回忆父亲生活和工作中的几个片断

从家人的角度回忆了裴文中的青少年时代、参加周口店的发掘和研究工作、热爱自己的事业以及晚年等生活和工作中的几个片断。介绍了裴文中在周口店最初工作的几年发现中国猿人第一个头盖骨和石器的过程;记述了晚年生病的情况。     

How to stir a revolution as a reluctant rebel: Rudolf Trümpy in the Alps

Rudolf Trümpy (1921–2009) was one of the great Alpine geologists of the twentieth century and an influential figure in the international geological community. He played a dominant role in the change of opinion concerning the Alpine evolution by showing that normal faulting dominated the early development of the Alpine realm from the Triassic to the early Cretaceous. This provided a convenient model for later plate-tectonic interpretations of collisional mountain belts. His further recognition of strike-slip faulting during all stages of the Alpine evolution presaged the realisation that the Alps were not built by a simple open-and-shut mechanism. Trümpy was educated during an intellectual lull, a time when simplistic models of the earth behaviour inherited from the middle of the nineteenth century became prevalent under the influence of a close-minded, positivist approach to geological problems. This period, which we term the Dark Intermezzo, lasted from about 1925 to 1965. The grand syntheses of Suess and Argand which preceded this period were viewed from this narrow angle and consequently misunderstood. It was thought that earth history was punctuated by global orogenic events of short duration taking place within and among continents and oceans whose relative positions had remained fixed since the origin of the planet. These views, summarised under the term ‘fixism’, were developed when the ocean floors were almost totally unknown. When data began coming in from the post World War II oceanographic surveys, the world geological community was slow to receive and digest them. Trümpy followed these developments closely, realising that his work was important in placing the geology of the mountain belts within the emerging, new theoretical framework. He adopted the position of a critic and emphasised where detailed knowledge of the Alps, unquestionably the best known mountain belt in the world, supported and where it contradicted the new ideas. His voice was listened to carefully and subsequent developments have shown his critique to have been prescient. It is regrettable that he did not publish some of the theoretical criticisms he communicated to his colleagues during scientific meetings and informal conversations. His hesitance in becoming involved in theoretical arguments in geology may have stemmed partly from his scientific upbringing during the Dark Intermezzo and partly because he genuinely believed that he was better off sticking to what he thought he knew for sure. He nevertheless stressed that it is important for geologists ‘to dream’. It is often said about teachers that one should do what they say, not what they do. In Trümpy’s case, it was the opposite. Both scientifically and as a human being, he was a most admirable man.     

怀念敬爱的导师、杰出的地质学家和古生物学家尹赞勋先生

尹赞勋教授是我国一位杰出的地质学家和古生物学家,他把自己整个一生贡献给中国地质学的发展和进步。本文记述他在中国科学院地质研究所工作期间的部分学术生涯,并涉及他指导年青科学工作者如何进行化石的研究,如何有效地开展科学研究,如何阅读英文书籍和文献等。所有这些教导对正在从事地质和古生物研究的年青一代将有重要意义。     

中国现代地质学的奠基人李四光——[地质力学]读书笔记

李四光先生是中国地质学的奠基人之一,创建了以力学为基础的现代地质学以区别传统地质学,地质学研究从而从定性走向了半定量-定量化。学术观点是见仁见智,强调百花齐放,但是李四光先生以力学为基础提出问题、分析问题和解决问题的方法和思路具有普适性,开拓了后人的眼光,潜移默化地影响到后来的板块构造和大陆构造研究。重要的是,尽管他为地质添加了丰富的现代科学因素,但是他仍和传统地质学一样强调地质学基本功的培养,野外观察和实践能力的提高,多学科的交叉以及第一手资料的积累,这些传统和能力在今天显得尤其难能可贵。      

