2007年8月10～12日青岛地区特大暴雨过程分析

利用常规天气资料和红外卫星云图资料,分析了2007年8月10~12日青岛地区特大暴雨过程的环流背景、物理量场的特征及其演变,表明与本次暴雨过程有关的主要天气系统有三个:一是副热带高压的变化;二是冷空气与高空槽的作用;三是热带气旋水汽对暴雨的影响。本次降水过程是西风带弱冷空气,副热带高压边缘和热带气旋倒槽向北发展共同作用下发生的,是中-低纬度系统相互作用造成的。     

西北太平洋热带气计算气旋异常年的气候背景分析

本文从１９５３－１９８４年的３２年中挑选出了７个热带气旋偏多的７个偏少年，分析了与它们同期和前期的副热带高压，西风带纬向环流，北半球极涡以及赤道东太平洋海温，北极海冰的差异，发现其中的许多因子与热带气旋频数有很好的相关性，并指出在热带气旋年际变化这一时间尺度上，海洋因子的影响显得更重要。     

西北太平洋热带气旋异常年的气候背景分析

本文从１９５３～１９８４年的３２年中挑选出７个热带气旋偏多年和７个偏少年，分析了与它们同期和前期的副热带高压、西风带纬向环流、北半球极涡以及赤道东太平洋海温、北极海冰的差异，发现其中的许多因子与热带气旋频数有很好的相关性，并指出在热带气旋年际变化这一时间尺度上，海洋因子的影响显得更重要。     

2022年夏季海洋天气评述

2022年夏季(6—8月)大气环流特征为：北半球极涡呈单极型分布,中高纬度西风带呈3波型分布,欧亚大陆为“两槽一脊”的环流型。6月,副热带高压偏南、偏强,不利于热带气旋生成;7—8月副热带高压北抬西伸,热带气旋开始活跃并影响我国近海。我国近海有18次8级以上大风过程,其中热带气旋过程大风有5次,5次由入海温带气旋造成,7次为雷暴大风,另外1次由冷空气过程引起。我国北方海域多海雾天气,出现5次明显的海雾过程,其中6月出现4次,7月出现1次。发生14次2.0 m以上的大浪过程,6月出现6次,7月出现4次,8月出现4次。西北太平洋和南海共有9个热带气旋命名,比多年平均偏少2.6个;其他各大洋共有11个命名热带气旋生成,分别为：北大西洋3个、东太平洋8个。     

影响长江口区热带气旋的特征分析

根据 1979—2002年大戢山和引水船的观测资料,结合西北太平洋热带气旋年鉴资料,统计和分析了热带气旋对长江口区的影响规律,统计结果显示,在近 24 a中,热带气旋年均有 2.0个,通常出现在6— 10月期间,以 月份最多,发生频数为 8 45.8 %;严重影响长江口区的热带气旋年均只有 0.3 个,有60 %集中在 月份,都属海上转向型;影响长江口的热带气旋源区 8 90 % 位于菲律宾和琉球群岛以东洋面,且有超过一半生成于10°N ~ 20°N;影响长江口区热带气旋次数存在 4 ~ 6 a 的小周期波动和 10 a 左右的周期变化,并且在厄尔尼诺年的影响次数较反厄尔尼诺年少。     

南极屏障——西风带

“西风带”即南纬45°—60°海域,因地球表面冷暖气流交换和地球自转作用,加上该海域空旷没有陆地阻挡造成的气旋多发地带,是人类无法改变其现状的一种自然力的表现。简言之,西风带是南极极地气团与副热带气团之间相交汇的过渡带。由于两大气团性质截然相反,极地气团带来的是干而冷的空气,而副热带气团带来的是温暖潮湿的空气,因此在过渡带蕴藏着极大的不稳定能量,经常产生巨大的涡旋,也就是人们常说的绕极气旋。在绕极气旋中不仅常伴有雨或雪,而且伴有狂风巨浪,天气变化非常剧烈。     

黄渤海热带气旋强度变化特征分析

本文对１９４９年以来进入黄渤海（３０°Ｎ以北,１１５°～１３０°Ｅ）的９６个热带气旋的强度变化进行了统计分析,给出了不同的变化强度标准,分析了影响黄渤海热带气旋的增强、减弱以及移动速度的分布特征,以期对该海区热带气旋的预报、研究及其防范有所帮助。     

2019年夏季海洋天气评述

2019年夏季(6—8月)大气环流特征为:北半球极涡呈偶极型分布,中高纬度西风带呈4波型分布,欧亚大陆为"两槽一脊"的环流型。6月,我国北方海域多入海气旋和海雾,7—8月副热带高压位置较常年偏东、偏南,不利于热带气旋生成。我国近海有10次8级以上大风过程,其中热带气旋过程大风有6次,2次由入海温带气旋造成,另外2次过程主要由雷暴大风引起;出现了14次明显的海雾过程,其中6月出现7次,7月出现4次,8月出现3次;发生13次2 m以上的大浪过程,6月出现4次,7月出现5次,8月出现4次。西北太平洋和南海共有10个热带气旋命名,比常年平均偏少1个;其他各大洋共有14个命名热带气旋生成,分别为:北大西洋4个、东太平洋9个、北印度洋1个。     

南海热带气旋的气候统计特征

热带气旋是影响南海地区的主要灾害性天气系统。每年热带气旋频繁地袭击南海,威胁着南海石油平台的正常作业。本文利用1949-1986年间的气候资料,对位于21°10′N,115°50′E的南海石油平台海域的热带气旋的气候学特征进行分析研究,找出热带气旋的源地、强度、频率、移速、移向、季节变化和年变化,大风以及路径分布等气候特征,为石油平台安全作业的海洋水文要素的计算和热带气旋的预报提供有用的气候背景。     

预报南海热带气旋的综合流程

本文是在过去多种方案的基础上,经提炼、修改、补充就其南海热带气旋从其生成开始到发展阶段,对其移动过程中的具体路径、强度变化及影响的地区范围等方面,按区、类分别研制出一套定性判断和定量预报相结合的客观预报流程,全流程分四个子系统执行。 资料选取（970-1979）十年7—9月份的天气图资料。取样范围为进入10°—23°N, 110°—120°E海区的103个南海热带气旋作样本。并用（1980-1985）六年 11个南海热带气旋作独立样本检验、以鉴定所建方程的稳定性和正确率。从试报效果看,本方案具有一定的预报能力,使客观预报方法在应用于南海热带气旋的多种预报方面,显示它的系统性,并具有一定的实用价值。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.