三种壳色硬壳蛤(Mercenaria mercenaria)的生长性状差异及通径分析

壳色是影响商品贝类经济价值的重要性状。本研究以不同壳色的硬壳蛤（Mercenaria mercenaria）群体为繁殖亲贝，采用个体间随机交配的方法，成功选育了白、红和杂3种壳色的子代群体，并在池塘培育至360日时测量了其壳长（X₁）、壳高（X₂）、壳宽（X₃）及活体质量（Y），并使用相关性分析、主成分分析和通径分析等方法，探究了不同壳色硬壳蛤在幼虫期和稚贝期的生长性状差异及壳形态性状（壳长、壳高、壳宽）对活体质量的影响。研究结果表明：在幼虫期，与白色和红色群体相比，杂色群体生长速度更快、变态率更高，但存活率低（P<0.05）；在稚贝期，白色群体表现出显著的生长优势（P<0.05）。相关性分析结果显示，3种壳色硬壳蛤的壳形态性状（X₁、X₂、X₃）与活体质量（Y）的相关系数均达极显著水平（P<0.01）。主成分分析和通径分析结果表明，硬壳蛤的壳长（X₁）是影响其活体质量（Y）的主要因素。本研究结果能够为不同壳色硬壳蛤良种选育提供重要理论依据和基础数据。     

3月龄脉红螺表型性状对体质量影响效应分析

随机抽取3月龄脉红螺稚螺103粒,开展其表型性状对体质量性状影响分析,以期为脉红螺人工选择育种提供较好的测度指标。实验测量了脉红螺壳长（X₁）、壳宽（X₂）、壳厚（X₃）、壳口长（X₄）、壳口宽（X₅）等5种表型性状和体质量性状（Y）,运用相关性分析、多元回归分析、通径分析及决定系数分析等方法分析了表型性状对体质量性状的影响。结果表明,脉红螺各性状间的相关性均达到极显著水平（P<0.01）,拟合的多元线性方程为Y=-18.484 4+0.348 35X₁+0.463 79X₂,经自助法检验,在95%置信区间条件下,该方程决定系数（R²）范围为0.863 5~0.939 4,拟合度较好;壳长和壳宽对体质量的决定系数之和大于0.85,是最适宜用来预测体质量性状的两个表型性状指标。本研究成功分析出对脉红螺体质量直接影响作用最强的表型性状,为脉红螺选择育种理想测度指标的挑选提供了依据。     

逐步线性回归法实现中华虎头蟹(Orithyia sinica) 形态指标与体重的通径分析

为探讨中华虎头蟹(Orithyia sinica)形态指标与体重的关系, 为良种选育提供最佳的测量指 标, 实验以中华虎头蟹为材料, 测量甲宽、甲长、眼间距、侧齿间距、大螯不动指长、大螯宽、步足 长节长、体高、体重等26 个指标, 借助逐步线性回归、相关分析和通径分析等方法, 分析形态指标 与体重的关系。结果表明, 除第Ⅳ侧齿间距(A₈)外, 实验所测形态指标与体重的相关系数均达到了显 著水平(P<0.05); 采用逐步线性回归的方法建立了多元回归方程Y=-273.841+10.4X₁+2.867X₂, 其中 Y 为体重(g), X₁ 为右大螯宽(mm), X₂ 为第Ⅱ侧齿间距(mm), 定量分析了形态指标对体重的影响结果。     

褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)幼鱼生物学表型对体质量的影响效应

探究影响水产养殖动物体质量的关键生物学表型性状组合,进而揭示其体质量增长对策,对指导水产养殖动物的种质甄别与科学养殖具重要现实意义。随机选取象山西沪港海域板式网箱内养殖3个月的褐菖鲉幼鱼同生群个体60尾为研究对象,以全长(X₁)、体长(X₂)、体宽(X₃)、体高(X₄)、头宽(X₅)、侧线长(X₆)、尾柄高(X₇)、体质量(BW)、净体质量(NW)、内脏质量(W₁)、肠质量(W₂)、肝质量(W₃)、胃质量(W₄)、鳃质量(W₅)、心质量(W₆)为生物学测定指标,采用多元分析方法定量研究了体尺性状和称量性状对体质量的影响效应。结果表明:(1)经统计,所涉称量性状测定值较体尺性状更显离散,两者变异系数的波动范围分别为38.27%~89.86%和13.86%~17.78%,排序分别为W₄>W₁>W₆>W₂>W₅>W₃>NW>BW和X₃>X₄>X₆>X₅>X₂>X₇>X₁;经计算,消化脏器与内脏间的质量比呈W₃>W₄>W₂ (P<0.05);(2)相关分析显示,所涉体尺性状和称量性状均与BW呈极显著相关(P<0.01),两者相关系数波动范围分别为0.414~0.990和0.899~0.961,排序分别为NW>W₃>W₁>W₆>W₅>W₂>W₄和X₁>X₄>X₂>X₅>X₆>X₃>X₇;(3)经通径分析,被保留的称量性状组合和体尺性状组合的直接作用排序分别为NW>W₃>W₂>W₄>W₆和X₄>X₅>X₆>X₇;经决定程度分析和复相关分析,称量性状组合对BW的总决定系数和复相关指数均为0.989,体尺性状组合则均为0.961;(4)经偏回归分析,分别获得了基于称量性状组合和体尺性状组合的BW估算方程。研究结果可为褐菖鲉速生型种质遴选与科学养殖提供参考。     

两种池养模式下异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)生物学表型对体质量影响效果的差异分析

水产养殖动物的增重机制既是其生存对策的重要组成部分,也是影响其生长性能和养殖产量的重要内因。异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)是我国的重要养殖鱼类,随机选取池塘生态主养模式(M₁)和池塘生态套养模式(M₂)下经7个月养殖的异育银鲫夏花苗种各70尾为研究对象,以全长(X₁)、体高(X₂)、体宽(X₃)、头长(X₄)、侧线长(X₅)、尾柄高(X₆)、腹鳍间距(X₇)、胸鳍间距(X₈)为体尺性状,净体质量(NW)、肠质量(W₁)、肝质量(W₂)、胃质量(W₃)、鳃质量(W₄)、心质量(W₅)和鳔质量(W₆)为称量性状,采用多元分析方法分别研究了M₁、M₂实验群体尺寸性状和称量性状对其体质量(BW)的影响效应。结果表明: (1)生物学测定结果显示, CV值大于10%的均为质量性状,小于10%的均为体尺性状,除NW、X₁、X₅和X₆均呈M₁<M₂ (P<0.05), X₄和各脏器质量均呈M₁>M₂ (P<0.05)外,其余性状间均无显著差异(P>0.05); (2)相关分析显示,除W₅与BW间相关系数均未达到显著水平(P>0.05)外,其余性状与BW间的相关系数均达到极显著水平(P<0.01); (3)经通径分析和复相关分析, M₁、M₂被保留体尺性状组合X₅-X₁-X₂和X₂-X₃-X₁-X₅的总决定系数和复相关指数均分别为0.889和0.927,称量性状组合NW-W₂-W₁-W₃和NW-W₂的总决定系数和复相关指数均分别为0.992和0.971; (4)经偏回归分析,得到了可用于估算BW的M₁最优方程组和M₂最优方程组。研究结果可为我国异育银鲫科学养殖提供有效参考。     

斑节对虾形态性状对体质量影响的分析

经济性状是对虾遗传育种的重要指标, 形态参数对于经济性状的贡献率是选育参数的重要依据。为了研究斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)表型性状间的相关性及影响体质量的因素组成, 随机选取1 339 尾6 月龄对虾, 对其形态性状(体长、头胸甲长、头胸甲高、头胸甲宽)和体质量性状5 个数量性状进行测量, 并应用相关分析、多元回归、通径分析、决定系数等方法讨论了形态性状对体质量性状的影响。结果表明, 所测各形态性状间的相关性均达到极显著水平(P<0.01); 其中体长(P=0.563)对体质量的直接影响较大, 是影响体质量的主要因素。决定系数分析结果与通径分析结果一致, 各表型性状对体质量的总决定系数Σd=0.925, 表明所选性状是影响体质量的主要性状。通过逐步回归分析方法,经偏回归系数显著性检验, 建立了体质量为因变量, 体长、头胸甲长、头胸甲高和头胸甲宽为自变量的多元回归回归方程:Y= –22.489 + 0.22X₁+ 0.191X₂+ 0.339X₃+ 0.296X₄, 为斑节对虾选育提供了理论依据。     

