山区高速公路控制测量技术研究

针对山区高速公路路线长、地形复杂、桥隧占比大和施工周期长等特点,结合实例开展山区高速公路工程控制测量设计、观测和数据处理方法的研究,提出了首级平面控制网精度等级确定、路线平面控制网分级平差、各等级高程控制网平差及控制网衔接测量等技术方法,可供其他类似公路工程控制测量参考。     

用计算机寻找水准网、导线网中的闭合环和附合路线

本文作者编写了一个适用于水准网、导线网条件平差的辅助程序，旨在用计算机寻找水准网、导线网中的闭会环和附合路线。本文介绍了这个程序的基本设计思想。     

基于约束法平差的桥梁施工控制测量技术研究

针对GPS测量控制网所控制的轴线与路线控制网所控制的路线中线间正确合理衔接的问题,本文提出了GPS桥梁施工控制网约束平差方法,该方法通过在GPS桥梁施工控制网中引入边长约束和方位约束,避免了传统方法所导致的控制网精度畸变,更好地保证了路线的连续性和舒适光顺的设计效果。工程实践表明,辅以均匀合理的布点方案和适当的数学模型,约束平差不仅实现了轴线与中线的正确合理衔接,其精度也满足施工控制测量要求。     

苏州市GPS城市控制网的建立与精度分析

介绍了苏州原有城市控制基准的情况,阐述了新苏州GPS控制网建立的方法、过程以及设计技术路线,分析了新苏州GPS控制网的精度,提出了一些建议.     

国家一等水准网复测若干问题的探讨

通过对多年来国家一等水准测量和地方水准路线设计、踏勘、选埋、观测和资料整理的总结,提出了国家一等水准网复测中对尺桩垂直位移、山区或起伏较大地区观测方法、测段闭合差不符值和东西走向水准路线误差同号的积累现象,以及同一水准路线季节性观测的误差进一步研究方法的探讨。     

蓝山湘江源至九嶷山公路GPS控制网的构建方案研究

湘江源头湖南蓝山位于永州市国家森林公园中。修建景区公路是加快湘江源及九嶷山景区建设的必要条件。该路线高海拔、高落差的地形条件使路线控制测量增加了技术难度。为了保证公路设计与施工质量,构建准确可靠的GPS控制网是关键。本文介绍了通过构建不同高程抵偿面的任意带高斯投影坐标系统,并对不同抵偿面之间进行数据融合,利用CORS系统对控制网进行优化,从而解决了因为高海拔、高落差引起的投影形变。     

基于深度和广度优先算法相结合的闭合环自动搜索方法研究

搜索闭合环、附合路线是测量控制网验前精度评定和粗差探测的重要内容。文中结合数据结构相关知识,在已有的基于深度优先算法搜索闭合环的基础上,提出一种利用深度优先和广度优先算法相结合的自动搜索控制网闭合路线、附合路线的搜索方法,与传统搜索方法相比,搜索速度有很大提高。     

国家一等水准网平差中权的确定

国家一等水准网由292条水准路线组成，构成100个闭合环；路线最长的达1500公里，最短的只有18公里；路线中高差最大为3060米，最小的只有0.1米。该网是由各部门、各单位相互协作共同完成，外业观测历时九年，所用观测仪器及标尺检定方法和精度等等不尽一致。因此在定权时，既要考虑到它不应损害水准网的实有精度，又需顾及工作量的繁简。     

浙江省GPS基础控制网与旧一、二等锁、网成果分析探讨

本文主要讨论了浙江省GPS基础控制网的测量技术路线、平差方法等，并对浙江省GPS基础控制网与旧一、二等锁网成果进行对比分析。     

基于电子水准仪的矿区独立高程系统优化设计

矿区多采用独立高程系统,是建立时间早、长周期运行的水准控制网,期间会经历水准点严重沉降、破坏、新测量技术发展和新应用需求等的影响,需要优化设计。某矿严格按照二等水准测量规范,结合矿区及周边实际情况和道路设施变迁等,合理设计水准路线,利用高精度的SDL1X型水准仪施测,优化升级高程控制网。按照间接平差原理解算所得最弱点精度较高,全网在精度、稳定性和可靠性方面均有提升。分析可得,该优化方案切实有效。     

