Stereo Cartosat-1 satellite remote sensing data in assessing topographic potential of soil erosion

Stereo Cartosat-1 satellite data was processed to generate high spatial resolution digital elevation model (DEM) using ground control points (GCPs) collected through geodetic single frequency GPS in differential GPS mode. DEM was processed to generate bare earth DEM by removing heights of natural and man made features from DEM. The bare earth DEM was further analysed in GIS environment to generate terrain-topographic indices viz. wetness index (WI), stream power index (SPI) and sediment transport index (STI) to characterize topographic potential of soil erosion. Hillslopes in the studied watershed (part of Shiwalik hills of Dehradun district, Uttarakhand state) were characterized as low wetness index values indicating dry areas whereas high wetness index values at lower reaches of the watershed indicating as possible source areas for generation of saturated overland flow. Higher STI values were observed in hilly as well as upper part of the piedmont plain and at along sides of the streams in upper piedmont indicating areas susceptible to severe soil erosion. GIS based these topographic indices provided an easy and quick appraisal and scientific basis to identify spatial variability of soil erosion risk in a hilly watershed.     

Estimation of surface runoff in Malattar sub-watershed using SCS-CN method

Nowadays watershed management plays a vital role in water resources engineering. Watershed based on water resources management is necessary to plan and conserve the available resources. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques can be effectively used to manage spatial and non spatial database that represent the hydrologic characteristics of the watershed use as realistically as possible. The present study area is Malattar subwatershed (4C2B2) lies in the region Gudiyattam Block, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu. The daily rainfall data of Gudiyattam rain gauge station (1971–2007) was collected and used to predict the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service — Curve Number (SCS — CN) method (USDA, 1972) and GIS. Monthly and annual runoff have been calculated from the monthly rainfall data for the years of 1971 to 2007 in the watershed area. The average minimum and maximum rainfall for the years of 1971 to 2007 is 35.30 mm and 111.61 mm respectively and average runoff for the year of 1971 to 2007 is 31.87 mm³ and 47.04 mm³ respectively. The developed rainfall-runoff model is used to understand the watershed and its runoff flow characteristics.     

WaterNet: A GIS Application for the Analysis of Hydrologic Networks Using Vector Spatial Data

Traditionally, stream and sub‐watershed characterization in GIS has been accom‐ plished using a DEM‐based terrain analysis approach; however, there is a large amount of existing vector hydrographic data difficult to accurately reproduce using DEMs. WaterNet is a GIS/hydrologic application for the integration and analysis of stream and sub‐watershed networks in vector format. Even with vector data, hydrologic inconsistencies between streams and sub‐watersheds do exist, and are revealed in the form of streams crossing drainage divides and sub‐watersheds with more than one outlet. WaterNet rectifies these inconsistencies and couples the two datasets. Most algorithms involving traces of dendritic networks employ a form of tree traversal which requires topologic information to be organized into specialized data structures. On the contrary, WaterNet develops topologic relationships from GIS attribute tables, which, in combination with sorting and querying algorithms, make the calculation process efficient and easy to implement. With the topologic relationships of the streams and sub‐watersheds, WaterNet can perform traces to calculate cumulative network parameters, such as flow lengths and drainage areas. WaterNet was applied to the catchment of the Texas Gulf coast for a total of 100 cataloging units (411,603 km²) and 60,145 stream lines (183,228 km).     

Arc／Info—Grid模块及其水文模型应用

利用地理信息系统可以建立流域的数字高程模型,并与grid模块的水文表面分析工具结合,形成直观的流域环境三维显示,再通过计算、统计与分析,即可获取精确的水文因子数据,为进一步水文定量研究及应用提出了一种高效的方法。     

An integrated study of geospatial information technologies for surface runoff estimation in an agricultural watershed,India

Runoff is one of the important hydrologic variables used in most of the water resources applications. The Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number (SCS-CN) method is adopted for the estimation of surface runoff in the Mehadrigedda watershed area, Visakhapatnam district, India using multispectral remote sensing data, curve number approach and normal rainfall data. The main source of water in the Mehadrigedda watershed area is by rain, most of it drains off and only a little percolates into ground. The weighted curve number is determined based on antecedent moisture condition (AMC)-II with an integration of hydrologic soil groups (HSGs) and land use/land cover LULC categories. An integrated approach is applied to delineate the land use/land cover information as adopted from NRSA classification. The recording of daily rainfall data during the years 1997–2006 is collected from Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) rainguage center at Kottavalasa. It is observed that the annual rainfall-runoff relationship during 1997–2006, which is indicating that the overall increase in runoff with the rainfall of the watershed area. Integration of remote sensing (RS) and geographical infomation system (GIS) techniques provide reliable, accurate and up-to-date information on land and water resources.     

