挤压构造带有利于形成富气盆地

张子枢在《石油消息》上撰文报道断陷盆地及复合盆地(前陆盆地及克拉通盆地的复合)天然气资源丰富,往往形成富气盆地(油气储量的当量比气大于油);在一个盆地内,天然气常常富集在某一个地区及某一层系。天然气的分布不均(全球已发现的26556个气田中,83.3％在北美),天然气的富集成带(已发现的102个巨型大气田,只占世界气田总数的0.4％,而储量却占总储量的60％),与大地构造挤压带有关。D.G.Howell(1992)发现其富集有明显规律,在靠近造山带     

中国盆地的构造格局与天然气分布特征

显生宙以来的构造运动，在中国形成了以中、新生代沉积为主的３７３个盆地，组成了６个气（油）区和四大含气（油）领域，由于地质条件的差异，天然气在各气（油）区和含气（油）领域各具特色，各类盆地天然气成藏的地质条件，气（油）系统和成藏组合有较大差异；海域及东部新生代断陷盆地的气（油）系统是晚期成藏的主要分布区；华北地区以石－二叠系为主要源岩的天然气系统以具二次生气条件以及以下古生界风化带为储层的两类成藏组     

松辽盆地深层发现古前陆型原型盆地

<正> 通过对近年完成的6条大剖面重新解释研究,发现在松辽盆地晚侏罗世—早白垩世断陷之下的深层还存在一早、中侏罗世至晚三叠世的古前陆型盆地。这一发现对深层天然气勘探具有重大现实意义。首先,在理论上理清了松辽盆地深层不只是简单断陷盆地的问题,而是断陷、前陆、类克拉通等多期盆地叠合的问题。以前只知道松辽深层天然气来自深层断陷盆地,对天然气的物质来源、成藏机理等认识考虑不全面。新的发现对深     

低熟气的形成机理研究——以准噶尔盆地东部地区低熟气为例

<正>低熟气作为一种重要的非常规天然气受到国内外研究者的广泛关注。根据Hunt的天然气生烃模式,在生物成因气(Ro0.3%~0.5%)和热催化生气(Ro0.8%)之间不会生成大量油气,然而,随着生油天然气的勘探和开发,在世界许多地方发现了Ro为0.3%~0.8%的大型、特大型含油气盆地,如:西西伯利亚乌连戈伊,吐哈盆地,准噶尔盆地,辽河断陷等。Galimov E.M.,徐永昌,戴金星,王昌桂等对低熟气进行     

辽河盆地烃类气体组分及同位素组成

辽河盆地是一新生代断陷盆地,盆地内天然气资源丰富,天然气成因复杂.本文通过对该盆地80个天然气样中烃类气体组分组成及同位素组成的分析研究,探讨了该盆地烃类气体的成因,为盆地天然气勘探提供了地球化学方面的信息.     

贵州遵义二叠纪锰矿气液喷口群的发现及地质意义

在通过对遵义市锰矿整装勘查区及周边所有探矿工程资料整理、分析研究的基础上,结合野外大比例尺专项地质填图、剖面实测和测试的成果。将贵州遵义二叠系锰矿与华南古天然气渗漏沉积型锰矿床成矿理论进行详细对比,认为遵义锰矿总体是"内生外成",成锰物质主体来自地幔,遵义锰矿属"古天然气渗漏沉积型锰矿床",借鉴古天然气渗漏沉积型锰矿床的成矿理论和研究方法,运用遵义锰矿裂陷槽盆地结构的划分、同沉积断裂的识别和中心相、过渡相和边缘相判别标志,在断陷盆地中喷溢口及附近,发现矿石及其顶底板具有古天然气渗漏沉积型锰矿床独有的结构构造、同位素、生物组合等特征。研究认为遵义成锰盆地至少存在5个气液渗漏喷溢口,分布于Ⅲ级断陷盆地内,每一个喷溢口构成一个相对独立的气液渗漏喷溢沉积成矿系统,遵义锰矿床是形成由若干个气液渗漏喷溢沉积成矿子系统构成的沉积成矿系统。贵州遵义二叠纪锰矿成矿的气液渗漏喷溢口的发现,对遵义锰矿"内生外成"成因研究提供了宏观地质证据,为建立深部锰矿找矿预测模型提供了重要依据,为研究遵义锰矿的古天然气渗漏沉积型锰矿床成矿系统具有重要意义。     

