20世纪80年代以来西南喀斯特地区植被变化对气候变化的响应

气候变化与植被变化的关系已经在全球和区域尺度上得到了研究证明。在前人研究的基础上,基于AVHRR GIMMS NDVI和AVHRR GloPEM NPP数据集,通过对逐个像元信息的提取和分析,研究了20世纪80年代以来,我国西南喀斯特地区植被变化对气候变化的响应。研究结果显示:(1)20世纪80年代以来,西南喀斯特地区植被覆盖度和净初级生产量总体均呈增加的趋势,但不显著。植被指数的年际变化存在着明显的区域差异;(2)植被指数年际变化与气候因子年际变化的相关系数区域分异比较明显;(3)不同的植被类型对气候变化有着不同的响应特征;在该研究区气温变化对植被变化的影响要高于降水量变化对其影响;(4)植被指数年际变化与气候因子年际变化的相关系数在不同气候条件下分布的规律性比较明显。本研究将会增进对影响喀斯特生态系统稳定性的自然过程的认识,同时也会为喀斯特生态系统的管理提供科学依据。     

全球变化与陆地系统综合集成模拟——新一代陆地生态系统动态模型(DLEM)

人类社会从陆地生态系统获取生产和生活资料的同时也作为一种干扰形式改变着地气之间的动态平衡。这三个既独立又相互耦合的子系统共同组成了一个复杂的陆地系统。如何深入理解这一系统的过程和机制是人类应对气候变化挑战的前提条件。陆地生态系统模型作为一种集成工具,已广泛应用于全球变化研究的各个领域,但从输入数据到模型结构和过程等诸多方面仍存在很大的不确定性。近年来,随着大气和地面生态观测网络的不断完善以及遥感等空间技术的不断强大,使陆地生态系统模型进一步发展和突破成为可能。新一代多因子驱动的陆地生态系统动态模型(DynamicL and Ecosystem Model,DLEM)正是在这一背景下应运而生的。本文旨在介绍DLEM的主体框架、输入输出变量、关键过程、主要功能和特点。     

Vegetation heterogeneity in Monte Desert ecosystems: A multi-scale approach linking patterns and processes

We review the current state of research on vegetation heterogeneity in the Monte Desert at scales varying from landscape to intra-patch. Different factors are related to vegetation heterogeneity at every scale. At a coarse scale (i.e. landscapes and communities) vegetation heterogeneity is commonly determined by abiotic factors, whereas biotic interactions usually influence fine scale (patch, intrapatch) heterogeneity. Communities are distributed at the landscape scale according to differences in precipitation, topography and soil attributes. On the other hand, there is evidence that the spatial pattern of plant patches within communities is determined by runon –runoff processes, although biotic influences such as grazing can induce changes in the spatial pattern of patches when plant cover is strongly reduced. In the same way, at patch and intrapatch scales, biotic interactions (i.e. plant –plant interactions, grazing) determine the size and the species composition of plant patches as well as the distribution of species inside plant patches. However, the mechanisms operating behind such biotic interactions at small scales are commonly related to plant-induced changes in the physical environment. We also found evidence of cross-scale interactions, feedbacks, and non-linear effects such as those induced by grazing disturbance. Our analysis showed some regional differences in patterns and processes related to vegetation heterogeneity along the Monte Desert which can be ascribed to climatic and taxonomic variation among areas. Although information about vegetation heterogeneity and its causes and consequences in the Monte Desert is abundant, some areas where knowledge is scarce are detailed.     

气候变化背景下中国沿海地区灾害风险研究与应对思考

沿海地区是城市化水平较高的区域,在全球气候变化背景下,该地区极端天气气候事件频发,灾害风险日益加大,已严重制约了该地区社会经济的可持续发展.论文立足气候变化背景,探讨沿海地区灾害风险变化的新特点,认为:当前极端天气气候灾害的发生仍具较大的不确实性,气候与灾害在时空尺度上呈现多样性变化特征,各气象灾害风险存在较大差异性,...     