钢悬链线立管清管过程触底段位移变化规律试验研究

钢悬链线立管（steel catenary riser, 简称SCR）是一种优质的深水开发设备,近几年广泛用于深海环境下油气资源的开采。在浮式平台的周期性升沉运动和海浪海流的载荷作用下,立管的触底区会产生较为严重的疲劳破坏问题。为保证深海立管的高效与安全运行,清管作业是一项必要的维护手段。目前对于清管载荷作用下钢悬链线立管的位移变化规律研究比较匮乏。基于ABAQUS有限元软件和缩比试验准则,设计并开展有关清管载荷作用下钢悬链线立管的位移变化规律的缩比模型试验研究,从清管载荷的大小和作用位置等角度分别研究立管的X向与Y向的位移变化特征。研究结果表明,清管器在立管的触底段中运行并逐渐靠近触底点的过程中,清管器所在立管处的X向与Y向的位移会产生逐渐减小的趋势;当改变清管载荷的大小时,对于立管的同一位置来说,清管载荷的变化会导致立管的X向位移产生较Y向位移更加显著的变化;在清管器通过立管某一位置的前后过程中,X向位移变化呈现先增大后减小的趋势,而Y向位移仅在清管器通过该处时会有明显的减小。     

开孔双壁圆形钢吊箱围堰消波效果影响因素分析

跨海大桥桥墩基础施工若采用双壁钢围堰,则在其外壁进行开孔可有效减小波浪力,有利于降低钢围堰的制作造价和提高基础施工的安全性。以某跨海大桥基础施工采用的双壁圆形钢吊箱围堰为研究对象,引入波浪力折减系数K_d对消波效果进行评价,采用数值方法着重分析波浪参数和围堰自身结构设计参数对消波效果的影响规律。结果表明:K_d随波陡增大呈先快后缓的增大趋势,波陡超过0.032后,消波效果基本不再变化;随着相对水深的增大,K_d呈先减小后增大并趋缓的规律,在相对水深d/L约为0.455时取得最小值;K_d随开孔率的增大呈线性减小,开孔率越大,消波效果越好。随着双壁间距s的增大,K_d总体上呈减小趋势,且减小速率先快后慢;双壁间距较小时,开孔的消波作用较弱。开孔率和双壁间距两种因素间存在耦合作用,两者越大,其耦合作用也越强。围堰设计中可适当增大开孔率并选取合适的双壁间距以得到最佳消波效果。     

Wave Interactions with Multiple Semi-Immersed Jarlan-Type Perforated Breakwaters

This study examines wave interactions with multiple semi-immersed Jarlan-type perforated breakwaters. A numerical model based on linear wave theory and an eigenfunction expansion method has been developed to study the hydrodynamic characteristics of breakwaters. The numerical results show a good agreement with previous analytical results and experimental data for limiting cases of double partially immersed impermeable walls and double and triple Jarlan-type breakwaters. The wave transmission coefficient C_T; reflection coefficient C_R, and energy dissipation coefficient C_E coefficients and the horizontal wave force exerted on the front and rear walls are examined. The results show that C_R reaches the maximum value when B/L = 0.46n while it is smallest when B/L=0.46n+0.24 (n=0, 1, 2,...). An economical triple semi-immersed Jarlan-type perforated breakwater can be designed with B/L = 0.25 and C_R and C_T ranging from 0.25 to 0.32 by choosing a relative draft d/h of 0.35 and a permeability parameter of the perforated front walls being 0.5 for an incident wave number kh nearly equal to 2.0. The triple semi-immersed Jarlan-type perforated breakwaters with significantly reduced C_R, will enhance the structure’s wave absorption ability, and lead to smaller wave forces compared with the double one. The proposed model may be used to predict the response of a structure in the preliminary design stage for practical engineering.     