松辽盆地徐家围子断陷深层天然气成因类型及各种成因气贡献

徐家围子断陷深层首次发现以腐泥型气为主的有机成因天然气,不同地区深层天然气成因类型及各种成因气的贡献成为研究重点。采集徐家围子断陷29口井35件深层天然气和26口井33件深层烃源岩样品,采用组分碳同位素和轻烃指纹色谱方法分析天然气和烃源岩样品,实验研究认为深层天然气主要为腐殖型气、腐泥型气、有机深源气3种成因组成的混合气,无机成因烷烃气的贡献较小。首次提出了多种有机成因类型天然气贡献定量测试方法并进行了实验验证,采用天然气甲烷碳同位素、乙烷碳同位素和甲基环己烷指数、环己烷指数、脂烃族参数5个成因类型指标,确定了腐殖型气、腐泥型气、有机深源气的5个成因类型指标端元值,利用天然气的混合配比性建立成因类型指标地球化学模型,采用非线性数学模拟方法建立计算模板,首次定量测试了徐家围子断陷深层天然气样品中3种有机成因气的定量贡献。实验结果表明,徐家围子断陷深层天然气除昌德气藏芳深1井、芳深2井有机深源气贡献为81%外,其他井的腐殖型气、腐泥型气和有机深源气平均贡献分别为62.45%、25.51%、12.02%;不同地区及井段的腐殖型气、腐泥型气和有机深源气贡献有差别,升平—汪家屯地区平均贡献分别为61.63%、20.94%、17.29%,昌德地区平均贡献分别为73.74%、14.48%、11.77%,兴城—徐东地区及断陷中东部平均贡献分别为51.98%、40.99%、7.01%。从断陷北部到中部即从升平—汪家屯、昌德到兴城—徐东地区有机深源气贡献减少、腐泥型气贡献增大,部分井段腐泥型气贡献超过43%且为主要贡献,个别井段腐泥型气贡献最大达74%,与断陷中东部烃源岩Ⅱ型有机质相对发育及断陷地层地质特征相吻合,呈现主要来源于下伏气源岩和天然气藏以垂向运移为主、侧向运移为辅的源岩控型成藏特征。     

中国东北部晚中生代断陷盆地模式在松辽深部煤成气预测中的可能应用

经地震探测和地质分析,松辽深部晚中生代断陷盆地与其周围地区J_3—K_1的断陷盆地在地质结构和成盆期均具有相似性,同属东北亚晚中生代断陷盆地系。作者认为,应用其周围同类型断陷盆地模式对松辽深部煤成气远景的预测和生油潜力的判断具有重要价值,同样也适用于深埋于下辽河第三纪坳陷之下的晚中生代盆地成气远景的预测。     

中国大型气田形成的主要条件及潜在勘探领域

20世纪90年代以来,中国天然气工业进入了快速发展的阶段。天然气探明地质储量和天然气产量的高速增长主要依赖于大、中型气田的发现,全国天然气探明地质储量和探明可采储量的89%主要分布于地质储量大于100×108m3的大、中型气田中。近年来很多新领域天然气勘探取得了重大进展,文中通过总结中国大、中型气田的地质特点和形成条件,提出中国大、中型气田的形成主要受控于四大因素:(1)煤成气和油型气是中国主要的天然气成因类型,煤系和高过成熟海相烃源岩是大、中型气田形成的气源基础;(2)大面积分布的孔隙型储层是天然气的主要储集类型,包括大型河流三角洲砂体、大面积礁滩型灰岩、风化壳型碳酸盐岩、溶蚀白云岩、火山岩等;(3)煤系及膏泥岩是大、中型气田保存的优质区域盖层;(4)前陆盆地大型构造圈闭和克拉通盆地、断陷盆地大面积岩性圈闭是大、中型气田聚集的关键。未来天然气勘探领域主要是前陆盆地、克拉通盆地大型海相碳酸盐岩和河流-三角洲砂岩岩性体、东部断陷盆地的深层、东海和南海海域。     

松辽盆地深层火山岩储层岩相特征和天然气的来源

松辽盆地发育上下两个盆地充填序列：下部充填序列指埋深〉3000m的上侏罗统-下白垩统断陷期火山成因地层，自下而上划分为火石岭组、沙河子组和营城组；上部充填序列由下白垩统上部-上白垩统坳陷期正常的沉积地层组成。下部充填序列的营城组火山岩是松辽盆地北部深层天然气的主要储集层（占储层的87％）。火山岩储层物性受控于火山岩岩相，喷溢相上部亚相（Ⅲ3）和侵出相。内带亚相（Ⅳ1）是最有利的火山岩储层，火山通道相火山颈亚相（Ⅰ1）、隐爆角砾岩亚相（Ⅰ3）和爆发相热碎屑流亚相（Ⅱ3））也是较好的储层。在松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷火山岩储层中发现的工业气藏天然气有烃类、CO2、N2、H2S和少量稀有气体。通过天然气组成，烃类和CO2，碳同位素组成分析，认识到徐家围子断陷火山岩气藏天然气主要为煤型气、油型气和无机气构成的混合气，无机成因CO2气可能源于地幔或是岩浆成因。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.