柳稍湾水库控制流域径流计算方法研究

年径流计算成果的合理与否是进行各类水资源评价的重要依据。本文以位于陕西富县的柳稍湾水库为例,为对水库控制流域进行年径流计算分析,针对水库控制流域内没有基本水文站的实际,选取与流域同一水文分区内的葫芦河张村驿水文站、沮河黄陵站和云岩河临镇水文站三处水文站为参证站,分别采用径流深等值线图法和水文比拟法对流域径流进行计算,并对最终成果进行比选评价。结果表明:由不同方法计算的柳稍湾水库控制流域年径流成果差异较大。以黄陵站为参证站的水文比拟法计算的成果最大,等值线图法的成果次之,以临镇站为参证站的水文比拟法计算的成果最小。考虑降水和流域面积的修正,最终选取以临镇站为参证站的计算成果最为合理。     

小白杨沟流域径流分析与计算浅析

小白杨沟位于新疆哈密市西山乡境内,流域径流补给来源主要以融雪水、降雨和泉水补给为主。为对流域径流特性及径流量进行研究,以头道沟水文站为参证站,基于1956-2013年流域多年水文资料,进行参证站径流系列三性分析,采用径流深等值线法和水文比拟法方法进行径流分析计算。结果显示：参证站径流系列可靠性、一致性和代表性均符合要求。径流深等值线法修正后计算出的小白杨沟多年平均年径流量为100.3×10⁴ m³,水文比拟法推求出小白杨沟多年平均年径流量为223.1×10⁴ m³,对计算成果进行分析可知选用的参证站头道沟水文站径流系列长,代表性好,精度可靠,因此采用水文比拟法推求的成果比较合理。     

乌拉斯台沟径流特性及参证站径流量还原计算研究

为研究乌拉斯台沟流域径流变化和径流量还原过程,选用温泉水文站和阿合奇水文站作为参证站.基于基础水文资料对径流量年际变化、年内分配和径流系列等径流特性进行分析,并对参证站的径流量还原计算过程进行了详细阐述,得到温泉水文站和阿合奇水文站断面不受上游引水影响,一致性较好的天然月年径流量系列,为后期水文计算打下了基础.     

阿克苏流域近五十年洪水资料代表性分析

以阿克苏河流域的协合拉站和西大桥(新大桥)站为参证站,在收集统计两个测站近五十年水文监测资料的基础上,对流域自50年代以来的洪水系列进行评价,从洪峰流量、时段洪量和洪水系列一致性方面对洪水资料代表性进行分析.结果表明:参证站1956年-2004年时段洪量系列统计参数基本趋于稳定,包含两个时间大体对等的持续大洪量河持续小...     

新疆若羌县库拉木勒克萨依引水枢纽设计洪水分析

为了保证库拉木勒克萨依引水工程安全建设,对古尔嘎赫德河进行洪水水文分析。古尔嘎赫德河流域无水文测站,以相近流域的尼雅水文站、且末水文站、克里雅水文站作为参证站对出山口洪水进行分析计算。根据各参站证计算值,分别采用洪峰流量模比系数地区综合频率曲线法、面积比指数法对库拉木勒克萨依引水枢纽设计洪水进行计算。经评定分析,采用地区综合洪峰流量模比系数法计算设计洪水值更精准,可供枢纽工程设计参考。     

国内外水文模型概论

概述了水文模型的分类、流域水文模型及其应用，水循环各子系统模型的研究，水文模型率定与参数优选等，有助于人们对水文模型的认识。     

贺沟口流域护岸工程河道设计洪水计算分析

为建设延安宝塔区贺沟口流域水土流失综合治理与生态保护修复工程,对流域工程水文条件进行计算分析是前期基础。以贺沟口护岸工程建设为例,基于贺沟口流域控制面积较小,无实测水文资料的实际,将流域附近的西川河枣园水文站作为参证站,选用1971-2014年共44 a的连续实测洪水系列资料,采用水文比拟法、经验公式法、综合参数法和推理公式法,分别对流域河道设计洪水进行计算分析,并对成果进行比选。结果认为,推理公式法以暴雨为基础,综合考虑了前期影响雨量、流域产流和汇流特征,计算过程基本反映了流域的长度、面积、比降等因子对洪水的影响,本次河道设计洪水采用推理公式法的计算结果最为合理。即P=50%和P=100%时的洪峰流量分别为13.5 m³/s、83.5 m³/s。     