北半球春季植被NDVI对温度变化响应的区域差异

利用1982年到2000年的探路者NDVI资料，采用奇异值分解分析方法，研究北半球春季NDVI对温度变化响应的空间差异，前7对模态对总的协方差平方的解释率高达91％以上，反映出NDVI和气温的相关性非常高，第一对模态解释率达42．6％，显示北半球最显著的NDVI响应中心在西西伯利亚，其次是北美大陆，中心在其中东部，第三对及以后的模态反映的是次一次的空间特征，分析表明这些NDVI一温度的耦合模态受大尺度的大气环流系统的显著影响，9个重要的大气环流指标能解释整个北半球NDVI方差的55．6％，其中对欧洲、北美东南部，北美西北部，亚洲高纬以及东亚地区的影响最突出，因此，研究未来植被生态系统对全球变化响应的区域特征时，必须要考虑到这些环流系统的可能变化及其影响。     

中国气候变化的植物信号和生态证据

全球平均气温上升、降水格局变化、极端天气事件发生的频率和强度增大等气候变化现象已经对陆地生态系统产生了影响,物种、群落和生态系统响应于气候变化而发生的改变,可以作为气候变化的间接生物学和生态学证据,对未来气候变化的影响评价有重要的价值,尤其是对减缓和适应全球气候变化的"地球系统科学"研究以及可持续生态系统管理与发展对策的制订,具有重要的意义。在国际气候变化的生物学证据研究的大背景下,总结了中国陆地生态系统响应过去气候变化的植物学信号和生态学证据:(1)物种水平:气候变暖导致中国33°N以北大部分地区植物春季物候期包括萌芽、展叶、开花期等显著提前,植被生长季延长;(2)群落水平:群落物种组成和分布发生改变,主要表现在长白山等高山群落交错带物种组成和林线位置的变化以及青藏高原高寒草甸的退化;(3)生态系统水平:全国总体植被盖度增加,植被活动加强,生产力增加;北方和西部地区农业植被的耕作制度、种植结构、耕种面积和产量发生变化,东北地区水稻种植面积和产量增加,但全国大部分地区农作物产量和温度呈负相关,这将威胁到未来的粮食安全。     

1999—2010年中国西北地区植被覆盖对气候变化和人类活动的响应

中国西北地区气候干旱,频繁出现沙尘天气,属于生态脆弱区域,而植被变化是生态系统对气候变化响应的指示器,研究其变化对改善西北生态环境具有重要意义.本文利用1999—2010年归一化植被指数(NDVI)以及气象数据研究中国西北地区植被覆盖时空变化,以Sen趋势度结合Mann-Kendall检验、相关和偏相关分析以及残差法分析人类活动和气候变化对植被覆盖变化的影响.结果表明:西北地区植被覆盖整体呈增加趋势,但在局部地区气候干旱少雨和人类活动抑制植被生长.植被变化强度空间差异是人类活动和气候要素共同作用的结果:气温高,降水少,大部分地区植被覆盖与气候要素相关显著,并且植被变化对气温和降水的响应存在一定滞后时间;蒸发量大于降水量,人类引水灌溉弥补降水不足,使得农业植被呈增长趋势.新疆北部地区植被覆盖呈下降趋势,原因是气候干旱、沙漠化严重会抑制植被生长,人类活动频繁、城市扩建同样会破坏植被生长.     

中国陆地自然植被碳量空间分布特征探讨

陆地生态系统在全球碳循环动力学中的作用受到越来越多的注意。目前中国森林覆盖率为1392% , 到本世纪末全国森林覆盖率将达到15% , 对全球碳平衡具有重要作用。但是,由于我国碳循环的基础研究比较落后,致使我国陆地生态系统的碳储量和净第一性生产力 （NPP） 碳量还没有被准确确定, 而且陆地生态系统的碳通量估计存在较大差异。     

