热带东印度洋表层环流季节变化特征研究

利用近20年的卫星遥感海面绝对动力高度(Absolute Dynamic Topography,ADT)数据、表层流数据及Argos表面漂流浮标数据等研究了热带东印度洋表层环流的季节变化特征。分析结果显示,热带东印度洋表层环流的变化与季风演替基本同步,赤道以北海域环流季节变化特征甚为显著。与此大尺度环流年循环同步,孟加拉湾湾口环流也相应变化:湾口东部在5~9月为南向流,一直延伸至苏门答腊岛外海,其他月份,从湾口东部至整个苏门答腊岛外海(4°S以北)为北向流;湾口西部经向流的变化大体与东部相反。Argos漂流浮标轨迹进一步揭示了湾内外各季节水交换路径:西南季风期,源自阿拉伯海及印度半岛南部海域的漂流浮标主要通过西南季风漂流由湾口西侧进入湾内,湾内的漂流浮标通过湾口东侧沿着苏门答腊岛进入赤道印度洋;东北季风期,漂流浮标进出湾口的途径大体与西南季风期相反。本研究还表明,季风海流及赤道急流的纬向流速季节变化最大,而经向流速的季节方差最大的则为东印度沿岸流及拉克沙群岛高压(拉克沙群岛低压)。     

热带大西洋表层环流及其月变化特征的分析

应用1993年4月至2001年3月的TOPEX/Poseidon卫星高度计遥感资料,分析了8 a平均热带大西洋(15°S～25°N,5°～50°W)表层环流结构的月变化特征.研究结果表明:热带大西洋表层环流中高纬度海区流速较小,赤道附近流速较大,表层环流系统大部分流系月变化不明显,部分流系月际波动较显著.具体来说,西南向的北赤道流下半年的纬向流速分量比上半年大.非洲沿岸流在5～11月流向为东北向,在其他月份主要为东南向.北赤道逆流可以分成两部分:25°W以东海区,北赤道逆流常年流向向东,到9月份前后流速达到最大值(约0.25 cm/s);25°W以西海区,7月至翌年1月流向向东,2～6月北赤道逆流减小,并有西向流产生.2°S～2°N,15°W以东海区的南赤道流在1～3月、9～10月流向向东,其他月份流向向西.南赤道流可认为是由南、北两支西向的海流构成,这两支海流的流轴分别位于6°S和1°N,在6～7月北支流速达到最大值0.6 m/s.南美洲纳塔耳东部西北向的北巴西海流流速月际变化不大,在5～6月份流速达到最大值0.3～0.4 m/s.相应的卫星风场遥感资料的分析表明热带大西洋表层环流结构的月变化特征与风场的分布及变化有较好的对应关系.用World Ocean Atlas 2001的月平均温盐数据反演出来的表层地转流场以及卫星跟踪ARGOS漂流浮标观测进行的对比验证表明,上述遥感分析的地转流场结果与水文数据以及海上观测结果一致.     

赤道中印度洋上层环流结构与季节变化特征分析

本文通过分析RAMA印度洋观测浮标系统锚系ADCP实测资料,对赤道中印度洋上层海流季节变化进行了研究。研究结果表明,0°,80.5°E纬向流垂向剖面呈现上150m层一致的东向流,而经向流在100m以浅呈现表层向北次表层向南的翻转流结构。赤道中印度洋上层纬向流季节信号被半年周期的东向射流Wyrtki Jets(WJs)所控制。WJs发生于季风方向转换的季节,4—5月份较弱,10—11月份较强。赤道中印度洋上层经向流年周期信号显著。北半球夏季与冬季分别出现风应力旋度驱动的Sverdrup南向流与北向流。本文结论为赤道中印度洋上层环流季节变化特征的研究提供了观测角度的支持。     

南海海洋环流季节变化的数值模拟研究

基于POM(Princeton Ocean Model)海洋模式,对南海不同深度环流的季节性变化进行了数值模拟研究。模拟结果表明:南海表层和上层环流受季风影响,在夏季西南季风驱动下,南海表层环流在南部呈现强反气旋式结构,在南海北部则是一个弱的气旋环流;在冬季东北季风驱动下,南海表层环流结构呈气旋式,并且明显加强了沿越南沿岸向南流动的西边界流;春季和秋季为南海季风的转换期,其对应的环流特征也处于冬季环流与夏季环流的过渡流型,流速与冬季和夏季相比较弱。南海200m层环流的季节变化与表层相似。在500与1 000m层,则出现许多处中尺度漩涡,流场也变得较为紊乱。     

