Human Thermal Climates in China

The clo index, which indicates the amount of clothing required to maintain comfort, is used to evaluate the human thermal climates in China. Daily clo values for 200 stations were computed using daily air temperature, wind speed, and cloud-cover data from 1960 to 1998, and they were reduced and grouped into seasonal values. In winter, the roughly zonal pattern of thermal stress reflects the influence of latitude. In summer, the spatial pattern becomes more meridional. In eastern China, seasonal monsoon and maritime effects are crucial factors determining spatial variations of physioclimates. In western China, altitude and local topography play an important role in shaping the bioclimatic patterns. For the regional patterns of severe thermal stress, during the winter months, the northeast and northwest experience the highest percent of stressful time. In summer, the most oppressive heat stress is located in areas east of the Sichuan Basin and south of Huaihe River.     

Riparian thermal conditions across a mixed rural and urban landscape

Riparian corridors have the potential to function as thermal refuges, moderating extremes of local temperature variation. However, although demonstrated at individual sites, and over short periods, the consistency of this effect at wider temporal and spatial scales is poorly understood. The aim of this study is to assess the temperature differences between riparian corridors and adjacent non-riparian habitats and to explore the influence of environmental characteristics on these differences. Air temperature was monitored hourly at 20 paired locations (riparian and non-riparian) for two consecutive years. Urban index and canopy cover were characterised by calculating the percentage of impervious surface area and tree canopy cover within a 100 m radius from the centre of each sampling site. Canopy cover reduced summer thermal stresses in both urban and rural areas whereas high urban index tended to increase the daily thermal indices. Rivers had a significant mitigating effect on the urban riparian thermal condition, particularly in extreme hot weather. Riparian corridors were generally 1 °C cooler than non-riparian locations in summer and could be up to 3 °C cooler at some sites in extreme hot weather. Furthermore, riparian corridors at some sites were warmer than non-riparian locations in winter. These findings suggest that the proximity of rivers can modify riparian thermal environments, potentially reducing the heat stress of riparian corridors across landscapes.     

内蒙古大兴安岭林区极端气温事件变化特征

利用内蒙古大兴安岭林区11个气象站1971~2014年日平均气温数据,采用线性趋势、Morlet小波分析、克里金插值法对内蒙古大兴安岭林区极端气温的年变化进行分析。研究表明：极端高温天气和生物生长季天数在20世纪80年代中期以后呈显著增多趋势,极端低温天气呈显著减少趋势;在空间分布上,所有站点极端高温天气和生物生长季天数呈上升趋势,极端低温天气呈下降趋势,但空间差异明显。极端低温天气主要受27、18、11、7 a时间尺度周期影响。极端高温天气28 a左右周期振荡最为强烈,视为第一主周期,对极端高温天气影响最为显著,在2018年以后的大约8 a间（2019~2026年）极端高温天气可能会更加频繁。生物生长季受28 a时间尺度周期影响,且在2015~2022年生物生长季天数增长处于偏大期。     

海南5A级旅游景区不同客源市场热感压力差异——以三亚南山文化旅游区为例

以三亚南山文化旅游区为例,基于1960—2019年全国756个气象站点的逐日气象数据集,采用净等效温度（客观评价）与随机问卷调查（主观感受）相结合的方法,综合比较不同客源市场对该旅游区“热环境”的感知（即热感压力）差异。在此基础上,引入“中性状态”偏差理论,细致刻画客源地长/短期“气候记忆”对游客热感压力偏差的影响。结果发现：1）热感压力在性别和年龄上的差异明显;2）随着年龄的增长,高热感压力的比例整体上呈极显著的线性下降趋势;3）热感压力风险的“两极分化”现象说明客源地长期“气候态”与热感压力在空间上相关性较弱;4）同一气候条件下,9 d短期“气候记忆”导致的“中性状态”偏差最为显著。文章细化了气候因素对热带海滨旅游的影响,揭示了短期“气候记忆”才是影响游客热感压力偏差的重要因素,由此建议针对热感压力低风险客源地（II类,14个省份）加大对淡季旅游宣传力度,并根据年龄和性别设计旅游产品,从短期的观光型旅游向度假型的中长期旅游转变,为优化当地旅游淡季景区经营管理和营销策略提供重要的实践导向。     