全球及区域模式中陆面过程的地表植被覆盖分类方法

全球和区域尺度上陆面生态系统与气候密切相关。全球和区域模式的发展对于我们认识气候与陆地生态的变化起到重要作用。在这些模型中,植被覆盖是影响大气-植被间热量、水分和CO2等交换的重要陆面参数。在分析了陆地植被覆盖分类原理基础上,介绍了目前全球不同植被覆盖分类方案,包括基于地基观测的植被分布、基于生物气候特征的分类方案（如：Holdridge的方案）;特别近年来陆面过程试验表明,各种遥感数据源（如：NOAA—AVHRR,EOS—MODIS,Landsat—TM）等为我们提供了有利的工具来监测全球植被动态,完善植被分类,并且采用高时空分辨率的全球土地覆盖状况特征,在不同时空尺度揭示植被-大气相互作用。本文分析了代表性的3种基于卫星遥感技术的陆面植被分类方案,分别是BATS（18类）、SIB（9类）、SIB2（12类）和BIOME—BGC（31类）陆地模式的植被覆盖分类方案．最后分析了目前可用于全球植被覆盖分类的新的遥感数据库。     

遥感物候学研究进展

植物物候现象是环境条件季节和年际变化最直观、最敏感的生物指示器,其发生时间可以反映陆地生态系统对气候变化的快速响应.近年来,遥感物候观测因其具有多时相、覆盖范围广、空间连续、时间序列较长等特点,已成为揭示植被动态对全球气候变化响应与反馈的重要手段.文章在介绍植物物候遥感监测的数据集及其预处理方法的基础上.从植物物候生长季节的划分、植物物候与气候变化、植物物候与净初级生产量、植物物候与土地覆盖、植物物候与农作物估产等方面系统阐述了近5年来国内外遥感物候学研究的重要进展,并针对目前研究中存在的问题,提出近期遥感物候研究的主要方向:(1)发展一种更具普适性的物候生长季节划分方法;(2)通过开展植物群落的物候观测和选择合适的尺度转换方法,统一地面与遥感的空间信息;(3)定量分析植物物候变化对人类活动的响应机制;(4)选择适宜的数学方法和模型,实现各种不同分辨率遥感数据的融合;(5)通过动态模拟,预测植物物候对未来气候变化的响应.     

Spatial-temporal patterns of vegetation dynamics and their relationships to climate variations in Qinghai Lake Basin using MODIS time-series data

Global warming has led to significant vegetation changes in recent years. It is necessary to investigate the effects of climatic variations（temperature and precipitation） on vegetation changes for a better understanding of acclimation to climatic change. In this paper, we focused on the integration and application of multi-methods and spatial analysis techniques in GIS to study the spatio-temporal variation of vegetation dynamics and to explore the vegetation change mechanism. The correlations between EVI and climate factors at different time scales were calculated for each pixel including monthly, seasonal and annual scales respectively in Qinghai Lake Basin from the year of 2001 to 2012. The primary objectives of this study are to reveal when, where and why the vegetation change so as to support better understanding of terrestrial response to global change as well as the useful information and techniques for wise regional ecosystem management practices. The main conclusions are as follows：（1） Overall vegetation EVI in the region increased 6% during recent 12 years. The EVI value in growing seasons（i.e. spring and summer） exhibited very significant improving trend, accounted for 12.8% and 9.3% respectively. The spatial pattern of EVI showed obvious spatial heterogeneity which was consistent with hydrothermal condition. In general, the vegetation coverage improved in most parts of the area since nearly 78% pixel of the whole basin showed increasing trend, while degraded slightly in a small part of the area only.（2） The EVI change was positively correlated with average temperature and precipitation. Generally speaking, in Qinghai Lake Basin, precipitation was the dominant driving factor for vegetation growth; however, at different time scale its weight to vegetation has differences.（3） Based on geo-statistical analysis, the autumn precipitation has a strong correlation with the next spring EVI values in the whole region. This findings explore the autumn precipitation is an important indicator     