沙河市土壤侵蚀模数分析计算

河流泥沙是流域降水和径流作用的共同产物,利用水文比批法,对影响因素进行修正,用参证站的侵蚀模数乘以影响系数计算出其它流域的土壤侵蚀模数。计算结果表明:划分后三个区域土壤侵蚀模数分别为,第Ⅰ区为521 t/km2·a,第Ⅱ区为595 t/km2·a,第Ⅲ区为670 t/km2·a。     

巴里坤县西黑沟流域水文特性

不同地区的自然地理环境塑造了不同特征的河流,同时,河流的活动也在不断改变着与自身有关的自然环境。我国暖温带干旱区除塔里木河流域的水文特征、水资源及其合理利用有较多的研究外,特小河流的研究甚少。利用西黑沟流域短期实测样本系列,借用周边有长系列样本的参证站探讨特小流域径流形成、洪水、泥沙、水质等进行分析,以揭示我国暖温带干旱区特小流域的基本特征。     

库如克山洪沟洪水特性及水文资料“三性”分析

库如克山洪沟地处天山南部中段,由于库如克山洪沟上无任何水文监测资料,选用距离洪水调查点9 km的卡拉苏水文站作为参证站,基于2018年以前的长系列水文资料作为计算依据,对流域洪水特性和水文资料"三性"进行研究。结果可知:库如克山洪沟一般洪水主要为冰雪融水形成的融雪型洪水;而发生的较大的洪水则一般是高温融雪型与暴雨混合型洪水;水文资料的可靠性、代表性和一致性满足规范要求。研究结果以期为库如克山洪沟水利工程开发建设和水资源管理工作提供基础支撑。     

构建考虑煤矿采空区特殊下垫面的水文模型并在山西省小流域应用

随着中国经济的快速发展,能源需求的增加,作为中国最主要的煤矿开采省份,山西省的煤矿开采量也一直在增加。但长期以来不合理和不科学的煤层开采,导致全省许多地区出现了煤矿采空区和伴生的地表裂隙。同时山西省内许多流域观测资料显示河道径流明显减少,水库存储量下降。认识煤矿开采,这一重要人类活动对水文过程影响,并在此基础上发展考虑煤矿采空区特殊下垫面的水文模型意义重大。收集山西省几个典型小流域的煤炭开采、遥感、水文资料,经过调查和分析发现煤炭采空区引起的裂隙和塌陷在山坡上会增加地表优先流,在河道上会导致明显渗漏现象。基于以上对煤炭开采对水文过程影响的认识,发展了考虑煤矿采空区特殊下垫面的水文模型,并在山西芦庄小流域进行了模型验证与应用研究。此研究方法对认识人类活动可能引起水文过程的变化有一定的借鉴意义,发展的模型也可以推广到具有类似水文过程的地区,对由于不合理的煤炭开采受到影响的流域进行水文分析和预报。     

一种时变分布式单位线计算方法

为了解决由降雨强度引起的径流汇流的非线性问题,提出一种基于SCS(United States Department of Agriculture-Soil Conservation Service)流速公式的时变分布式单位线计算方法。引入参考雨强表征SCS公式中流速系数对应的水力条件。由降雨过程的时段雨强与参考雨强的比值构成一个量纲一因子,将该因子加入SCS公式后使其能够考虑降雨对流速的影响。改进后的流速公式用于计算一次降雨过程中不同降雨时段对应的时变分布式单位线,时变分布式单位线与新安江模型的产流模块构成降雨径流模型,将模型用于裴河流域率定参考雨强。率定后的模型用于谭家河流域进行应用检验,结果显示,确定性系数大于等于0.9的洪水场次,由时不变单位线的42%增大为83%。提出的方法能够显著提高流域水文模型的降雨径流模拟能力。     

流域水资源实时调度研究——以黑河流域为例

系统地总结了流域水资源实时调度的研究现状和调度的基本理论依据。流域水资源实时调度以显式考虑人类活动影响的二元动态水资源演化模式为其理论基础,提出了“宏观总控、长短嵌套、实时决策、滚动修正”的流域水资源实时调度的模式。并以黑河流域为例,进行了应用研究,初步应用表明,该模式能满足流域水资源实时调度管理的需要,可为我国北方干旱半干旱地区流域水资源实时调度提供借鉴。     