Hermann Wilhelm Abich im Kaukasus: Zum zweihundertsten Geburtstag

Hermann Abich was born in 1806 in Berlin and died in 1886 in Graz. He grew up in a wealthy family which had friendly relations with famous scientists like Alexander von Humboldt, Leopold von Buch or Carl Ritter. After his studies in Heidelberg and Berlin he turned to extended fieldwork at the volcanoes of Italy. In 1833–1834 he published excellent petrological/chemical results and got soon a good scientific reputation. Thus he was nominated as Professor for Geology and Mineralogy of the prestigious Russian University in Dorpat (now Tartu, Esthonia) in 1842. In 1844 he was sent to Armenia by the Russian authorities. For the next three decades his fieldwork with about 190 publications was concentrated on the Great and Lesser Caucasus. This was a period of Russian expansion to the South with long-lasting regional fights. But he enjoyed the support of powerful governors. He was an indefatigable and enthusiastic explorer and a precise observer and designer. His interests covered many fields: morphology, glaciology, structural geology, volcanology with Thermal Springs, mineral resources from hydrocarbons, coal, salt to ores, stratigraphy and paleontology as a base for geological maps. But he also gave advice for practical problems, and he was active in meteorology, botany and archaeology. Alltogether he became “the Father of Caucasus Geology”. The following sketch stresses only on three aspects of his activities. He was one of the first pioneers in hydrocarbon exploration, especially around the anticlines with the mud volcanoes near Baku. In many respects, however, his fundamental ideas were erronous. He explained the structure of the Great Caucasus by the traditional theories of Leopold von Buch and Elie de Beaumont. The Caucasus anticline “was elevated by forces acting from beneath”. Following them he tried to discover regularities in the strike of mountain chains. Similarily he treated volcanism like Alexander von Humboldt and Leopold von Buch with their two groups of phenomena: voluminous, mostly basaltic “elevation craters” versus isolated, mostly trachytic and relatively small cones of “true volcanoes”. In spite of the isolation of the Caucasus region he had cultivated continuously contacts with leading geologists in Europe and was honoured by many institutions. He left Russia in 1876 for Vienna planning to write there the final monograph volumes about his investigations but he died before he could complete them.     

珍贵的师友情谊——纪念李四光先生百年诞辰

本文以李四光先生在1925年写给当时在德国留学的杨钟健的三封信为根据,记述了这两位学者长达五十多年的师友情谊。杨钟健是李四光先生1920年在北京大学地质系任教时的学生,在李四光先生的鼓励、帮助下,杨钟健专攻古脊椎动物学,从而开始了这门学科在中国的发展。     

海洋中磷的循环与沉积作用

磷在海洋中的循环与沉积主要是靠生物作用进行的。海洋表层水中的溶解磷几乎全部被海洋植物摄取，海洋植物及动物死亡后最终以生物碎屑的形式沉入海底，在其沉降和到达深层水的过程中大部分被分解、破坏，变成可溶组分又重新返回海水，使深层水中磷浓度提高。含磷浓度高的深层水被上升洋流带到表层后又被生物吸收，重复循环。当上升洋流抵达大陆边缘，特别是遇有陆缘坻存在时，磷等营养物质滞留，导致磷质生物大量繁衍，死亡后沉积，并经成岩作用，便形成大规模的工业磷块岩矿床     

永恒的回忆——写在父亲逝世10周年之际

我们的父亲出生在一个淳朴的农民家庭,简朴的生活培育了他对故土、对人民深厚朴素的感情。他为人正直,性情豁达,襟怀坦荡。在遭遇坎坷时,始终对生活充满热爱和信心。父亲作为中国老一代的土壤学家,为了中国土壤科学的发展和农业生产的进步呕心沥血,经常奔波忙碌在祖国各地。在他主持和参加过的工作中,如西藏和新疆等地的农业综合科学考察、湖南南山牧场的建设和华北黄淮海盐碱地治理等主要工作中,处处体现出他的爱国之心和敬业精神,使我们深受教育,激励着我们永远前进。     

The trade-off between density and other objectives: A re-examination of planning norms

Residential density (dwelling units per area) affects the quality of life in urban environments in many direct and indirect ways. Determining the optimal level of density requires in each case, balancing all the relevant factors and influences, and should depend on the preferences of the potential residents and their financial resources.A residential neighborhood has many characteristics. Usually people trade off one characteristic against another. For instance: people can trade off density against cost or accessibility against space. The aim of good planning is to find the combination of characteristics that will give maximum level of satisfaction to the residents of a neighbourhood subject to the limitations of their budgets. Density standards should, therefore, be adapted to the preferences of the potential residents and their preferred compromise between the various attributes of their environment.To make things more complicated, the concept of density has many definitions, and different definitions are relevant when analysing the various effects of density. It seems that people do not perceive the gross residential density as it is measured, but are influenced by variables such as set-back distances, the percentage of building coverage and the like.Evidence is cited from an investigation in Kiryat-Gat which suggests that the perception of density is affected by other factors except the density itself.If people do not perceive the density as such but are affected by other factors, then modification of these factors is very important. If planners are to design neighborhoods according to the residents' preferences, they should have quantitative estimates of the residents' relative evaluation of these characteristics, including possible savings in the price of housing. The problems of investigating residential preferences are discussed, and examples of studies addressed to these questions are described.     

