Evaluation of a Model for Predicting Simultaneous Contrast on Color Maps

Perceptions of colors of individual map symbols are affected by simultaneous contrast, or induction, from surrounding colors. In an experiment with human subjects, reaction times were significantly slower, with significantly more errors, for test maps on which an induction model predicted that colors would be misinterpreted. Reaction times and error rates improved significantly with map color adjustments that the model predicted would remove induced confusions. These results represent progress toward establishing objective guidance for the design of effective color schemes in computer-assisted mapping environments common in cartography, geographic information systems, and scientific visualization.     

地图计算机颜色模型研究

地图计算机颜色模型（MCCM）研究包括实用色谱印刷色标的制定、色标的屏幕再现与印刷复原、地图设色专家系统等。通过科学实验和系统分析,本文从色度学理论上阐明了屏幕再现印刷颜色出错的原因,从方法上解决了色标再现及复原研究长期存在的技术难题,建立了地图颜色模型数据库,为地图设包标准化、规范化提供了计算机手段。     

A visualization approach for discovering colocation patterns

Colocation mining is one of the major spatial data mining tasks. When discovering colocation patterns, spatial statistics or data mining approaches are commonly used. Colocation mining results are typically presented in a textual form and do not provide any spatial information; thus, the results lack an intuitive approach to obtain cognition of colocation rules. Here, we propose a visualization approach to discover colocation patterns for two independent point distributions and generate visual results. This approach makes use of the ability of human color perception. For two geographic features, our approach first generates density surfaces of the input features and then visualizes the density surfaces using a red or green light with different intensities. Then, based on the law of additive color mixing, our approach mixes the colors of the two density surfaces to generate a colocation rule map. The visualization approach can also provide local details of colocation and be used for local colocation analysis. Users can detect colocation patterns and their distribution from the colocation rule maps. We use both synthetic data and real data to test the performance of our approach.     

Color map design for visualization in flood risk assessment

Visualizations of flood maps from simulation models are widely used for assessing the likelihood of flood hazards in spatial planning. The choice of a suitable type of visualization as well as efficient color maps is critical to avoid errors or bias when interpreting the data. Based on a review of previous flood uncertainty visualization techniques, this paper identifies areas of improvements and suggests criteria for the design of a task-specific color scale in flood map visualization. We contribute a novel color map design for visualizing probabilities and uncertainties from flood simulation ensembles. A user study encompassing 83 participants was carried out to evaluate the effects of this new color map on user’s decisions in a spatial planning task. We found that the type of visualization makes a difference when it comes to identification of non-hazardous sites in the flood risk map and when accepting risks in more uncertain areas. In comparison with two other existing visualization techniques, we observed that the new design was superior both in terms of task compliance and efficiency. In regions with uncertain flood statuses, users were biased toward accepting less risky locations with our new color map design.     

CLIMATIC CONTROL OF SOIL ACIDITY

A curve-fit model of the relationship between soil pH (A horizon) and climate forms the basis of a map of predicted pH for the conterminous United States. This map was produced with the aid of a large climatic data base, a computer mapping program and subroutines to map modeled values of soil pH. Patterns of pH follow well-recognized patterns of climate, although the pH of 7 line deviates greatly from Marbut's line dividing pedalfers from pedocals. The overall accuracy of the map and model was checked using a validation data set. Geographic patterns of pH are realistic, although land use, topography, and parent material may cause local variations about the predicted mean for a given region. Several apparently anamolous map patterns were also checked but found to be accurate. Prediction of the detailed pattern of pH will require variables in addition to climate.     

Fire-induced reddening of dune sands

Small campfire sites in the Erg of Azaouad, north-central Mali, reveal locally-reddened sands, as do campfire sites in many settings. The sand surface temperatures reached in such campfires are achieved in some cases of range fire or forest fire. To measure the extent to which such fires can affect dune sand color, sand samples were heated to temperatures commonly reached during brush and forest fires. Munsell colors and laboratory spectral reflectance measurements were used to quantify color changes.Reddening occurred in sands heated above 200°C. Munsell colors and reflectance values closely match the color of naturally-red dune sands. Characteristic hematite spectral features are absent. Sand from both active and stable dunes reddened substantially, and the red color is persistent through time.     