Thermal Bioclimate and Climate Tourism Analysis for Odessa,Black Sea

Climate is a main component of nature that, in addition to being a valuable resource, determines the possibility of development of tourism. Apparently, climate and its characteristics determine touristic demand. Choosing a place for vacation or recreation, tourists primarily prefer an optimal climate and weather conditions. Human‐biometeorological resources characterize the connection of climate with a thermal state and health of humans, peculiarities of recreation and health evaluation of the environment. In order to distinguish thermal bioclimate, the physiologically equivalent temperature is used, based on the various meteorological parameters (air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and radiation) that reflect the human conditions and the thermal comfort perception. In addition for the analysis of the climatic tourism potential, the Climate‐Transfer/Tourism‐Information Scheme was applied. The results can be useful for tourists in order to determine the best time to take a vacation based on their recreational activity such as sports, medical, health (thalassotherapy, heliotherapy, balneology etc.) according to bioclimatic conditions and their own preferences.     

RPG_HATPRO_G4型地基微波辐射计温度数据质量控制方法与效果分析

针对隆德站地基微波辐射计温度资料,根据数据本身规律及各类疑误数据表现形式,结合历史探空资料,利用垂直变化强度极值检查、标准差检查、极值检查、奇异值检查和僵值检查5种检查方法进行质量控制实验,与同期探空资料比对,分析其应用效果。结果表明：各质量检查结果对数据质量均有一定的区分能力,且对控制参数是敏感的;数据质量以晴空最优、云天次之、降水稍差,各高度层数据质量基本相当。质量控制结果相关性分析表明各高度层上晴空相关性最好,云天次之,降水稍差,相关性都处在较高的水平上;降水情况下质量控制效果最显著。     

变暖背景下陕西极端气候事件变化分析

利用1961-2010年陕西省78个气象观测站的逐日最高温度、最低温度、平均温度以及日降水量资料,采用趋势分析方法对该地区极端气候事件的变化进行了分析。结果表明:①近50 a来陕西降水极端事件没有显著的增减变化趋势,但存在明显的阶段性。②近50 a来区域严重干燥事件在显著增加而严重湿润事件趋于减少,2000年以后严重干湿事件均偏多,区域降水有向不均衡、极端化发展的趋势。③区域年极端高（低）温事件在近50 a来呈现显著的增加（减少）趋势,其空间分布具有较好的一致性。极端温度事件的变化在各季节存在差异,冬、春季变暖的趋势比较显著。在显著变暖的20世纪90年代以后,相对于降水极端事件,温度极端事件显现地更为突出。     

南沙群岛现代滨珊瑚骨骼Sr/Ca、δ18O和δ13C对极端高温事件响应

以南沙群岛永暑礁的现代滨珊瑚YSL24（生长时间为1985—1999年）与YSL2A（生长时间为1971—1999年）为材料,通过对其骨骼开展高分辨率的Sr/Ca、δ¹⁸O和δ¹³C分析,探讨其对极端高温事件的响应特征。有记录表明,1971—1999年,南海南部在1973、1983和1998年发生了极端高温事件,滨珊瑚骨骼Sr/Ca序列清楚地记录了这3次高温事件,其相应条带Sr/Ca周期数值显著低于序列其他年份。而δ¹⁸O对高温事件的响应不太明显,其原因可能与δ¹⁸O序列同时受温度和盐度变化的影响有关。δ¹³C在这3个高温年份均在夏季发生了异常负偏,应该是由高温胁迫下共生藻光合作用强度下降所致。因此,珊瑚骨骼的Sr/Ca和δ¹³C对南沙群岛高温胁迫具有明显的响应,可作为记录过去白化事件的可靠指标。     

海拔对囊种草(Thylacospermum caespitosum)修饰土壤微环境作用的影响

选择海拔为3 762m(低海拔样地)和4 137m(高海拔样地)处囊种草(Thylacospermum caespitosum)群落作为研究样地,分别选取9个直径约50cm的囊种草丛,测定其下土壤的养分、水分和温度等指标,并以邻近无囊种草生长区域的土壤为对照,试图揭示囊种草对土壤微环境的修饰作用对海拔的响应。结果表明:囊种草的生长提高了其下土壤养分含量;改善了土壤水分状况;调节了土壤温度,在其冠层下维持了一个温度较为恒定的环境。随着海拔升高,环境条件的恶劣程度加大,环境压力增大,高海拔样地的土壤养分、水分和温度均低于低海拔样地,而囊种草对这些土壤环境条件的改善作用则随海拔的升高而加强。     