蓄滞洪区洪水资源化的益损定量分析——以大黄堡洼为例

为在蓄滞洪区利用洪水资源,探讨洪水资源化收益和损失的函数关系及其定量分析方法。以大黄堡洼为例,建立收益和损失的准量化函数,基于水文和土地利用信息,采用水力学数学模型,澄清3种特定洪水重现期条件下收益与损失的时空转换关系。研究表明,临界水深是实施洪水资源化规划和管控的关键参数;洪水资源化的入流面积、受益面积、平均水深、最大水深与入流洪量成非线性正比关系,并受到地形地貌和土地利用变化等因素的综合影响。     

基于CMIP5和VIC模型的长江上游主要水文过程变化趋势预测

基于长江上游流域82个气象站点的实测数据和国际耦合模式比较计划第5阶段(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5,CMIP5)的2种排放情景下的8个气候模式1961～2099年的降水、气温数据,通过等距离累积分布函数法(Equidistance Cumulative Distribution Function Method,EDCDFm)进行气候模式的统计降尺度。在此基础上,构建0.5°×0.5°网格空间分辨率的可变下渗容量水文模型(Variable Infiltration Capacity,VIC),对历史流量进行模拟,并进一步模拟分析长江上游流域2006～2099年径流量、蒸散发的时空演变趋势。结果表明:VIC水文模型能够较好地模拟研究区的水文过程,从长江上游流域未来时期(2006～2099)主要水文过程变化趋势的预测来看,径流量变化趋势不明显、蒸散发呈增加趋势。此研究对于合理规划配置长江流域水资源及为气候影响评价和决策系统提供科技支撑具有重要意义。     

1957—2007年阿克苏河流域绿洲耕地变化及其河流水文效应

在阿克苏河流域土地利用变化对河流水文过程产生了深远影响,最主要的土地利用类型是绿洲耕地.根据1957—2007年阿克苏河流域各县市的绿洲耕地数据和各主要水文站的实测数据,分析近51a来流域绿洲耕地面积的变化趋势、变化速度、区域差异及其河流水文效应.结果表明:阿克苏河流域绿洲耕地面积呈现波动增加的态势,年均增长率0.77%,其中阿瓦提县最大为2.55%,而乌什县呈减少趋势,为-0.56%;与绿洲耕地总面积增长趋势的相反,人均耕地面积继续减少,年均减少率为1.15%;绿洲耕地空间变化的区域差异明显,水土资源相对丰富的阿瓦提县变化最大为3.32,而水土资源较缺乏的柯坪县变化最小,为0.65.绿洲耕地利用变化引起的河流水文效应显著,随着流域绿洲耕地面积的扩大,消耗水量同步增加,51a间绿洲耕地面积增长为38.48%,同期消耗水量增长约40.05%.与此同时,河流水质恶化和水体污染问题日益严重,逐渐成为制约流域社会发展的瓶颈.为了保障流域的可持续协调发展,必须长期坚持流域的综合治理,建立流域水资源的统一管理体制,确保流域水资源的合理配置和利用.     

大尺度流域基于站点的降雨时空展布

降水是影响流域水循环最活跃的因素,其时空分布不均匀对流域产汇流的影响非常大,因此在进行流域水文模拟时,需要充分考虑到降雨的时空变异性。本文针对大尺度流域的特点,提出了一种日雨量的空间展布方法,该方法根据站点降雨量之间的相关系数选取参证站点,采用距离平方反比法把站点的日雨量插补到空间计算单元上去,或采用泰森多边形法插值。该方法计算结果和本次全国水资源规划的结果差别不大,说明插值方法比较可靠。由于大尺度流域雨量站点的布设比较稀疏,采用空间插值的方法生成计算单元降雨量值精度不好,本研究中提出了一个大于10mm的大强度日降雨的向下尺度化方法。首先建立了一个将日降雨分配成小时降雨量的雨强历时关系模型：然后根据黄河流域的特点,把全流域划分为五个大强度降雨区,分区对参数进行了率定：最后采用实测资料对模型进行了检验。本文提出的方法,在黄河流域水文模拟中进行了应用,由径流模拟结果看,效果令人满意。     

Hydrological response to radar rainfall maps through a distributed model

Weather radars in investigating physical characteristics of precipitation are becoming essential instruments in the field of short term meteorological investigation and forecasting. To analyze the radar signal impact in hydrological forecasting, precipitation input fields, generated through a statistical mathematical model, are supplied to a distributed hydrological model. Such a model would allow the control of the basin response to precipitation measurements obtained by a meteorological radar and, in the meanwhile, to evaluate the influence of distributed input. The distributed model describes the basin hydrological behavior, subdividing it into distinct geometrical cells and increasing the physical significance by reproducing the distributed hydrographic basins characteristics, such as infiltration capacity, runoff concentration time, network propagation speed, soil moisture influence. Each basin cell is characterized by its geological, pedological and morphological status, and may be considered a unitary hydrological system, linked to the others by geomorphological and hydraulic relationships. To evaluate the dynamics of the flood event a synthetic representation of the channel network is introduced, where each stream branch is modeled as a linear reservoir. Finally, the discharge in the outlet section is derived, taking into account the hydraulic characteristics of the upstream branches.     