Utilizing the Audio-Tutorial Approach

Abstract

Construction of raised-relief maps by students in middle school to high school is a rewarding “hands-on” experience. A major feature of this project is that materials are readily available, inexpensive and manageable by students themselves. Tracing from topographic maps on to inexpensive, easily-carved materials like cardboard or foam-core board involves the student in map interpretation techniques. Concepts such as interpreting elevations from contour lines, recognizing symbolization on a map, seeing raised-relief as representing “the lay of the land,” understanding map scale, and recognition of color in representation of elevations are part of this experience. Carving and construction of the raised-relief map give the student an appreciation of topographic features in 3-D. The finished model can serve as a display and learning tool for the future.     

跨界道路交通对同城化地区时空联系影响研究：广佛案例

同城化是区域内城市发展到一定阶段的产物,而交通是同城化时空联系产生的重要基础。利用空间句法以及时间地图方法,分析广佛时空结构特征,多方面探讨跨界道路建设对广州与佛山时空联系的影响。结果表明：① 广佛时空结构特征方面,5 km、10 km句法整合度模型呈现以广州内环高速范围内地区为中心的极化格局特征,佛山中心城区位于节点位置;20 km、100 km整合度模型中广佛中心集聚特征明显;广佛时间地图呈东西方向收缩。② 跨界道路影响方面,通行后越接近交界区域,时间距离偏移越大,广州南部地区与南海、顺德时间成本改善明显。③ 跨界道路通行有利于不同尺度下路网可达性整体水平的提高,能为广佛路、陈村大桥、禺山西等道路分流部分交通流。空间句法与时间地图方法的使用识别了不同尺度上广佛等级差异与交通潜力,且对地理空间进行了时空转换,结论能为今后城市功能整合提供参照,并为相关研究提供新的分析维度和视角。     

Developing a geographic expert system for regional mapping of volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit potential

A personal computer-based geographic information system (GIS) is used to develop a geographic expert system (GES) for mapping and evaluating volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit potential. The GES consists of an inference network to represent expert knowledge, and a GIS to handle the spatial analysis and mapping. Evidence from input maps is propagated through the inference network, combining information by means of fuzzy logic and Bayesian updating to yield new maps showing evaluation of hypotheses. Maps of evidence and hypotheses are defined on a probability scale between 0 and 1. Evaluation of the final hypothesis results in a mineral potential map, and the various intermediate hypotheses can also be shown in map form.The inference net, with associated parameters for weighting evidence, is based on a VMS deposit model for the Chisel Lake deposit, a producing mine in the Early Protoerzoic Snow Lake greenstone belt of northwest Manitoba. The model is applied to a small area mapped at a scale of 1:15,840. The geological map, showing lithological and alteration units, provides the basic input to the model. Spatial proximity to contacts of various kinds are particularly important. Three types of evidence are considered: stratigraphic, heat source, and alteration. The final product is a map showing the relative favorability for VMS deposits. The model is implemented as aFortran program, interfaced with the GIS. The sensitivity of the model to changes in the parameters is evaluated by comparing predicted areas of elevated potential with the spatial distribution of known VMS occurrences.     

Map Scale Effects on Estimating the Number of Undiscovered Mineral Deposits

Estimates of numbers of undiscovered mineral deposits, fundamental to assessing mineral resources, are affected by map scale. Where consistently defined deposits of a particular type are estimated, spatial and frequency distributions of deposits are linked in that some frequency distributions can be generated by processes randomly in space whereas others are generated by processes suggesting clustering in space. Possible spatial distributions of mineral deposits and their related frequency distributions are affected by map scale and associated inclusions of non-permissive or covered geological settings. More generalized map scales are more likely to cause inclusion of geologic settings that are not really permissive for the deposit type, or that include unreported cover over permissive areas, resulting in the appearance of deposit clustering. Thus, overly generalized map scales can cause deposits to appear clustered. We propose a model that captures the effects of map scale and the related inclusion of non-permissive geologic settings on numbers of deposits estimates, the zero-inflated Poisson distribution. Effects of map scale as represented by the zero-inflated Poisson distribution suggest that the appearance of deposit clustering should diminish as mapping becomes more detailed because the number of inflated zeros would decrease with more detailed maps. Based on observed worldwide relationships between map scale and areas permissive for deposit types, mapping at a scale with twice the detail should cut permissive area size of a porphyry copper tract to 29% and a volcanic-hosted massive sulfide tract to 50% of their original sizes. Thus some direct benefits of mapping an area at a more detailed scale are indicated by significant reductions in areas permissive for deposit types, increased deposit density and, as a consequence, reduced uncertainty in the estimate of number of undiscovered deposits. Exploration enterprises benefit from reduced areas requiring detailed and expensive exploration, and land-use planners benefit from reduced areas of concern.     