Catchment infiltration II: Contributing areas

This study considers two issues of interest to the hydrologic and geographical information systems community. One deals with identifying the spatial distribution of infiltration and runoff contributing areas. The other addresses process modelling within a GIS framework. The study operates on the premise that partitioning of precipitation into runoff or infiltration depends on rainfall intensity and on soil properties. The problem is that neither local rainfall intensity, nor soil properties such as infiltration capacity and macroporosity are known well enough for all points of a catchment and need to be estimated. We infer local intensity from the interpolated distribution of cumulated rain depths over the catchment and record duration at the official met site. Measured values of sorptivity and hydraulic conductivity define infiltration. Negative head infiltration describes macroporosity. To scale-up measured point values to larger areas and to model infiltration and macropore continuity at a catchment scale we use geostatistical kriging and conditional simulation together with standard GIS techniques of overlay manipulation. Results delineate areas contributing to runoff and infiltration and relate them to macroporosity. By intersecting overlays of precipitation with those of infiltration we create alternate GIS masks targeting specific portions of the watershed as either runoff or infiltration contributing zones. Choice of cell size and time interval define the scales of averaging for the application. Kriged surfaces illustrate the distribution of catchment infiltration, while conditional simulation provides a mechanism to define model uncertainty.     

汉江中下游农业面源污染动态监测信息系统的建立与初步应用

根据汉江中下游农业面源污染治理决策的需求,应用遥感与GIS一体化的方法,研究设计了汉江中下游农业面源污染动态监测信息系统的结构、功能及数据库的组成,并建立了可运行的汉江中下游农业面源污染动态监测信息系统,在系统支持下可有效地实现汉江中下游农业面源污染动态监测、最佳管理措施的选择以及区域农业面源污染综合治理规划.系统可以为地方政府相关部门决策提供依据,对有效的保护汉江流域水资源环境,控制汉江流域水污染有着重要意义.     

Cartosat-1 derived DEM (CartoDEM) towards Parameter Estimation of Microwatersheds and Comparison with ALTM DEM

Hydrologic analysis of microwatersheds is essential for water resources planning at large scale. Space based input for decentralized planning at panchayat level use high resolution DEM. Drainage and slope play important role in planning and Digital Elevations Models (DEM) are widely being used for estimation of hydrologic parameters which are useful as input for hydrologic models. The estimates vary as per resolution and type of DEM. This paper evaluates the suitability of DEM derived through Cartosat-1 satellite stereo data(CartoDEM) for hydrologic parameter estimation of microwatersheds and compares the results with Airborne Laser Terrain Mapper (ALTM) based DEM data. Comparison is based on the hydrologic parameters delineated in Geographical Information System. Microwatersheds are delineated and drainage length extracted using two different cell sizes for both DEMs. Correctness Index, Figure of Merit, visual comparison, Percent within buffer and Junction comparison method, compared extracted river network. Average watershed slope is calculated using three different methods. CartoDEM derived drainage is comparable with ALTM derived drainage. There is high correlation between Carto5 and Caro10 DEMs in terms of drainage delineation and slope calculation. Average watershed slope vary as per calculation methods but average channel slope value (S3) although less, is comparable across DEMs.     