Des « cailloux roulés » basaltiques haut perchés à l’histoire du Rhône : observations et spéculations de Gui de Mortessagnes (1782)

The abbey Gui de Mortessagnes, well known for his contribution to the discovery of the Vivarais-Velay volcanoes (1778), faced with the deposits of basaltic pebbles in the Rhône valley. From its own observations, he emphasized the distribution of these deposits on the left bank, at a higher levels than the modern valley and downstream from Montélimar, thence very far from their roots. The fluvialist theory failing in the explanation, Mortessagnes suggests that a diluvial stream have submerged this country and that later collapses induced the Rhône valley. So, he is joined to neodiluvianist trend but he considered that this deluge event is not unique in the earth history and admits a long age for the earth. From his handwritten notes, we apprehend his work in relation with the concepts that time and in the light of the present geological knowledge on the Rhône valley.     

Fabric stability in oblique convergence and divergence

Forward modeling of transpression–transtension, assuming homogeneous strain and a direct relationship between finite strain axes and foliation–lineation in tectonites, investigates fields of stability of foliation and lineation orientations in oblique convergence and divergence. Vertical foliation–horizontal lineation (VF–HL) develop for angles of convergence–divergence between 0 and 20°. With increasing finite strain, this narrow window of stability is further reduced; lineation switches to vertical in transpression and foliation switches to horizontal in transtension. If a shear zone contains VF–HL, it either developed as a zone very close to pure wrenching, or recorded low finite strain. The stability of VF–HL at high strain and higher angles of convergence is enhanced by lateral extrusion of material along transpression zones. VF–HL may be stabilized in magmatic bodies that progressively intrude transtension zones, if the wrench component of deformation partitions within them. Alternatively, if these bodies are dike-like, cool fast, and do not record large deformation, they take up the extension component of transtension through anisotropic volume addition, leaving a larger component of wrench deformation in the country rocks; this effect stabilizes VF–HL effectively at low strain, but only marginally so at high strain.     

回忆恩师——李连捷

李连捷先生是我国土壤科学的创始人之一,也是我国土壤科学的教育家,为土壤科学发展的地学理论基础和生产应用做了大量工作。我作为李连捷先生的研究生,有幸在先生身边度过了10年,切身体会到了他对研究生的关心和培养。他不仅教我学业,而且教我做人。他渊博的知识、宽广的胸怀和幽默的谈吐让我难忘。他注重调查研究,力求理论与生产实践相结合;他不墨守成规,注重创新发展;他精益求精,不畏困难,不怕挫折,乐观地面对人生都给我留下了终生受益的精神财富。     

The trade-off between density and other objectives: A re-examination of planning norms

Residential density (dwelling units per area) affects the quality of life in urban environments in many direct and indirect ways. Determining the optimal level of density requires in each case, balancing all the relevant factors and influences, and should depend on the preferences of the potential residents and their financial resources. A residential neighborhood has many characteristics. Usually people trade off one characteristic against another. For instance: people can trade off density against cost or accessibility against space. The aim of good planning is to find the combination of characteristics that will give maximum level of satisfaction to the residents of a neighbourhood subject to the limitations of their budgets. Density standards should, therefore, be adapted to the preferences of the potential residents and their preferred compromise between the various attributes of their environment. To make things more complicated, the concept of density has many definitions, and different definitions are relevant when analysing the various effects of density. It seems that people do not perceive the gross residential density as it is measured, but are influenced by variables such as set-back distances, the percentage of building coverage and the like. Evidence is cited from an investigation in Kiryat-Gat which suggests that the perception of density is affected by other factors except the density itself. If people do not perceive the density as such but are affected by other factors, then modification of these factors is very important. If planners are to design neighborhoods according to the residents' preferences, they should have quantitative estimates of the residents' relative evaluation of these characteristics, including possible savings in the price of housing. The problems of investigating residential preferences are discussed, and examples of studies addressed to these questions are described.     