Pinpointing the sources and measuring the lengths of the principal rivers of the world

Abstract

Cultures throughout the world are associating with the rivers. People depend upon the rivers and their tributaries for food, water, transport, and many other aspects of their daily lives. Unfortunately, human beings have not calculated the accurate lengths for the great rivers even today. The lengths of the rivers are very different in popular textbooks, magazines, atlases and encyclopedias, etc. To accurately determine the lengths of the principal rivers of the world, the combination of satellite image analysis and field investigations to the source regions is proposed in this paper. The lengths of the Nile, Amazon, Yangtze, Mississippi, Yellow, Ob, Yenisey, Amur, Congo and Mekong, with lengths over or close to 5000 km, were calculated using the proposed method. The results may represent the most reliable and accurate lengths of the principal rivers of the world that are currently achievable.     

世纪之交的沉思--论21世纪软科学的发展

软科学这一术语是70年代在国外提出的.然而30多年以来,它在国外不仅未得到普遍的承认,而且对软科学的定义也还未能达成大体上一致的共识.而在改革开放后的中国,出于决策科学化和民主化的需要,经过一些领导人的提倡和支持,特别是通过1986年召开的软科学座谈会及1994年召开的全国软科学工作会议,软科学事业得到了蓬勃的发展.据初步统计,截止1998年底全国共有软科学研究机构1224个,研究人员32655人,初步形成了一支较为强大的研究队伍,并取得了数百项覆盖多个领域的研究成果,为支持各级各类的决策发挥了一定的作用.     

Improving the modeling of the atmospheric delay in the data analysis of the Intensive VLBI sessions and the impact on the UT1 estimates

The very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) Intensive sessions are typically 1-h and single-baseline VLBI sessions, specifically designed to yield low-latency estimates of UT1-UTC. In this work, we investigate what accuracy is obtained from these sessions and how it can be improved. In particular, we study the modeling of the troposphere in the data analysis. The impact of including external information on the zenith wet delays (ZWD) and tropospheric gradients from GPS or numerical weather prediction models is studied. Additionally, we test estimating tropospheric gradients in the data analysis, which is normally not done. To evaluate the results, we compared the UT1-UTC values from the Intensives to those from simultaneous 24-h VLBI session. Furthermore, we calculated length of day (LOD) estimates using the UT1-UTC values from consecutive Intensives and compared these to the LOD estimated by GPS. We find that there is not much benefit in using external ZWD; however, including external information on the gradients improves the agreement with the reference data. If gradients are estimated in the data analysis, and appropriate constraints are applied, the WRMS difference w.r.t. UT1-UTC from 24-h sessions is reduced by 5% and the WRMS difference w.r.t. the LOD from GPS by up to 12%. The best agreement between Intensives and the reference time series is obtained when using both external gradients from GPS and additionally estimating gradients in the data analysis.     

Movements of the protoplanetary superconducting particles in the magnetic field of the Saturn lead to the origin of the rings

In this letter, we are trying to resolve the electromagnetic problem for the movements of the superconducting particles of the protoplanetary cloud in the magnetic field of Saturn. The force of levitation (Meissner-Ochsenfeld phenomenon) is introduced to the field of planetary science for the first time. It is shown from our theoretical analysis that rings of Saturn might have a superconducting origin, and rings might levitate within magnetic equator plane of the planet.     

省直管市（县）体制下建设用地监管技术研究

面向解决省直体制下市（县）建设用地管理业务监管难度大问题,研究建设用地全过程监管关键技术,设计该模式下的监管模式、技术架构、业务模型和数据模型,实现省直管市（县）模式下的建设用地批前、批中、批后＂批-供-用-补-查-登＂全过程监管。     

GPS整周模糊度确认中残差二次型次小与最小之差的分布问题

根据残差二次型次小与最小之差进行整周模糊度确认的关键是差值的分布,只有得到了合理的差值分布才可确定合理的界值.文中基于原有的两种方法及这两种方法的不足,从理论上导出了满足条件的差值分布,并作了一定的说明.