台湾海峡西侧水动力环境的季节变化特征

本文利用2006 ～ 2007年“中国近海海洋综合调查与评价”项目在台湾海峡西侧获取的大面水温、盐度走航资料,结合座底式海床基系统获取的海流剖面以及近海底水温观测结果,系统地阐述了台湾海峡西侧水动力环境在春、夏和晚秋初冬3个季节的变化特征.研究结果表明:春季台湾海峡西侧海水垂向混合比较均一,等温线和等盐线分布大致与岸线平行,盐度和水温呈现从北往南逐渐升高、自近岸向远岸递增的特点.福建沿岸海流具有明显的正压海流特征,且为逆风的东北向海流,其最大流速(约0.25 m/s)出现在泉州外海;与此相对应,浙闽沿岸水仅局限于泉州以北近岸海域的中上水层,其盐度小于32.4.夏季台湾海峡西侧局部海域呈现典型的上升流特征,汕头、东山和南日岛外海近海底存在着明显的低温(＜25℃)高盐水(＞33.8)涌升中心.福建沿岸海流流向与盛行的西南季风一致,除汕头外海10 m层流速(0.19 m/s)比25 m层流速(约0.15 m/s)略大,其他海域仍具有正压流特点,最大流速(约0.40 m/s)出现在平潭外海附近.晚秋初冬台湾海峡西侧海域盐度和水温的空间分布比较接近,整体呈近岸低外海高,并随纬度降低而增加.调查期间浙闽沿岸水在2007年12月26日左右开始出现在平潭岛外海附近,随后从2008年1月15日左右整个台湾海峡西侧被南下的浙闽沿岸冷水(＜17℃)控制;厦门以南近海余流流速明显小于厦门以北海域,并存在着显著的垂向流剪切.     

太平洋东南海域表层地转流场的季节及年际变化特征

利用1992~2001年Topex/Poseidon卫星高度计遥感资料分析了太平洋东南海域(5°~55°S,70°~120°W)表层流场的季节及年际变化特征。结果表明,南赤道流的季节变化主要体现在流速上,而秘鲁海流和西风漂流主要体现在流轴位置的移动上。表层流场的年际变化受El Nino影响,在El Nino期间,南赤道流和秘鲁海流均发生流向偏转现象,大部分海区流场被削弱(除低纬度海区外),而在其后的1998年La Nina期间,流场则重新被加强,西风漂流无明显的年际变化。     

热带西太平洋潜流模拟:(Ⅱ)潜流结构与输运及其季节变化

通过分析积分30 a的准全球HYCOM(HYbrid Coordinate Occan Model)模式结果,研究了热带西太平洋潜流结构与输运及其季节变化.在年平均状态下,新几内亚沿岸潜流流核位于约175 m、2.8°S附近,最大流速超过45 cm/s,约110 km宽;棉兰老潜流流核位于离岸处,约400～800 m深度、127.5°～128.5°E范围,最大速度超过3 cm/s.在季节时间尺度上,新几内亚沿岸潜流流核位置比较稳定,海流强度与体积输运表现出夏秋季强、冬春季弱的季节变化特征;棉兰老潜流流核位置、流速强度都具有较大的时空变化特征,棉兰老潜流的体积输运约2.5～11.5Sv,其季节变化规律不够明显,2～7月份,体积输运较弱,8～1月份,体积输运较强.     