高弯曲与低弯曲河流比较沉积学研究--以长江上、下荆江段为例

以长江上、下荆江河段为例,运用比较沉积学的方法阐述了高弯曲流河与低弯曲流河的沉积单元及沉积特征。由于河流特性、流量及河流边界条件的不同,①虽然上、下荆江都发育了大量的点坝沉积,但在形态、分布位置、成熟度、粒度分布、沉积构造、剖面结构、微地貌特征等七个方面存在明显差别;②虽然上、下荆江都发育有江心洲 (心滩 ),但是其成因、规模、演化规律及沉积结构均不同;③决口扇沉积仅仅发育在上荆江河段,且两岸发育程度几乎均等,下荆江不发育决口扇沉积;④牛轭湖沉积仅发育在下荆江,而且主要分布于下荆江北岸。     

Blind Source Separation for Compositional Time Series

Many geological phenomena are regularly measured over time to follow developments and changes. For many of these phenomena, the absolute values are not of interest, but rather the relative information, which means that the data are compositional time series. Thus, the serial nature and the compositional geometry should be considered when analyzing the data. Multivariate time series are already challenging, especially if they are higher dimensional, and latent variable models are a popular way to deal with this kind of data. Blind source separation techniques are well-established latent factor models for time series, with many variants covering quite different time series models. Here, several such methods and their assumptions are reviewed, and it is shown how they can be applied to high-dimensional compositional time series. Also, a novel blind source separation method is suggested which is quite flexible regarding the assumptions of the latent time series. The methodology is illustrated using simulations and in an application to light absorbance data from water samples taken from a small stream in Lower Austria.

     

不确定度评定及在产品符合性判定中的应用金属铟中锡的 ICP-AES 测定方法

建立了金属铟中锡的 ICP-AES 测定方法过程的数学模型,通过分析得到了对测定结果正确度影响的不确定度来源,评定了各个不确定度度分量、合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。并通过对标准方法的重复性、再现性等概念的讨论,说明了不确定度值在产品等级判定上的使用。     

广州珠江西航道,流溪河有机污染特征与感潮作用

珠江西航道和流溪河在广州市区上游，为广州市主要水源区。由于感潮作用，受市区严重污染的水体因涨潮上溯而上游传输。严重影响上游水质。因此，弄清感潮作用对广州水源区水质的影响程度和范围，对水源保护与利用有重要意义。本研究从下游到上游，对水源区底泥中有机物特征进行了分析，结果表明：（１）从上游到上游，受感潮作用影响逐渐减小，污染程度逐渐减轻；（２）水源区有机物特征呈有规律变化。从靠近城市的下游到远离城市的     

The initiation of pull‐apart basins and transform continental margins: results from numerical experiments of kinematic partitioning in divergent settings

We present a set of numerical models to investigate how transform faults initiate in pull‐apart basins or transform continental margins. The model represents an elastic plate with three aligned weak spots. Applying strain on the edge of the model firstly propagates extensional cracks from the pre‐existing damaged spots. The subsequent evolution depends on the angle (obliquity) between the applied strain and the alignment of the damaged spots. For obliquity <50°, transform faults form to connect en‐échelon divergent cracks; for obliquity >60°, transtensional transfer zones connect the divergent cracks and no transform fault forms. These experiments suggest that pull‐apart basins do not form as previously assumed by connection of overlapping transform faults, but that transform faults form as connections of extensional areas.     

师道长存 功勋永在——敬怀袁希渊老师

笔者是袁复礼教授30年代末期的学生,回顾了在西南联大受袁老师教诲;在清华大学地学系和北京地质学院共事期间得袁老师帮助的情况。老师的优良学风和高尚品德使我们体会到:所谓教育决不仅限于课堂上的“授业”、“解惑”。为人师者的一言一行,其涵育和启发的作用有时更为重要。我们后来虽然成了不同学科的学术带头人和院、系负责人,但袁老师始终是我们的榜样。     

回忆父亲点滴

父亲是世纪同龄人 ,从 50岁到 80岁是他生命的春天。他以常人在这个年龄难以迸发的热情、智慧、不懈努力和顽强开拓的精神 ,在地质战线上为新中国建设辛勤耕耘 ,是一位在地学领域涉足宽广、具有科学预见能力、富有领导组织才能的科学家和领导者。他总是关注未来 ,特别热心于培养年轻人 ,对建立一支高水平、有解决问题能力的地质队伍下了很大功夫。父亲沉静善思、富有哲学头脑 ,他的许多预见性学术观点和开创性思维都源于他宁静淡泊的心态。没有浮华和功利 ,这便是他智慧的源泉。