台湾瘦长红珊瑚的纳微结构特征

采用电子显微技术观察台湾瘦长红珊瑚,研究了其纳微结构。扫描电子显微镜观察到瘦长红珊瑚的特殊微结构形貌及其中方解石的晶体排布;透射电子显微镜发现了瘦长红珊瑚内部方解石晶体的形态、大小和两层结构及有机物的赋存;高分辨透射电子显徽镜显示了纳米畴、晶格和晶体结构的过渡。体现了瘦长红珊瑚的有机～无机复合结构特征,揭示了纳微尺度的生物矿化作用的机理和过程,启示了医用复合功能生物材料的研究及仿生合成。     

红珊瑚的稀土元素特征及其生态环境意义

红珊瑚是珍稀的有机宝石。对35个不同产地不同属种的红珊瑚样品中的稀土元素组成特征及红珊瑚生态环境进行了研究。结果表明,红珊瑚的稀土元素富集主要受生物作用影响,其∑REE较低,轻稀土元素相对富集,重稀土元素相对亏损,δCe负异常为主,部分红珊瑚样品占Eu正异常;红珊瑚的稀土元素组成特征具有产地鉴定意义,也指示出红珊瑚的生态环境与海底火山热液活动密切相关,后者影响红珊瑚的生长物源供应;红珊瑚的生态环境的稀有性导致了红珊瑚的稀有性。     

我国珠宝市场中几种低价钙质珊瑚特征探讨

目前,一些曾经不被用作首饰加工的低价钙质珊瑚种因其具有与宝石级红珊瑚相似的特征而出现于市场。从生物学的角度探讨了宝石级红珊瑚与几种低价珊瑚种样品的生物学归属,按照生物学分类界定了其种属。通过偏光显微镜观察、放大观察以及常规宝石学测试,初步分析了这些低价钙质珊瑚样品的结构、优化处理以及市场价格特征。结果表明,这些低价钙质珊瑚样品与宝石级红珊瑚样品属于不同的生物学种属,由不同科属的珊瑚生物体分泌而成,具有不同的生物学特征以及与宝石级红珊瑚不同的外观结构、宝石学参数和拉曼光谱,常经过优化处理后出现于珠宝市场,可通过常规宝石学测试进行鉴别。     

拼合珊瑚的鉴定特征

珠宝市场上见到的大尺寸珊瑚有增多趋势,这类珊瑚多为珊瑚小料和胶结物拼合而成,前人研究未对其鉴定特征进行系统总结.笔者结合长期宝石检测工作认识,对目前市场上常见的两类拼合珊瑚的鉴定特征进行了系统研究和阐述.其中,一类拼合珊瑚由珊瑚小料和胶结物组成,另一类拼合珊瑚由珊瑚小料、人工胎体材料和胶结物组成.放大检查和紫外荧光观察发现,拼合部位的胶结物、胎体材料与主体红珊瑚在外观及发光性特征上存在差异明显;红外光谱测试结果进一步确定胶结物的主要成分为甲基丙烯酸甲酯和环氧树脂,部分拼合珊瑚依附的胎体材料主要为醇酸树脂（掺有碳酸盐粉末）和氰基丙烯酸乙酯.结果表明,放大检查、紫外荧光观察和红外光谱测试的综合运用,能够快速、准确、有效地鉴别拼合珊瑚.     

一种新型南非紫色玉石的矿物学特征研究

为探究南非最近产出的一种新型紫色玉石的矿物学特征及颜色成因,对其进行了常规宝石学特征测试,并采用X射线粉末衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）及紫外-可见分光光度计（UV-Vis）等仪器对其矿物组成、结构特征、化学成分和致色元素进行了研究。常规宝石学测试结果表明,该玉石折射率为1．54（点测）,相对密度为2．1-2．2,摩氏硬度为1-2。XRD分析结果表明样品主要矿物组成为鳞镁铁矿,呈紫色,次要矿物成分为利蛇纹石,呈褐绿色;SEM分析结果显示鳞镁铁矿大多为集合体,主要以鳞片状和纤维状两种集合体形式存在,能谱分析（EDS）结果显示紫色部分主要化学成分为Mg,O,C,Fe,Cr等,佐证了紫色部分为鳞镁铁矿;UV-Vis结合EDS分析结果显示,鳞镁铁矿的紫色可能由Cr致色引起。     