Lidar Elevation Data for Surface Hydrologic Modeling: Resolution and Representation Issues

This paper is concerned with the application of high spatial resolution elevation data derived from light detection and ranging technologies (lidar) to surface hydrologic modeling. In recent years, airborne lidar technology has been employed to develop high accuracy digital elevation models (DEMs) with horizontal resolution on the order of a few meters. As with any spatial data product there are limits to the lidar's practical use that vary with the intended application. This paper considers potential issues and challenges for the use of lidar-derived DEMs in surface hydrologic modeling applications, such as characterizing flow direction and power, identifying sub-basins in a watershed, and calculating upstream contributing area and other variables. We compare results using conventional 30m DEMs and 6m lidar for a high relief study area and a low relief study area. Results are more comparable between these data sources, regardless of hydrologic operation, for the high relief area, while the similarity of results in the low relief area is dependent upon the particular operation. Post-processing on the lidar data successfully removed such flow obstacles as bridges that might have artificially impeded surface flow. An exploration of the effect of spatial resolution on results suggests that cell size is a more significant factor than production method.     

Catchment infiltration I: Distribution of variables

Environmental modelling usually requires spatially distributed inputs for model operation. We propose that such inputs are best obtained from field measured data. Geographic information systems (GIS) provide a logical framework to distribute measured inputs spatially, to manipulate ensuing data fields during analysis, and to display the results. This paper describes a study conducted on a 123 km² catchment in Pennsylvania. The purpose was to evaluate how spatial variability of macroporosity affects distribution of other infiltration-related parameters. We measured sorptivity, conductivity and macroporosity at specific points within a catchment, and interpolated their spatial distributions by kriging. The measurements were made with ring and disk infiltrometers, sampling locations were geo-referenced with a global positioning system (GPS), and data were analysed using geostatistical techniques in a GIS context. Field values ( hard data ) were supplemented by soft data derived from cumulative distribution functions (cdfs) and available soil maps. Results showed that, when spatial variability associated with macroporosity was removed, infiltration parameters became less variable. Observed correlation among measured parameters suggested a form of potential transfer functions. We conclude that infiltration can be modelled at either the farm or catchment scale if macroporosity and spatial variability of infiltration parameters are adequately defined, and we suggest approaches which can be used in a GIS context to attain that goal.     

统计信息与空间信息按地理格网集成的方法研究

统计信息是区域可持续发展中的重要信息资源,涵盖了人口、农业、工业、经济等各类数据。采用GIS技术,有效地实现统计信息与空间信息的集成管理是区域可持续发展的重要保证。本文在分析了GIS中常用的集成方法基础上,提出了通过统计信息的“空间化”实现两者集成的方法,并以人口为例,详细论述了通过“空间化”实现人口数据与空间数据的集成过程。通过这种集成,可以高效地利用GIS的分析功能实现统计信息的管理、分析、显示。     

On aggregation in spatial econometric modelling

The spatial aggregation problem – also termed the modifiable areal unit problem – has attracted regular attention in spatial statistics and econometrics. In this study econometric aggregation analysis is used to investigate the formal composition of meso-areal parameters given micro-areal underlying relations with spatial dependence. Impact on stochastic terms (possible meso-areal spatial autocorrelation) is also studied. Finally consequences for meso-areal estimation are derived, the general finding having been that spatial aggregation leads to meso-region specific parameter values, with the estimation problems this implies.     

空间统计分析与GIS在区域经济分析中的应用

首先概述了度量空间自相关、空间关联的一些空间统计分析方法以及识别区域空间关联的标准,然后探讨了将空间统计分析嵌入到一个GIS系统中的可行性,开发了一个分析空间关联的模块,并举例说明其在区域经济分析中的应用。     

招远市农村经济空间分布特征分析

空间统计分析的核心是识别与地理位置相关的数据间的空间关联或空间自相关,通过空间位置建立数据间的统计关系.将空间统计与GIS结合,以人均纯收入为指标把农村经济的分布划分为四个等级,并初步探讨了村域经济空间分布模式.研究表明,招远市农村经济的空间分布呈现"南-北"模式,存在6个热点和4个冷点,具有显著的空间集聚现象.通过空间统计分析和GIS的结合,能够更深入的探索、分析农村社会经济的空阎模式和空间关联,为进一步研究社会经济空间统计的尺度问题、基于空间统计的抽样和深入理解空间统计分析在社会经济中的应用奠定了基础.     

The Maps of Tolkien's Middle-earth by Brian Sibley and John Howe; The Lord of the Rings: Weapons and Warfare by Chris Smith; and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King Visual Companion by Jude Fisher.