近58 a新疆巴州极端气温事件变化特征

选取 WMO 推荐的 15 个极端气温指数,对 1959—2016 年新疆巴州地区 7 个气象站点观测的日最高、最低气温数据,采用一元线性回归法等多种统计方法对研究区极端气温事件进行分析。结果表明：近 58 a来新疆巴州地区冷暖指数变化呈非对称性,暖指数呈不同程度的显著上升,冷指数总体呈显著下降趋势,其中 TN90P 年际变化率最大,为 4.67 d·（10 a）^-1。夜指数（TN10P、TN90P）和昼指数（TX10P、TX90P）变化率前者大于后者。冷指数在 20 世纪 80 和 90 年代中后期发生突变,暖指数和GSL、WSDI突变时间一致为 90 年代中后期,冷指数对气候变化较敏感。发生频率：极端高温增加,极端低温降低;强度：增强;持续时间：作物生长期呈显著增加趋势,其中巴音布鲁克增加显著,幅度最大〔4.4 d·（10 a）^-1〕。TNx、TXx和GSL主周期均为 28 a。高载荷指数：TEM-A（0.335）,TN10P（-0.313）和TN90P（0.312）,是影响该地区整体气温发生变化的主要因素。     

甘肃省夏季异常高温及其环流特征分析

利用甘肃省62个气象观测站1960—2003年6—8月逐日最高气温、高度场和温度场格点资料,分析了高温极值、高温范围、高温持续时间的变化,并对历史上出现的四次极端高温天气过程的环流形势特征进行了分析。结果表明：甘肃河西地区极端最高气温各月之间的差异大,6月极端值最小,7月极端值最大,7月极端最高气温线性变化略呈上升趋势,6月、8月线性变化呈下降趋势,20世纪90年代极端最高气温增温不明显。河东地区极端最高气温各月之间的差异小,7月、8月的变化呈上升趋势,1995—2002年的增温明显。6月全省最大范围的高温天气出现在60年代;7月,90年代后期出现大范围高温天气的年份明显比以前增多。7月持续高温时间在90年代明显增长。100 hPa南亚高压,300 hPa暖中心、500 hPa副热带高压闭合单体控制西北地区上空,对流层上下层暖高压中心相对应,中心位置基本一致时,将出现大范围、持续性的异常高温天气。     

城市化对北京市极端气候的影响研究

利用北京地区20个气象站点35年（1980—2014年）的逐日降水、气温资料和社会经济、人口、土地覆被以及夜间灯光遥感的栅格数据,通过聚类分析和层次分析相结合的方法将站点分类,对北京市城市化进程中的极端气候变化趋势和城市化影响的响应进行了分析。结果表明：北京市整体的极端冷事件呈减少趋势,极端暖事件呈增加趋势,极端降水事件没有明显变化趋势;城市化对极端温度事件有着显著的影响,相对于乡村站点来说,城市化使得极端冷事件减少的更快,极端暖事件增加的更快,造成城市的气温日较差明显变小;城市化对极端降水的影响虽不显著,但在乡村站点年降水量总量和降水日数减小的趋势下,城市化造成城市降水总量和降水日数均多于乡村,减缓了连续无降水日数的增长趋势,同时城市的极端降水有向更加极端的情景发展。     

Detecting climate change effects on forest ecosystems in Southwestern Romania using Landsat TM NDVI data

Nowadays, Southwestern Romania faces a large-scale aridization of the climate, revealed by the rise of temperatures and the decline of the amount of precipitations, with negative effects visible, among others, in the desiccation of forest vegetation. The present study means to identify the changes that occurred, quality-wise, in the past two decades （1990-2011） in forest vegetation in Southwestern Romania, and to establish the link between those changes and extant thermal stress in the region, whose particular features are high average annual and seasonal temperatures. In order to capture the evolution in time of cli- mate aridization, a first step consisted in using climate data, the temperature and precipitation parameters from three weather stations; these parameters were analyzed both individually and as aridity indexes （De Martonne and UNEP）. In order to quantify the changes in forest vegetation, NDVI indexes were used and analyzed, starting off from Landsat satellite images, acquired at three distinct moments in time, 1990, 2000 and 2011. In order to identify the link between the changes of NDVI index values and regional thermal stress, a yardstick of climate changes, statistical correlations were established between the peak values of average annual temperatures, represented in space, and negative changes in the NDVI index, as revealed by the change-detection analysis. The results obtained indicated there is an obvious （statistically significant） connection between thermal stress and the desiccation （degradation） of forest species in the analyzed area, with false acacia （Robinia Pseudoacacia） the main species to be impacted.     