3D Effects on Vortex-Shedding Flow and Hydrodynamic Coefficients of A Vertically Oscillating Cylinder with A Bottom-Attached Disk

Vortex-shedding flow induced by the vertical oscillation of a cylinder with bottom-attached disks of different diameter ratio D_d/D_c and thickness ratio t_d/D_c is studied by a 3D (three-dimensional) numerical model developed in this paper, and compared with the results obtained through 2D (two-dimensional) numerical model. The high-order upwind scheme is applied to stabilize the computation, and convergence is accelerated by the multi-grid method. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the differences between the 2D and 3D simulation results reveal the 3D effect on the flow field characteristics and hydrodynamic coefficients of the vertically oscillating cylinder with a bottom-attached disk. The 3D effect on the fluid field is mainly reflected in the significance of three vortex-shedding patterns: ω_x has a greater effect on the flow fields around the sharp edges relative to the vortices generated in the 2D simulation. In the slice along the axial orientation, the vortex effect of ω_y along the radial axis is smaller than that of ω_x along the circumferential direction, indicating the radial effect on the velocity more pronounced than the circumferential effect around the sharp edges of the disk. The rotational interaction ω_z of the fluid in the horizontal plane during the heave motion is insignificant. Based on the 2D and 3D simulation results, the turning points that separate the increasing regimes of the added mass coefficient and damping ratio are identified. The dependence of the turning point on the diameter ratio D_d/D_c and thickness ratio t_d/D_c are discussed in detail.     

PIV measurements of hull wake behind a container ship model with varying loading condition

Flow characteristics of the hull wake behind a container ship model were investigated under different loading conditions (design and ballast loadings) by employing the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. Measurements were made at four transverse locations and two longitudinal planes for three Reynolds numbers (Re) (=U₀Lpp/ν, where U₀ is the freestream velocity, Lpp is the length between two perpendiculars of the ship model and ν is the kinematic viscosity) of 5.08×10⁵, 7.60×10⁵, and 1.01×10⁶. It was observed that symmetric, large-scale, longitudinal counter-rotating vortices (with respect to centerline) of nearly the same strength were formed in the near wake. For the ballast-loading condition, the vortices appear at propeller plane below the propeller-boss. The vortex center exhibits a significant upward shift near the propeller-boss as the Reynolds number increase, and as the flow moves downstream. Under the design-loading condition, the vortices first appear at a further downstream location than that for the ballast-loading condition above the propeller-boss. This difference in the flow structure can significantly change the inflow conditions to the propeller blades, such as the streamwise mean velocity profiles and turbulence intensity distributions at the propeller plane. In particular, under the ballast-loading condition, asymmetric inflow may weaken the propulsion and cavitation performance of the marine propeller.     

Experimental analysis of the flow field around horizontal axis tidal turbines by use of scale mesh disk rotor simulators

Understanding the flow field around horizontal axis marine current turbines is important if this new energy generation technology is to advance. The aim of this work is to identify and provide an understanding of the principal parameters that govern the downstream wake structure and its recovery to the free-stream velocity profile. This will allow large farms or arrays of devices to be installed whilst maximising device and array efficiency. Wake characteristics of small-scale mesh disk rotor simulators have been measured in a 21 m tilting flume at the University of Southampton. The results indicate that wake velocities are reduced in the near wake region (close behind the rotor disk) for increasing levels of disk thrust. Further downstream all normalised wake velocity values converge, enforcing that, as for wind turbines, far wake recovery is a function of the ambient flow turbulence. Varying the disk proximity to the water surface/bed introduces differential mass flow rates above and below the rotor disk that can cause the wake to persist much further downstream. Finally, the introduction of increased sea bed roughness whilst increasing the depth-averaged ambient turbulence actually decreases downstream wake velocities. Results presented demonstrate that there are a number of interdependent variables that affect the rate of wake recovery and will have a significant impact on the spacing of marine current turbines within an array.     

