizontal scale of the phenomenon and inversely proportional to horizontal temperature gradient.     

Observation of a Self-Limiting,Shear-Induced Turbulent Inversion Layer Above Marine Stratocumulus

High-resolution measurements of thermodynamic, microphysical, and turbulence properties inside a turbulent inversion layer above a marine stratocumulus cloud layer are presented. The measurements are performed with the helicopter-towed measurement payload Airborne Cloud Turbulence Observation System (ACTOS), which allows for sampling with low true air speeds and steep profiles through cloud top. Vertical profiles show that the turbulent inversion layer consists of clear air above the cloud top, with nearly linear profiles of potential temperature, horizontal wind speed, absolute humidity, and concentration of interstitial aerosol. The layer is turbulent, with an energy dissipation rate nearly the same as that in the lower cloud, suggesting that the two are actively coupled, but with significant anisotropic turbulence at the large scales within the turbulent inversion layer. The turbulent inversion layer is traversed six times and the layer thickness is observed to vary between 37 and 85 m, whereas the potential temperature and horizontal wind speed differences at the top and bottom of the layer remain essentially constant. The Richardson number therefore increases with increasing layer thickness, from approximately 0.2 to 0.7, suggesting that the layer develops to the point where shear production of turbulence is sufficiently weak to be balanced by buoyancy suppression. This picture is consistent with prior numerical simulations of the evolution of turbulence in localized stratified shear layers. It is observed that the large eddy scale is suppressed by buoyancy and is on the order of the Ozmidov scale, much less than the thickness of the turbulent inversion layer, such that direct mixing between the cloud top and the free troposphere is inhibited, and the entrainment velocity tends to decrease with increasing turbulent inversion-layer thickness. Qualitatively, the turbulent inversion layer likely grows through nibbling rather than engulfment.     

Variability of sea surface salinity in stochastically forced systems

The influences of horizontal advection and horizontal diffusion on the variability of sea surface salinity in stochastically forced systems are investigated. Basic ideas are developed using a two dimensional box model and then extended to a more realistic three dimensional ocean general circulation model. It is shown that, in the absence of advection and diffusion, the ocean response is essentially that predicted by Taylor's random walk model. Advection becomes important when the advective time scale is less than the response time of the mixed layer to the stochastic forcing. Advection of parcels from regions of upwelling into regions of downwelling limits their exposure time to the stochastic forcing and thus the maximum attainable variance in the system (variance increases linearly with time). Regions of upwelling and downwelling may be introduced through the thermohaline overturning circulation or by the wind driven Ekman transport, depending on the specific model configuration. Horizontal diffusion is found to be important when the diffusive time scale is less than the mixed layer response time. The primary role of diffusion is to reduce the effective stochastic forcing through rapid mixing of uncorrelated surface forcing events. Because sea surface salinity does not have a negative feedback with the atmosphere, it is more strongly influenced by weak horizontal processes than sea surface temperature (SST). Accurate knowledge of the stochastic forcing amplitude, decorrelation time, and length scale and distribution are critical to model the variance of sea surface salinity. Aspects of the ocean model which strongly influence the variability of sea surface salinity include the surface velocity, horizontal diffusivity, and the mixed layer depth. Implications on modeling of the ocean and coupled ocean-atmosphere systems are discussed.