湘中涟源凹陷上二叠统龙潭组和大隆组海陆过渡相泥页岩孔隙结构特征及对比

以湘中坳陷涟源凹陷上二叠统龙潭组和大隆组海陆过渡相泥页岩为研究对象,重点选取12块典型泥页岩钻井岩心样品开展有机碳含量、岩石热解、X射线衍射、密度法孔隙度、高压压汞、二氧化碳和氮气吸附等测试分析,利用氩离子抛光-场发射扫描电镜（FE-SEM）观察了泥页岩孔隙特征,通过定性描述和定量测定相结合的方法研究了海陆过渡相泥页岩纳-微米级孔隙结构特征及孔隙发育影响因素.研究结果表明:龙潭组和大隆组泥页岩有机碳含量均较高,热演化程度处在凝析油和湿气生成阶段早期,对应R_o为1.22%~1.43%;泥页岩孔隙类型主要为粒间孔、粒内孔、有机孔和微纳米缝.龙潭组与大隆组样品在孔隙形态、孔隙大小和影响因素上均有差异:龙潭组样品氮气吸附滞回环开口宽,有机孔形态多为圆形和椭圆形,孔径较大;大隆组样品氮气吸附滞回环开口窄,有机孔形态多为不规则状,孔径较小;龙潭组泥岩和大隆组泥页岩样品有机碳含量与黏土矿物含量呈正相关关系,2套样品的微孔孔隙积体与有机碳和黏土矿物含量均呈正相关性;龙潭组样品介孔+宏孔的孔隙体积与有机碳和黏土矿物含量呈正相关性,与石英+长石含量呈负相关性;大隆组样品中的碳酸盐矿物对其孔隙性有明显影响,大隆组样品介孔+宏孔孔隙体积与有机碳、黏土矿物和石英+长石含量相关性不明显.      

云南第三纪浅色褐煤孔隙特征与成煤植物

运用电子显微技术（ＴＥＭ及ＳＥＭ）与孔隙结构测试技术，结合孢粉组合分析方法，对云南第三纪浅色褐煤的孔隙结构特征、成煤植物组成及孢粉组合特征等方面进行了较系统研究，并将上述结果与特殊植物成因泥炭进行了孔隙结构特征对比，在此研究基础上对浅色褐煤的成煤植物及煤的成因提出了新的认识。     

滑带土强度特性研究现状

滑带土强度特性对滑坡稳定性研究和滑坡防治工程设计具有重要意义。通过回顾国内外一些代表性工作,总结了其主要研究内容、研究方法和成果。研究内容包括5种特征强度：峰值抗剪强度、残余抗剪强度、完全软化强度、滑坡启动强度、长期抗剪强度以及相应的微观结构特征;研究方法以现场与室内试验为主,理论分析和反演分析为辅;研究成果主要反映在各种特征强度及其相互关系、剪切引起的微观结构变化特征方面。重点介绍了残余强度研究成果,包括其影响因素和数值估算。最后指出了研究工作中应该加强的几个方面,如特殊滑带土的研究（如砾质滑带土）、新的测试技术和研究方法的发展以及反分析法的正确运用等。     

内蒙古西部额济纳古湖小狐山剖面有机质与碳酸盐组成及其古环境意义

通过对内蒙古西部额济纳古湖小狐山剖面沉积物中总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）和碳酸盐（CaCO₃）含量的测定,分析了沉积物中有机碳来源和无机碳酸盐成因,结果表明在额济纳古湖相沉积物中TOC与TN含量呈同步变化规律TOC/TN(9.91～10.16)较稳定,其有机质为湖泊自生藻类和外源维管束植物共同提供。沉积物中有机质含量受温度、降雨量变化控制,当气候暖湿时,沉积物中有机碳含量高,气候冷干则有机碳含量低,因此,有机碳含量是所研究剖面气候温湿与干旱（冷）的有效环境指标。湖泊自生碳酸盐含量则由湖区有效湿度和生物量的共同控制,其稳定碳同位素指示有效湿度的大小。粒度,特别是小于2μm组分含量与水动力和搬运介质相关,其组分含量大于5％时为湖相沉积且随其含量增加指示水深加大。根据沉积物中有机碳、碳酸盐、无机碳同位素和粒度,并结合剖面岩相特征,探讨了研究区该时段（按剖面深度划分）气候变化和湖泊演化历史：  ？～38.15 ¹⁴C kaB.P.(1039～949cm)湖区气候为冷干环境特征,风沙盛行;   38.15～31.73 ¹⁴C  kaB.P.(949～780cm)气候环境逐步改善,降水量增加,湖泊开始发育并到达湖泊高水位阶段;   31.73～22.79  ¹⁴C  kaB.P.(780～482cm)湖泊水位有所下降,气候有明显的波动,但仍维持在较高的水位上,湖区环境仍为暖湿气候;   22.79～17.37 ¹⁴C  kaB.P.(482～304cm)气候开始变冷变干,湖区有效适度持续减小,湖泊退缩;   17.37～14.00 ¹⁴C kaB.P.(304～178cm)湖泊退出研究点,区域有效湿度小,风沙盛行,存在短暂气候事件,造成暂时性流水;   14～4  ¹⁴C kaB.P.(178～0cm)湖泊开始再度扩张、水位上升,湖水变淡,到该阶段的后期气候又一次发生转变,湖区再度成为干旱环境,有效湿度减小,湖泊开始萎缩、直至消失。     