2001-2010 年内蒙古植被覆盖度时空变化特征

基于MODIS-NDVI 遥感数据反演了内蒙古地区2001-2010 年植被覆盖度的空间格局和变化规律, 并结合该地区同期降雨量和温度数据, 分别从不同空间和时间尺度上分析了森林生态区、草原生态区和荒漠生态区植被的年际变化和月际变化对气候变化的响应。结果表明:(1) 内蒙古植被覆盖度在空间上呈现东高西低的分布特征, 自西向东的变化速率为0.2/10°N, 10 年间森林、草原和荒漠生态区的年均植被覆盖度分别为0.57、0.4 和0.16;(2) 2001-2010年, 内蒙古植被覆盖度总体上呈上升趋势, 研究区内植被覆盖度极显著增加和显著增加的面积分别占总面积的11.25%和29.13%, 二者之和大于植被覆盖度极显著减少和显著减少的面积比例之和, 后者分别为7.65%和26.61%;(3) 在年际水平上, 内蒙古植被生长总体上与降雨量的关系更加密切, 而在月际水平上, 降雨量和温度对植被生长的影响作用相当, 说明年内植被生长更依赖于水热组合的共同作用, 而与单一气候因子的相关性降低;(4) 森林生态区植被覆盖度在年/月际水平上均与温度的相关性较强, 荒漠生态区植被覆盖度在年/月际水平上均与降雨量相关性较强, 而草原生态区植被覆盖度在年际水平上主要受降雨影响, 在月际水平上与二者相关性相当;(5) 草原区月植被覆盖度对降雨量的响应存在时滞效应。     

Effects of dune stabilization on vegetation characteristics and soil properties at multiple scales in Horqin Sandy Land, Northern China

Ecological patterns and processes in dune ecosystems have been a research focus in recent years, however information on how dune stabilization influences vegetation and soil at different spatial scales...     

基于MODIS时序数据的青海湖流域植被时空变化特征及其与气候因子的关系(英文)

Global warming has led to significant vegetation changes in recent years. It is necessary to investigate the effects of climatic variations(temperature and precipitation) on vegetation changes for a better understanding of acclimation to climatic change. In this paper, we focused on the integration and application of multi-methods and spatial analysis techniques in GIS to study the spatio-temporal variation of vegetation dynamics and to explore the vegetation change mechanism. The correlations between EVI and climate factors at different time scales were calculated for each pixel including monthly, seasonal and annual scales respectively in Qinghai Lake Basin from the year of 2001 to 2012. The primary objectives of this study are to reveal when, where and why the vegetation change so as to support better understanding of terrestrial response to global change as well as the useful information and techniques for wise regional ecosystem management practices. The main conclusions are as follows:(1) Overall vegetation EVI in the region increased 6% during recent 12 years. The EVI value in growing seasons(i.e. spring and summer) exhibited very significant improving trend, accounted for 12.8% and 9.3% respectively. The spatial pattern of EVI showed obvious spatial heterogeneity which was consistent with hydrothermal condition. In general, the vegetation coverage improved in most parts of the area since nearly 78% pixel of the whole basin showed increasing trend, while degraded slightly in a small part of the area only.(2) The EVI change was positively correlated with average temperature and precipitation. Generally speaking, in Qinghai Lake Basin, precipitation was the dominant driving factor for vegetation growth; however, at different time scale its weight to vegetation has differences.(3) Based on geo-statistical analysis, the autumn precipitation has a strong correlation with the next spring EVI values in the whole region. This findings explore the autumn precipitation is an important indicator, and then, limits the plant growth of next spring.     

Spatial variation in annual actual evapotranspiration of terrestrial ecosystems in China: Results from eddy covariance measurements

Understanding the spatial variation in annual actual evapotranspiration (AET) and its influencing factors is crucial for a better understanding of hydrological processes and water resources management. By synthesizing ecosystem-level observations of eddy-covariance flux sites in China (a total of 61 sites), we constructed the most complete AET dataset in China up to now. Based on this dataset, we quantified the statistic characteristics of AET and water budgets (defined as the ratio of AET to annual mean precipitation (MAP), AET/MAP) of terrestrial ecosystems in China. Results showed that AET differed significantly among both different vegetation types and climate types in China, with overall mean AET of 534.7±232.8 mm yr^-1. AET/MAP also differed significantly among different climate types, but there were no distinct differences in AET/MAP values across vegetation types, with mean AET/MAP of 0.82±0.28 for non-irrigated ecosystems. We further investigated how the main climatic factors and vegetation attributes control the spatial variation in AET. Our findings revealed that the spatial variation of AET in China was closely correlated with the geographical patterns of climate and vegetation, in which the effects of total annual net radiation (R _n), MAP and mean annual air temperature (MAT) were dominant. Thus, we proposed an empirical equation to describe the spatial patterns of AET in China, which could explain about 84% of the spatial variation in AET of terrestrial ecosystems in China. Based on the constructed dataset, we also evaluated the uncertainties of five published global evapotranspiration products in simulating site-specific AET in China. Results showed that large biases in site-specific AET values existed for all five global evapotranspiration products, which indicated that it is necessary to involve more observation data of China in their parameterization or validation, while our AET dataset would provide a data source for it.     