Analysis of wake behind a rotating propeller using PIV technique in a cavitation tunnel

A two-frame particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique is used to investigate the wake characteristics behind a marine propeller with 4 blades at high Reynolds number. For each of 9 different blade phases from 0° to 80°, 150 instantaneous velocity fields are measured. They are ensemble averaged to study the spatial evolution of the propeller wake in the region ranging from the trailing edge to one propeller diameter (D) downstream location. The phase-averaged mean velocity shows that the trailing vorticity is related to radial velocity jump, and the viscous wake is affected by boundary layers developed on the blade surfaces and centrifugal force. Both Galilean decomposition method and vortex identification method using swirling strength calculation are very useful for the study of vortex behaviors in the propeller wake region. The slipstream contraction occurs in the near-wake region up to about X/D=0.53 downstream. Thereafter, unstable oscillation occurs because of the reduction of interaction between the tip vortex and the wake sheet behind the maximum contraction point.     

Flow induced vibrations of a sharp edge square cylinder in the wake of a circular cylinder

The response of an oscillating circular cylinder at the wake of an upstream fixed circular cylinder was classified by different researchers as galloping, wake induced galloping or wake induced vibration. Furthermore it is already known that a sharp edge square cylinder would undergo galloping if it is subjected to uniform flow. In this study the influence of the wake of a fixed circular cylinder on the response of a downstream square cylinder at different spacing ratios (S/D = 4, 8, 11) is experimentally investigated. The subject appears not to have received previous attention. The lateral displacements, lift forces and the pressure data from gauges mounted in the wake of the oscillating cylinder are recorded and analyzed. The single degree of freedom vibrating system has a low mass-damping parameter and the Reynolds number ranges from 7.7 × 10² to 3.7 × 10⁴.In contrast to that for two circular cylinders in tandem arrangement, the freely mounted downstream square cylinder displays a VIV type of response at all spacing ratios tested. There is no sign of galloping or wake induced galloping with the square cylinder. With increase at the spacing ratio the cross-flow oscillations decrease. It is shown that the vortices arriving from the upstream fixed circular cylinder play a major role on the shedding mechanism behind the downstream square cylinder and cause the square cylinder to shed vortices with frequencies above Strouhal frequency of the fixed square cylinder (St = 0.13). The VIV type of oscillations in the downstream square cylinder is most probably caused by the vortices newly generated behind the square cylinder.     

舟山近海日本囊对虾野生群体与越冬养成群体形态性状对体重和肉重影响的比较

于舟山近海日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)海捕野生群体和露天池塘越冬养成群体中各随机选取150尾作为测定样本,依次测量其体重(Y1)、肉重(Y2)、体长(X1)、头胸甲长(X2)、胸宽(X3)、胸高(X4)、第二腹节长(X5)、第二腹节宽(X6)、第二腹节高(X7)、尾节长(X8)、尾节宽(X9)、尾节高(X10)、眼径(X11)、眼窝距(X12)、额剑长(X13)、额剑上缘锯齿数(X14)等16项表型性状,并采用相关分析、通径分析和偏回归分析等方法定量研究了日本囊对虾形态性状对野生海捕群体与露天越冬养成群体体重和肉重的影响效应。结果表明:(1)两实验测定群体的体重和肉重与本研究中除X14外的其它形态性状的相关系数均达到极显著水平(P0.01);(2)经通径分析,海捕野生群体被保留的形态性状与体重和肉重的复相关指数分别为0.944和0.837,露天越冬养成群体被保留的形态性状与体重和肉重的复相关指数分别为0.955和0.907,其中影响露天越冬养成群体体重和肉重的核心变量均为X1,重要变量依次为X2和X6,影响海捕野生群体体重和肉重的核心变量分别为X1和X2,重要变量均为X6;(3)经多元回归分析,得出了用于估算海捕野生群体体重和肉重的回归方程以及估算露天越冬养成群体体重和肉重的回归方程。     

Computational study on near wake interaction between undulation body and a D-section cylinder

We present a numerical study on the hydrodynamic performance of undulation NACA0012 foil in the near wake of D-section cylinder. Computations are conducted using unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with a moving adaptive mesh based on laminar flow. Investigations are focused on the effect of distance ratio between foil tip and centre of cylinder (L/D≤2.0) on the thrust/drag performance of foil and cylinder at various foil undulation frequency (St). We found that, foil thrust coefficient (C_t) increases considerably with the appearance of cylinder and an optimal distance exists at which C_t reaches maxima. The maximum increment is about eleven times that of its counterpart of single foil, which is obtained at St=0.23 and L/D=0.5. Our results for the cylinder drag coefficient (C_d) observed the existence of optimal parametric map, combined with various gap ratios and foil frequencies. With these parameters, insertion of an undulation foil can significantly lead to the drag reduction indicating that undulating foil could work efficiently as a passive vortex control device for cylinder drag reduction.     