湿地固碳效果研究——以黑龙江省扎龙湿地为例

依据多目标区域地球化学调查成果,以扎龙湿地为对象,根据表层（0~20 cm）土壤与深层（150~200 cm）土壤样品有机碳含量分析结果,计算了研究区有机碳单位储量,研究了湿地土壤中有机碳的含量分布和变化特征,比较了不同土地利用方式间的土壤有机碳储量的差异,对比了20年来湿地土壤中有机碳储量的变化.结果显示湿地土壤中有机碳处于增加状态,说明湿地是“碳汇区”.     

Compositional diversity of soluble mineralizing matrices in some recent coral skeletons compared to fine-scale growth structures of fibres: discussion of consequences for biomineralization and diagenesis

 In contrast to the purely crystalline model of the coral fibre, a transversal zonation is made visible within fibres by specific preparations (enzymatic or light acidic etchings). This growth zonation that corresponds to the successive positions of the secretory ectoderm during septal development shows that crystallization of coral fibre is controlled not only by an external organic coating of fibres, but also includes intra-fibrous organic components. This results in a micron-scaled internal structure of fibres, with a noticeable diversity depending on species. In parallel, soluble matrices also exhibit significant differences, although the global high content in acidic amino acids is always observed. Gathering these two sets of data allows the current ideas concerning structures and growth modalities of coral septa to be discussed. Basically, the respective role of centres of calcification and fibres during septal development appears clearly different from the current ideas, resulting in significant change in interpretation of coral structures, with concerns in both skeleton formation and understanding of diagenetic processes. Received: 2 November 1998 / Accepted: 10 May 1999     

Oxygen isotopic signature of the skeletal microstructures in cultured corals: Identification of vital effects

In order to identify vital effect on oxygen isotopic ratio, we analyzed at micrometer size scale skeleton microstructures of a scleractinian coral Acropora, cultured under constant conditions. Measurements focused on the two crystalline units highlighted different isotopic signatures. Massive crystals (centers of calcification: COC) exhibit quasi-constant lowest values whereas fibers, the dominant units exhibit scattered distribution with amplitude of up to 5‰. Fiber oxygen isotopic ratios (δ¹⁸O) range from values similar to instantaneous deposition to equilibrium value. By comparing data obtained on the Acropora specimen and deep-sea corals grown under well constrained conditions, we infer that the scattered δ¹⁸O aragonite fibers indicate precipitation through kinetic precipitation. Thus, we argue for inherent biological feature typical to all coral genera. Modalities of COC formation remain ignored.The different isotopic signature of two mineral microstructures present in close proximity in coral skeleton can only be explained by compartment depositions related to different organic environments. Indeed, multiple secondary electron microscopy (SEM) observations favor interaction between mineral and organic matrix surface. Moreover, atomic forcing microscopy (AFM) investigations demonstrated thermodynamic changes induced by mineralization in presence of organic compounds. The combination of our results with previous published ones from biological studies, allows us proposing a consistent model of fiber skeleton formation. The prerequisite step of mineral growth unit precipitation would be initiated by organic matrix secretion, which defines spatial extension. Specific carriers supply ionic compounds of the crystals to ensure local supersaturation. However, possibly controlled by organic molecules, ionic amount would be limited, implying the supersaturation decline over the time. This could explain the progressive decrease of the coral growth rate. In this case, vital effect should not only bias isotopic fractionation through biological activity but the mechanism of skeleton deposition is imposed by specific chemical and/or physical conditions due to the presence of organic molecules. These conclusions derive from observations performed at high resolution.Therefore, isotopic ratio measured on millimeter scale for paleoclimatic purposes, result of the average of strongly heterogeneous values. It could explain vital effects shown by geochemical time series derived from tropical coral skeleton, including the high species and/or colony variability.     