基于MGE的数字地图制图系统若干关键技术

本文在综述数字地图技术功能、特征、发展现状的基础上,介绍了ＭＧＥ数字地图制图系统的体系结构、技术流程和特点,进而从地图数据输入/数字化技术(包括地图的扫描输入、数字影像数据的输入处理、航摄资料的立体数字化、地图/ＧＩＳ数据库的提取４种)、地图色彩库和符号库的制作、地图组版和分色制版关键技术(分为一般地图、影像地图、图－文－图片混排地图等几种类型地图的组版和分色制版,以及一些特殊制图效果的实现技术等)、印刷地图与电子地图的互相转换等方面阐述了基于ＭＧＥ的数字地图制图系统的若干关键技术问题。这些技术对于数字地图环境的地图设计、编辑、印前处理等许多方面都有参考作用。最后,本文对于数字地图一体化的技术进行了展望。     

广东省1:50万TM假彩色卫星影像图的研制

介绍采用两种不同投影系统的卫星资料制作１：５０万ＴＭ卫星影像图的基本工艺及关键技术,（１０对ＴＭ卫星底片进行密度测定和反差分析,（２）卫星像片平面位置误差赋和控制;（３）卫星像片彩色合成色调协调一致控制,在此基础上分析论述了ＴＭ卫星影像图的特点及其在地理学上的应用。     

地理信息可视化中的二元方法论

作为一种方法论的探索,以二元分析为基本方法,初步探讨和形成了地理信息可视化二元概念模型 ,力求构建一个简单的、易于被人们理解和接受的地理信息可视化理论框架。文章首先从地理学、语言学、哲学等方面阐述了二元方法论的理论基础,然后以符号语言学为范式,从地理信息可视化的所指与能指两个方面展开,阐述地理信息可视化二元方法论的主要内容;最后得出结论。研究表明:①地理信息具有二元性,它包括时间与空间二元 、瞬时与历时二元、空间几何与空间属性二元、定性与定量二元;②地图设计也具有二元性,它们是地图整体样式与个体符号二元、符号外观与内在二元、形状与尺寸二元、色彩与纹理二元。     

Ventures into Viral Cartography: Waffle House,Educational Attainment,and the Social Life of Maps

Viral maps—ones that are shared widely on social media and media outlets—have become an increasingly common part of online conversations about a range of issues. Despite the increasing prevalence of these viral maps, only a few academic researchers have examined the factors leading to their popularity or their social use and effect. In this article, we analyze two case studies of viral maps, a viral tweet about the August 2017 total eclipse and an interactive tool for exploring educational attainment by neighborhood in the United States. By reflecting on our experience as authors of these maps and analyzing the reactions they elicited, we identify several key elements of these maps and their circulation. First, viral maps act as a form of phatic communication, allowing users to restate and react to shared social identities. Second, maps are read from specific times and places, and this spatiotemporal context significantly shapes the reactions of map readers. Finally, viral maps illustrate gaps or improvements in trust between mapmakers and map readers, including questions about map accuracy or the intentions behind the map. We close by considering implications for future research and viral cartography. Key Words: online maps, social networks, viral cartography.     

基于景观基因图谱的古城镇“画卷式”旅游规划模式 ——以靖港古镇为例

根据景观基因及其图谱理论,探讨景观基因及其图谱和画卷式旅游规划概念,建立了基于三者之间内在关系的古城镇“画卷式”旅游规划技术;遵循“一目标、二意义、三功能、四特性、五要素”的理论结构,探讨以基因信息的遗传路线和文化故事表达为图谱形态的“画卷式”旅游规划模式。在此基础上,以靖港古镇为例,结合实地走访与历史文化特色分析等方法,探寻了该古镇景观主体基因图谱,构建并运用了“画卷式”旅游规划模式。结果表明：靖港古镇宜居宜业的生态文明是主体基因图谱表达的画卷模式;军事科教的活动体验是内在唯一基因图谱表达的画卷模式,地方性很强的民俗活动是外在唯一基因图谱表达的画卷模式;宗教文化活动是局部唯一基因图谱表达的画卷模式。     