东北气候和生态过渡区近50年来降水和温度概率分布特征变化

文章从中国160个站的观测资料中选取位于东北气候和生态过渡区内9个测站的冬、夏季降水和温度资料,分析该地区近50年来冬夏季降水和温度的年际变化及其概率分布特征,结果表明,东北气候和生态过渡区的冬夏季降水和温度有明显的年代际变化特征,在不同的年代际变化阶段,降水和温度的总体概率分布特征差异较大,这种概率分布形式的差异与高温、干旱等极端天气气候事件的频繁发生具有密切关系。20世纪80年代以来降水处于平均值减小的总体分布中,温度则处于平均值增加的总体分布中,因此该地区冬季发生暖冬和少雨(雪)的机会增大,夏季出现严重干旱和高温的可能性增大。     

陕西榆林地区1954-2013年极端气温变化特征

对1954-2013年横山站、榆林站、绥德站的每日气象资料,运用线性拟合及累积距平、Mann-Kendall突变检验、主成分分析和Morlet复数小波等方法对WMO发布的10种极端气温指数进行了计算和分析。结果表明：榆林地区近60年极端最高气温、极端最低气温都呈上升趋势,冰日天数、霜日天数、冷夜天数、冷日天数呈下降趋势,夏日天数、热夜天数、暖夜天数、暖日天数呈现稳步上升趋势。近60年,榆林市极端气温的变化存在明显的阶段特征,并有突变现象发生。各指数的突变主要发生在20世纪90年代。暖指数的变化是榆林地区近60年气温呈上升趋势的主要原因。榆林地区冬春季气温升高是年平均气温上升的主要原因。33 a左右的周期是10个指数比较稳定的周期,共同反映榆林地区极端天气的周期规律。极端暖指标在未来持续上升,极端冷指标则持续下降。研究区极端高温天气增加,会导致旱灾等极端天气增加的概率,并对森林防火产生一定的压力。极端低温天数的减少导致易发生森林和草原的病虫灾害,应做好预防工作。     

Ductile shear zones: some aspects of constant slip velocity and constant shear stress models

Summary The thermomechanical differential equations governing deformation in viscous shear zones have been solved for both constant velocity and constant stress boundary conditions. The solutions show that the inertial term in these equations can be neglected everywhere.
The starting condition of the constant velocity model has been shown to be a constant velocity gradient and not a Heaviside function. The temperature anomaly produced by shear heating at the centre of the shear zone is shown to increase gradually and continuously with time, not reaching an asymptotic value. Conclusions for the constant velocity boundary condition are otherwise generally similar to those presented by Yuen et al , and agree with Fleitout & Froidevaux. The temperatures reached by constant velocity shears are sufficient for partial melting.
Constant stress boundary condition shear zone models show an initially broad shear zone with uniform shear velocity gradient. Depending on the level of applied shear stress and ambient temperature, localized intense shear heating may develop followed by thermal runaway. At lower ambient temperatures relatively high stresses are required to produce thermal runaway.
The broadening of the constant velocity shear zone proceeds more rapidly with increased ambient temperature. This can be used to show that shear zones broaden with depth. The merging of parallel shear zone pairs has been investigated and shear zones separated by distances of less than 10km coalesce to form a single shear zone within 3 Myr. Only shear zones separated by 50km or more remain distinct over periods of tens of millions of years.     