基于CT扫描试验的珊瑚骨架灰岩孔隙结构特征研究

为了探究分布于某岛礁珊瑚骨架灰岩的微观孔隙结构特征及其定性定量分析,选取6块有代表性的珊瑚骨架灰岩岩样,开展CT扫描试验,建立珊瑚骨架灰岩三维立体数字模型,获得三维数据体并开展孔隙结构特征的研究。结果表明:6块岩样整体孔隙率均值仅为3.30%,孔隙发育程度较小;岩样逐层面孔隙率有较大程度波动,面孔隙率较小,但其标准差却较大,体现了岩样较强的非均质性;对岩样三维模型中所提取的孔隙进行标记筛分,同时对孔隙体积与数量进行概率统计,结果表明珊瑚骨架灰岩中大孔隙数量虽少,但体积占比很大,存在极个别超大孔隙;通过球棒模型分析可知,配位数主要分布区间为0~2,说明珊瑚骨架灰岩的孔隙连通性较差,主要以独立孔隙和单连通孔隙为主,孔隙在x/y/z方向均无连通性,不存在潜在的流体运移通道。     

珊瑚骨架灰岩三轴压缩声发射特性研究

通过对珊瑚骨架灰岩在不同围压条件下的声发射监测试验,获取珊瑚骨架灰岩三轴压缩力学特性及其声发射（AE）基本特征。研究表明,珊瑚骨架灰岩强度特性符合Mohr-Coulomb强度准则。珊瑚骨架灰岩在三轴压缩作用下的宏观破坏特征表现出较明显的围压效应,即单轴压缩表现为劈裂式张拉断裂面;随着围压的增大,由两级台阶式宏观断口逐渐过渡呈现为单斜面剪切带。珊瑚骨架灰岩在三轴压缩作用下的AE时序演化规律与其应力-应变曲线特征基本吻合,等效破坏时间所对应的累计振铃计数、累计能量计数与围压之间呈良好的对数函数关系。峰前累计振铃计数、累计能量计数在长期强度?cd之前表现出稳定的平缓现象,符合岩石的线弹性变形特征,并在约90%处呈现剧增现象,即为岩石内部微裂纹快速不稳定扩展的开始。珊瑚骨架灰岩在单轴压缩作用下的峰前能量演化规律与其应力?应变曲线特征基本吻合,峰前弹性能、峰前耗散能同样在约90%处出现转折现象。     

柴达木盆地东北缘石炭系生物礁发育特征及其地质意义

对柴达木盆地东北缘石炭系地层中生物礁的发育特征及区域展布进行了系统阐述。基于野外实地考察与室内镜下分析,采用地球化学与岩石学方法相结合,总结归纳柴达木盆地东北缘石炭系生物礁的岩石学特征、生物特征以及地层特征,分析生物礁主要产出层位及规模大小,探讨其古环境与油气地质意义。研究结果表明:柴达木盆地东北缘石炭系造礁生物主要为四射珊瑚,其次为横板珊瑚,发育锥状、盘状的单体珊瑚和管状、丛状、蜂窝状的群体珊瑚,附礁生物为腕足、等;珊瑚礁在岩层中以点状产出,呈不连续带状分布,依据其在地层中的发育规律与展布特征,分为簇状竖直丛生管状珊瑚、簇状水平延伸管状珊瑚以及簇状顶端向下倾斜管状珊瑚;根据岩石中的生物颗粒含量,生物礁灰岩储层岩石类型分为珊瑚骨架灰岩、珊瑚颗粒石灰岩、生物颗粒质石灰岩、含生物颗粒石灰岩以及泥晶灰岩。柴达木盆地东北缘早石炭世以碳酸盐台地环境为主,晚石炭世以海陆交互的潮坪环境为主。研究区石炭系生物礁主要位于下石炭统怀头他拉组三、四段,在石灰沟、旺尕秀等剖面可见厚层油砂,指示柴达木盆地东北缘石炭系具有良好的生烃潜力。     

一种海南黑珊瑚的结构特征的初步研究

有机宝石的形成与生物的生命活动有关.对有机宝石的鉴定主要是借助与生物生命活动有关的一些结构特征.文章利用偏光显微镜、扫描电镜以及宝石显微镜对采自海南三亚的黑珊瑚的原料和成品的结构特征进行观察与研究,对黑珊瑚珠宝饰品的鉴定起了一定的帮助作用.     