1:40万《腾格里沙漠地貌图》的编制

腾格里沙漠虽经过多次小规模专题考察,始终未见有沙漠专题地图编制出版,多数只作为专著中的插图加以表现。为此,编制《腾格里沙漠地貌图》显得十分重要,不仅能反映出腾格里沙漠的全貌,还能体现沙漠发展规律、演变特点、分布特征等。依据腾格里沙漠的图幅范围、地貌类型以及印刷纸张规格的要求,将《腾格里沙漠地貌图》的比例尺定为1∶40万。选用1∶25万地形图作为地理基础底图,采用1∶10万地形图作为沙丘符号编绘过渡性的工作底图,专题内容编绘以Google Earth影像资料为主。《腾格里沙漠地貌图》的地貌类型包括风积地貌、风蚀地貌以及其他地貌,其中风积地貌是重点展示的内容。根据腾格里沙漠地貌类型,在编图过程中共设计了16种形态结构类型符号,采用分层设色表示沙丘相对高度,用箭头符号表示沙丘移动方向。     

Interpreting maps through the eyes of expert and novice users

The experiments described in this article combine response time measurements and eye movement data to gain insight into the users' cognitive processes while working with dynamic and interactive maps. Experts and novices participated in a user study with a ‘between user’ design. Twenty screen maps were presented in a random order to each participant, on which he had to execute a visual search. The combined information of the button actions and eye tracker reveals that both user groups showed a similar pattern in the time intervals needed to locate the subsequent names. From this pattern, information about the users' cognitive load could be derived: use of working memory, learning effect and so on. Moreover, the response times also showed that experts were significantly faster in finding the names in the map image. This is further explained by the eye movement metrics: experts had significantly shorter fixations and more fixations per second meaning that they could interpret a larger part of the map in the same amount of time. As a consequence, they could locate objects in the map image more efficiently and thus faster.     

A citizen data-based approach to predictive mapping of spatial variation of natural phenomena

The vast accumulation of environmental data and the rapid development of geospatial visualization and analytical techniques make it possible for scientists to solicit information from local citizens to map spatial variation of geographic phenomena. However, data provided by citizens (referred to as citizen data in this article) suffer two limitations for mapping: bias in spatial coverage and imprecision in spatial location. This article presents an approach to minimizing the impacts of these two limitations of citizen data using geospatial analysis techniques. The approach reduces location imprecision by adopting a frequency-sampling strategy to identify representative presence locations from areas over which citizens observed the geographic phenomenon. The approach compensates for the spatial bias by weighting presence locations with cumulative visibility (the frequency at which a given location can be seen by local citizens). As a case study to demonstrate the principle, this approach was applied to map the habitat suitability of the black-and-white snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) in Yunnan, China. Sightings of R. bieti were elicited from local citizens using a geovisualization platform and then processed with the proposed approach to predict a habitat suitability map. Presence locations of R. bieti recorded by biologists through intensive field tracking were used to validate the predicted habitat suitability map. Validation showed that the continuous Boyce index (B_cont(0.1)) calculated on the suitability map was 0.873 (95% CI: [0.810, 0.917]), indicating that the map was highly consistent with the field-observed distribution of R. bieti. B_cont(0.1) was much lower (0.173) for the suitability map predicted based on citizen data when location imprecision was not reduced and even lower (?0.048) when there was no compensation for spatial bias. This indicates that the proposed approach effectively minimized the impacts of location imprecision and spatial bias in citizen data and therefore effectively improved the quality of mapped spatial variation using citizen data. It further implies that, with the application of geospatial analysis techniques to properly account for limitations in citizen data, valuable information embedded in such data can be extracted and used for scientific mapping.     

基于DUEM模型的兰州市城市土地利用变化

根据兰州市1995年的1:5万土地利用现状图、2001年1:4 000彩红外航片、2005年的Landsat TM遥感影像、1:5万DEM和2001-2010年城市总体规划等数据资料,结合GID和DUEM模型,设计了两种不同情景模拟分析了兰州市城市土地利用变化.研究结果表明:兰州市城市土地利用增长集中在城关区雁滩、七里河区马滩和崔家大滩、安宁区安宁堡乡、沙井驿乡、崔家庄和迎门滩等地区;且兰州市城市土地利用变化趋势深受城市总体规划和政府政策等因素影响.同时也发现DUEM模型在实际应用中存在一定的局限性.