Effects of different soil and water conservation measures on hydrological extremes and flood processes in the Yanhe River,Loess Plateau,China

The runoff and sediment load of the Loess Plateau have changed significantly due to the implementation of soil and water conservation measures since the 1970s. However, the effects of soil and water conservation measures on hydrological extremes have rarely been considered. In this study, we investigated the variations in hydrological extremes and flood processes during different periods in the Yanhe River Basin (a tributary of the Loess Plateau) based on the daily mean runoff and 117 flood event data from 1956 to 2013. The study periods were divided into reference period (1956–1969), engineering measures period (1970–1995), and biological control measures period (1996–2013) according to the change points of the annual streamflow and the actual human activity in the basin. The results of the hydrological high extremes (HF1_max, HF3_max, HF7_max) exhibit a decreasing trend (P?<?0.01), whereas the hydrological low extremes (HBF1_min, HBF3_min, HBF7_min) show an increasing trend during 1956–2013. Compared with the hydrological extremes during the reference period, the hydrological high extremes increased during the engineering measures period at low (<?15%) and high frequency (>?80%), whereas decreased during the biological control measures period at almost all frequencies. The hydrological low extremes generally increased during both the engineering measures and biological control measures periods, particularly during the latter period. At the flood event scale, most flood event indices in connection with the runoff and sediment during the engineering measures period were significantly higher than those during the biological control measures period. The above results indicate that the ability to withstand hydrological extremes for the biological control measures was greater than that for the engineering measures in the studied basin. This work reveals the effects of different soil and water conservation measures on hydrological extremes in a typical basin of the Loess Plateau and hence can provide a useful reference for regional soil erosion control and disaster prevention policy-making.

     

Assessment of land use land cover change impact on hydrological regime of a basin

The sustainability of water resources mainly depends on planning and management of land use; a small change in it may affect water yield largely, as both are linked through relevant hydrological processes, explicitly. However, human activities, especially a significant increase in population, in-migration and accelerated socio-economic activities, are constantly modifying the land use and land cover (LULC) pattern. The impact of such changes in LULC on the hydrological regime of a basin is of widespread concern and a great challenge to the water resource engineers. While studying these impacts, the issue that prevails is the selection of a hydrological model that may be able to accommodate spatial and temporal dynamics of the basin with higher accuracy. Therefore, in the present study, the capabilities of variable infiltration capacity hydrological model to hydrologically simulate the basin under varying LULC scenarios have been investigated. For the present analysis, the Pennar River Basin, Andhra Pradesh, which falls under a water scarce region in India, has been chosen. The water balance components such as runoff potential, evapotranspiration (ET) and baseflow of Pennar Basin have been simulated under different LULC scenarios to study the impact of change on hydrological regime of a basin. Majorly, increase in built-up (13.94% approx.) and decrease in deciduous forest cover (2.44%) are the significant changes observed in the basin during the last three decades. It was found that the impact of LULC change on hydrology is balancing out at basin scale (considering the entire basin, while routing the runoff at the basin outlet). Therefore, an analysis on spatial variation in each of the water balance components considered in the study was done at grid scale. It was observed that the impact of LULC is considerable spatially at grid level, and the maximum increase of 265 mm (1985–2005) and the decrease of 48 mm (1985–1995) in runoff generation at grid were estimated. On the contrary, ET component showed the maximum increase of 400 and decrease of 570 mm under different LULC change scenario. Similarly, in the base flow parameter, an increase of 70 mm and the decrease of 100 mm were observed. It was noticed that the upper basin is showing an increasing trend in almost all hydrological components as compared to the lower basin. Based on this basin scale study, it was concluded that change in the land cover alters the hydrology; however, it needs to be studied at finer spatial scale rather than the entire basin as a whole. The information like the spatial variation in hydrological components may be very useful for local authority and decision-makers to plan mitigation strategies accordingly.