Preservation of organic matter in mound-forming coral skeletons

This study demonstrates that intracrystalline organic matter in coral skeletons is well preserved over century timescales. The extent of preservation of organic matter in coral skeletons was investigated by measuring total organic carbon (TOC), total hydrolyzable amino acid (THAA), chloropigment, and lipid concentrations in 0-300 year old annual growth bands from Montastraea annularis (Florida Keys) and Porites lutea (Red Sea). Organic matter intrinsic to the calcium carbonate mineral (intracrystalline) was analyzed separately from total skeletal organic matter. The Red Sea coral had less TOC (0.02-0.04 wt%) than the Florida Keys coral (0.04-0.11 wt%), but a higher percent of intracrystalline organic matter in all annual bands measured. Carbon in the form of THAA, most likely from mineral-precipitating proteins, contributed 30-45% of the TOC in both corals. Carbon in lipids represented about 3% of the TOC in the coral skeletons. Chlorophyll-a and b were present in annual bands where endolithic algae were present, but these compounds were minor contributors to TOC. The distribution of specific organic compounds showed that organic matter was well preserved throughout the time period sampled in both the total and intracrystalline pools. Variations in THAA were not correlated with TOC over time, suggesting that organic matter that is involved in biomineralization, like amino acids, may be deposited in response to different environmental factors than are other components of skeletal organic matter. Differences in the quantity and composition of organic matter between the two corals investigated here were assessed using principal components analysis and suggest that location, species and skeletal structure may all influence organic matter content and possibly the degree of physical protection of organic matter by the coral skeleton. Further, our study suggests that intracrystalline organic matter may be better protected from diagenesis than non-intracrystalline organic matter and may therefore be a more reliable source of organic matter for paleoceanographic studies than total skeletal organic matter.     

基于珊瑚礁岛分区分层的淡水形成过程研究

为了探究土的分层特征对珊瑚礁岛下淡水透镜体形成的意义,在南海某珊瑚礁岛采用钻孔取样,分析每个钻孔不同层位样品的粒度。根据水平和垂直方向上的粒度特征,确定岛的水平分区和垂直分层;根据每个钻孔所代表的范围,确定每个水平分区的面积;根据每个钻孔中不同颗粒级配的样品所代表的厚度,确定每个垂直分层厚度。礁灰岩以上松散层的不同分区和分层的颗粒级配控制地层的渗透性,垂直和水平方向的渗透性特征控制淡水透镜体形成的难度、淡水透镜体的总厚度以及过渡带的厚度。根据岛的总面积和垂直分层数建立数值模型,得到不同时间、不同水平位置和垂直深度的地下水浓度特征的模拟结果。     

Controls on Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca in scleractinian corals: The effects of Ca-ATPase and transcellular Ca channels on skeletal chemistry

The Sr/Ca of aragonitic coral skeletons is a commonly used palaeothermometer. However skeletal Sr/Ca is typically dominated by weekly-monthly oscillations which do not reflect temperature or seawater composition and the origins of which are currently unknown. To test the impact of transcellular Ca²⁺ transport processes on skeletal Sr/Ca, colonies of the branching coral, Pocillopora damicornis, were cultured in the presence of inhibitors of Ca-ATPase (ruthenium red) and Ca channels (verapamil hydrochloride). The photosynthesis, respiration and calcification rates of the colonies were monitored throughout the experiment. The skeleton deposited in the presence of the inhibitors was identified (by ⁴²Ca spike) and analysed for Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca by secondary ion mass spectrometry. The Sr/Ca of the aragonite deposited in the presence of either of the inhibitors was not significantly different from that of the solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide) control, although the coral calcification rate was reduced by up to 66% and 73% in the ruthenium red and verapamil treatments, respectively. The typical precision (95% confidence limits) of mean Sr/Ca determinations within any treatment was <±1% and differences in skeletal Sr/Ca between treatments were correspondingly small. Either Ca-ATPase and Ca channels transport Sr²⁺ and Ca²⁺ in virtually the same ratio in which they are present in seawater or transcellular processes contribute little Ca²⁺ to the skeleton and most Ca is derived from seawater transported directly to the calcification site. Variations in the activities of Ca-ATPase and Ca-channels are not responsible for the weekly-monthly Sr/Ca oscillations observed in skeletal chronologies, assuming that the specificities of Ca transcellular transport processes are similar between coral genera.