Flow-Induced Vibration of Four Cantilever Cylinders Arranged in A Square Configuration

Flow-induced vibration (FIV) of four separately mounted cantilever cylinders are experimentally investigated in a water flume. The four cylinders with top ends screwed vertically into a turntable platform are subjected to uniform flows with Reynolds number ranging from 3840 to 16520. A non-intrusive measurement with high-speed cameras is employed to simultaneously capture the time-varying in-line and cross-flow vibrations in the reduced velocity range of 3.0–12.9. Experimental results highlight the continuous adjustment of flow regime caused by the spatial-temporal alteration of cylinders. Consequently, the space-time varying flow interference contributes to the occurrence of multiple response frequencies. The transition from a dominant frequency to a broad-band response illustrates the enhancement of wake interference. The combination of wake flow interactions results in the irregular oscillation trajectories and the appearance of a response trough with the associated switching in vortex shedding mode. The dual-resonance phenomenon is observed in the four cylinders due to the complicated wake-structure interaction. The greatest mechanical energy possessed by the four cylinders in an in-line square arrangement is mainly resulted from the downstream cylinders, signifying the positive role of wake excitation in extracting hydrokinetic energy from ambient flow.

     

VIV and galloping of single circular cylinder with surface roughness at 3.0×10≤Re≤1.2×10

Passive Turbulence Control (PTC) in the form of selectively distributed surface roughness is used to alter Flow Induced Motion (FIM) of a circular cylinder in a steady flow. The objective is to enhance FIM's synchronization range and amplitude, thus maximizing conversion of hydrokinetic energy into mechanical energy by oscillator in vortex-induced vibration and/or galloping. Through additional viscous damping, mechanical energy is converted to electrical harnessing clean and renewable energy from ocean/river currents. High Reynolds numbers (Re) are required to reach the high-lift TrSL3 (Transition-Shear-Layer-3) flow regime. PTC trips flow separation and energizes the boundary layer, thus inducing higher vorticity and consequently lift. Roughness location, surface coverage, and size are studied using systematic model tests with broad-field laser visualization at 3.0×10⁴<Re<1.2×10⁵ in the low-turbulence free-surface water-channel of the Marine Renewable Energy Laboratory of the University of Michigan. Test results show that 16° roughness coverage is effective in the range (10°-80°) inducing reduced vortex-induced vibration (VIV), enhanced VIV, or galloping. Range of synchronization may increase or decrease, galloping amplitude of oscillation reaches three diameters; wake structures change dramatically reaching up to ten vortices per cycle. Conversion of hydrokinetic energy to mechanical is enhanced strongly with proper PTC.     

硬壳蛤形态性状与体质量、软体质量及肥满度的相关性和通径分析

为研究硬壳蛤形态性状对体质量(Y)、软体质量(Y1)及肥满度(K)的影响,测量硬壳蛤的壳长(X1)、壳宽(X2)、壳高(X3)、体质量(Y)和软体质量(Y1)等指标,并进行相关性分析、多元回归分析和通径分析。结果表明:体质量变异系数最高,壳宽与体质量相关系数最高(0.970)、壳长与软体质量相关系数最高(0.946)、壳长与肥满度相关系数最高(0.203)。壳宽对体质量直接作用最大(0.145)、壳长对软体质量直接作用最大(1.113)、壳长对肥满度直接作用最大(1.752)。形态性状与体质量、软体质量及肥满度的多元回归方程分别为Y=–46.359+0.288X1+1.723X2+0.640X3,R2=0.949;Y1=–6.607+0.301X1+0.157X2–0.161X3, R2=0.901; K=3.159+0.173X1+0.008X2–0.179X3, R2=0.072。壳宽是影响硬壳蛤体质量的主要因素,壳长是影响硬壳蛤软体质量的主要因素,各性状与肥满度回归关系不显著,个体间肥满度差异大。研究结果可为硬壳蛤选育及苗种繁育提供参考。