长江源区五道梁的土壤热状况研究

活动层土壤热状况是寒区陆面物理过程研究的重要内容之一。利用五道梁能量收支观测站1993年9月～2000年12月份实测辐射及土壤热通量资料结合五道梁气象站1961-2010时段的气象资料分析了近50 a来该地区活动层土壤的热状况。结果表明：五道梁地区土壤热通量有显著的年际、年代际变化;20世纪60～80年代,土壤热通量小于0.0 W/m²,活动层土壤以放热为主,自90年代以来,土壤热通量大于0.0 W/m²,活动层土壤以吸热为主。过去50 a中该地土壤热通量呈现增大趋势,平均每10 a土壤热通量增大0.31 W/m²。土壤热通量随净辐射的增大而增大。土壤热平衡系数的变化特点与土壤热通量的变化特点一致。60～80年代,活动层土壤热平衡系数<1,该地区冻土相对比较稳定,而自90年代以来此间土壤热平衡系数<1,表明该地多年冻土呈现出退化迹象。活动层土壤热平衡系数可表示为气温、地表温度及水汽压的函数。     

An improvement of soil temperature simulations on the Tibetan Plateau

The simulation of soil temperature on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) plays a dominant role in the performance of both global climate and numerical weather forecast models. To improve the simulation of soil temperature on the TP, the Johansen soil thermal conductivity parameterization scheme was introduced into Community Land Model 3.5 (CLM3.5) and Regional Climatic Model 4 (RegCM4). The improved CLM3.5 and RegCM4-CLM were utilized to conduct offline and regional simulation experiments on the TP. Comparison of the new and old schemes revealed that CLM3.5 provides high thermal conductivity parameters of mineral soil solid on the TP. The Johansen scheme is more practical for the TP than the soil thermal conductivity parameterization in CLM3.5. The simulation of soil temperature and liquid water content was improved in offline experiment. The improved parameterization scheme can also reduce the simulation error of soil temperature in winter throughout the entire TP.     

河西走廊东部低温事件变化特征

根据1960-2015年河西走廊东部5个气象站逐日最低、平均气温资料,通过固定阈值和百分位阈值法定义了低温事件,采用气候统计学方法,分析了该区域低温事件的强度、极值和日数的变化特征,统计结果显示,受海拔高度、地形地势和植被覆盖的影响,河西走廊东部低温事件的空间分布均存在明显地域差异,均为高寒山区天祝强度和极值最强,日数最多,绿洲平原区凉州强度和极值最弱,日数最少。河西走廊东部年代和年低温事件强度和极值呈减弱趋势,日数呈减少趋势,2010-2015年减弱和减少的趋势尤为明显。年低温事件强度、极值和日数的时间序列均存在着周期性变化,但都没有发生气候突变,只出现了转折年份。两种标准的低温事件均出现在1~3月和11~12月,强度、极值和日数高峰值均在1月或12月。年低温事件存在一定的异常性,正常低温事件强度、极值和日数的年份概率在64.3%～80.4%,对安全生产造成危害的低温事件强度、极值偏强和特强年份的概率在7.1%～16.1%,日数偏多和特多年份的概率共为16.1%。本研究可为低温的预报预警提供技术支持,同时可为地方政府提供准确的决策依据,对区域气候变化研究和经济发展有重要意义。     

福建主要城市周边平缓高地避暑休闲气候评价

分3类比较和评述了当前普遍使用的气候舒适度评价模型和天气舒适度预报模型,认为考虑气象要素对体感交互作用的基本模型比较符合客观实际,从而选择了温湿指数I1=T-0．55（1-Rh）（T-14．4）和风寒指数I2=（10．9V^0.5＋9．0-V）（33-T）2个基本模型来评价福建主要城市及其周边平缓高地的气候舒适度．结果表明,福建主要城市夏季6-9月份4个月的温湿指数处于很热和炎热等级,7—8月份日高温时段的风寒指数也处于不舒适的很热和炎热等级,而冬季温湿指数和风寒指数总体上处于清凉较舒适等级,只是上午低温时段处于冷凉较不舒适等级的范围,而这些主要城市周边的平缓高地4、5、6月和9、10、11月的温湿指数基本上均处于非常舒适和较舒适等级,只有7、8月份的下午高温时段短时间处于热不舒适等级,而风寒指数则表明这些平缓高地从4月份至11月份8个月时间不论日均状态、日低温时段还是日高温时段均基本上处于非常舒适和较舒适等级．这些平缓高地1-2月份比相关中心城市稍冷,但均未达到寒冷很不舒适的等级．从气候舒适度角度进一步论证了福建主要城市周边平缓高地作为夏季避暑休闲和公务活动场所开发的价值．