A conceptual design is presented for a lineage meta-data base system that documents data sources and geographic information system (GIS) transformations applied to derive cartographic products. Artificial intelligence techniques of semantic networks are used to organize input-output relationships between map layers, and frames are used for storing lineage attributes characterizing source, intermediate, and product layers. An example indicates that a lineage meta-data base enables GIS users to determine the fitness for use of spatial data sets.     

2009年洞庭湖区垸内钉螺空间特征分析

钉螺为血吸虫的唯一中间宿主,了解钉螺的空间分布规律对于控制血吸虫病有一定的作用。运用GIS空间统计和地统计方法,分析了2009年洞庭湖血吸虫病疫区活螺密度的空间分布规律:活螺密度呈高聚类模式分布,主要沿湖沿河分布,样点具有强烈的空间自相关性,其中反向聚集区域有(z<-2.58)567个点,正向聚集区域有(z>2.58)540个点,说明钉螺点的辐射效应比较高,血吸虫病容易扩散到周边地区。同时,建立了活螺密度的空间预测图,得出了样点数据的半变异函数呈多项式分布。     

基于GIS与空间统计分析的可持续发展度量方法研究——以缅甸Myingyan District为例

利用空间信息系统所提供的强大空间数据处理和分析能力，并将之与统计分析软件包的统计分析功能进行有效的集成，建立了基于空间统计分析的可持续发展定量分析评价模型（ＳＢＳＡ）。从在缅甸中部Myingyan县的应用实例来看，该模型能够提示影响Myingyan县可持续发展能力的主导因子，通过对这些因子和可持续发展综合指数的定量化、空间化的分析，为政府部门规划区域综合发展方案，制定发展政策提供很好的决策支持。     

Applicability of SRTM data for landform characterisation and geomorphometry: a comparison with contour-derived parameters

Abstract

Geomorphologic and hydrologic research heavily depends on digital elevation models (DEM) which are currently being prepared from digital contours. The present study examines the use and applicability of freely available global elevation data source (3 arc seconds finished Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)) in landform characterisation, geomorphometry, river basin studies and other allied scientific applications in comparison with contour elevation data derived from the surveyed topographical sheets. The relief data extracted from a conventionally digitised geo-information science dataset of topographic contours (1:50,000) are compared with the SRTM-DEM and the variations are analysed. The automated geomorphometric and landform parameters derived from the contour DEM and the computed statistical properties of those parameters have substantial agreement with the same parameters derived from the SRTM-DEM. At the same time, localised variations also exist in some spatial domains. Derivative landscape analysis outputs from the SRTM-DEM suggest the wide acceptability and applicability of the freely available SRTM data source, especially in the regional scale applications related to hydrological modelling, terrain characterisation, disaster management and land degradation studies.     

A Rulebase physiographic characterization of a drought prone watershed applying remote sensing and GIS

Efficient micro-watershed management needs characterization of it to optimize natural resources, which is especially important in drought prone areas. In the present study micro-watersheds of Gandheshwari tributary in Chotta-Nagpur Plateau are characterized based on physiographic properties towards agricultural potentiality. An algorithm interpolating elevation values using an empirical formula is proposed to obtain an improved Digital Elevation Model (DEM). IRS LISS-Ill Satellite data is used to acquire important parameters like landuse/ landcover and drainage. Image processing techniques like edge enhancement, edge detection, and principal components analysis are used for improving lineament detection. For characterization of watershed landform analysis using physiographic parameters is done in Geographic Information System (GIS). Detailed drainage network obtained from satellite image, the improved DEM and other GIS layers of land based information are used to delineate micro-watersheds. The Agricultural 1-lydrologic Response Units (AHRU) targeting agricultural use of the land are derived by overlaying the delineated parameters and are grouped into thirty response units based on their agricultural potential. Micro-watersheds are characterized based on the dominant Al-IRU giving spatial information about agricultural suitability, emphasizing availability and scarcity of water so that respective water conservation practices can be improved to use the potential AHRU.     

基于GIS的小流域水土流失遥感定量监测研究

以三峡库区典型小流域为研究区域，通过遥感和野外调查进行信息采集．建立了流域环境数据库；在GIS支持下，根据修正通用土壤流失方程（RUSLE）模型对数据库实施运算操作，探讨了流域内土壤侵蚀强度的空间分布规律，并估算了小流域水土流失量。