台湾海峡南部地区黑潮水和南海水混合的研究

台湾海峡海流的季节性变化是明显的。一般说,这里的海流主要由三种不同的流系组成,如图1所示。夏季西南季风盛行,南海季风流在季风的帮助下流向东北,与通过台湾南端的黑潮支流汇合,经台湾海峡后,在东海与黑潮主干相会。在台湾海峡南部地区黑潮海况的变化对闽南——台湾浅滩的海况以及闽南渔场的影响是很重要的。由于这个缘故,人们对这个地区的海洋观测极为重视,其中主要的是沿着22°40′N的断面     

印度洋上的“巨河”

关于印度洋海流的传说,虽然没有像大西洋、太平洋海流那样引出许多新奇的故事,但是,有关印度洋海流的存在,很早以前就有记载。1678年,荷兰人基尔赫讷出版了印度洋海流图,图中表示了向西的赤道海流和通过莫桑比克海峡流向好望角的厄加勒斯海流。1688年,埃德蒙·哈雷又补充了印度洋信风和季风的分布情况等。从海流的分布状况,可以看出,由于受季风的交替影响,使印度洋上的表层流随风向而变化,夏季流向自西向东,冬季自东向西,在南北赤道海流之间夹着赤道逆流。     

赤道印度洋中部断面东西水交换的季节变化及其区域差异

采用海洋再分析资料和实测资料研究了热带印度洋中部东西水交换特征。结果表明存在两个相互独立的过程,即北印度洋过程(4°~6°N)和赤道过程(2°S-2°N)。北印度洋过程受季风影响显著,11月至翌年3月冬季风期间表现出很强的低盐水向西输送,5-9月夏季风期间则为高盐水向东输送;由于冬季风期间的输送较强,年平均表现为低盐水向西输送。赤道过程分为表层过程和次表层过程。表层赤道过程受局地风场驱动,有明显的半年周期;4-5月和10-11月的东向流将赤道西印度洋的高盐水向东输送,其余月份相反;向东的输送较强,年平均表现为净高盐水向东输送。在次表层赤道过程没有明显的季节变化,海流全年一致向东,将海盆西部的高盐水向东输送。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Modelling of the ecosystem on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea

Three mathematical models are considered: a two-dimensional model for calculating the concentration fields of the ecosystem components on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea, a pointwise model for the annual variation of the components, and a two predators-prey model. These models are used to study the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the state of the shelf ecosystem and for research into the causes which distort the balance between marketable and unmarketable fish.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea

The first data on the temporal evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea are obtained. The sharp change in the rate of the decrease in the slope steepness that occurred in the Late Miocene-Pliocene time reflects a reorientation of the vector of mutual movement and a related intensification of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates.     

The stages of the development of the basin of the Bransfield Strait

The study of the sedimentary body of the Bransfield Strait has made it possible to identify several sedimentary complexes, to construct the first electronic charts for the acoustic basement, and to establish four stages of the evolution of its floor, which updates the previous knowledge about the formation of the strait. At the first stage, there was an increase in tension stresses that were accompanied by the local splits of the continental crust at the periphery of the Antarctic Peninsula. At the second stage, a graben-like structure filled with the Lower stratigraphic complex was formed northward of the Antarctic Peninsula. At the third stage, the continuing processes of extension led to intensive explosive activity of the growing volcanic structures and filling of the graben with sediments of the Middle seismostratigraphic complex. The fourth stage, which has continued until recently, is characterized by quasi-linear localization of the major centers of volcanic activity in the band closer to the South-Shetland Islands and the formation of the Upper seismostratigraphic sedimentary complex. The evolution of the floor of the Bransfield Strait reflects the process of penetration of the American-Antarctic ridge to the continental lithosphere of the Antarctic Peninsula for the last million years.     

Influence of the dynamics of currents on the hydrophysical structure of the waters and the vertical exchange in the active layer of the Black Sea

An analysis of the data of measurements of the fine structure and microstructure fluctuations of hydrophysical fields in the upper 200-m layer of the Black Sea carried out using CTD profilers and a Baklan free falling microstructure and turbulence profiler revealed the existence of a positive correlation between the intensity of the fine structure and microstructure fluctuations and the dynamics of the currents. On the other hand, the level of the fine structure and microstructure fluctuations reflects the rate of the vertical turbulent exchange. It was shown that, in the case of the absence of the Black Sea Rim Current (BSRC) jet or clearly manifested mesoscale eddy structures, the vertical turbulent exchange in the pycnocline is weak, while, in the opposite case, it is stronger. The results obtained support the supposition that the interbasin dynamics play an important role in the maintenance of the rate of small-scale mixing in the pycnocline and halocline and provide the vertical transport of dissolved oxygen from the cold intermediate layer into the deeper layers of the sea.