中国生态交错带（英文）

生态交错带（Ecotone）是指两个群落或两类生态系统之间的过度带,具有脆弱、敏感和易变等特性。20世纪70年代以来,在典型生态系统研究的基础上,生态交错带逐步成为生态学研究的重点。中国地域广阔,地质、气候、植被等生态类型复杂多变,蕴育了不同类型、不同尺度和不同规模的多种生态交错带,不仅为科学研究奠定了广阔空间,而且对我国经济、社会发展,以及文化多样性保护具有重要支撑作用。本文根据我国大尺度下生态交错带的地理分布及其生态环境特点,构建了以土地利用类型、自然气候特征和农业经济发展＂三位一体＂指标体系,并以此为依据对中国典型生态交错带进行了划分和空间分布范围的界定;在此基础上,分别对北方森林草原交错带、北方农牧交错带、西北荒漠绿洲交错带、西南川滇农林牧交错带和东部海陆交错带的动态变化、基本特征和存在问题进行了研究,对全面认识我国生态交错带自然演变规律,促进区域生态环境保护和优化经济发展具有重要意义。     

中国自然生态系统对气候变化的脆弱性评估

生态系统的脆弱性已经成为气候变化影响评估和适应性管理的关键问题。本文介绍和分析了生态系统的脆弱性、敏感性和阈值的概念,中国生态环境的敏感带和脆弱性,脆弱性评估和中国生态系统脆弱分布以及自然生态系统的可持续性和适应减缓对策。自然生态系统对气候变化脆弱性评估仍存在许多问题和不确定性,迫切需要在以下领域开展研究:自主开发新一代气候变化对生态系统影响综合评估模型(特别是双向耦合模型)、加强相关野外长期观测实验、开展适应性与可持续发展示范工程的研究等。     

Modelling the links between vegetation and landforms

Vegetation is the most important intermediate through which climate and land use modify geomorphological processes and landforms. In this paper we explore three types of model which attempt to simulate the links to uncultivated vegetation, all sharing a common basis in hydrology. The first simulates the relationship between climate, vegetation and erosion rates for a fixed topography and soil cover. The second group of models takes into account longer term interactions with soil properties, which are thought to be important on the times scales of current concern with global change. An expanded illustration of this interaction is the relationship between wash erosion processes, vegetation cover and the evolution of microtopography. The third group of models looks at geological time spans, for which consistent differences in vegetation and landform between climatic areas create responses in the pattern of erosion rates, jointly to a combination of past and present climates.     

2000年以来朝鲜植被覆盖变化及其与气候因子的相关性研究

生态环境的可持续与人类福祉和生态系统服务息息相关,研究植被覆盖变化及其与气候因子的相关性,探讨植被覆盖时空变化规律,探究气候因子对植被变化的驱动机制,对预见气候因子对生态系统影响、制定生态环境可持续保护策略具有深远意义。基于此,利用美国国家航空航天局发布的MODIS NDVI数据并结合相关的气候资料,通过对像元信息进行提取与分析,采用最大合成法、克里金插值法、相关分析法等方法,对2000-2016年朝鲜全境植被覆盖变化及其与气候因子的相关性进行了研究。结果表明：朝鲜全境植被覆盖空间分布不均,北部盖马高原、东北部咸镜山区,中、东部山地丘陵区为高值区;西、南部平原地区,东部沿海地带为低值区。NDVI值整体上增加,局部减少,空间差异明显。植被生长受气温和降水双重驱动,其中,气温对植被年内生长变化比降水作用更大;而气温因素中,年平均气温对植被生长的影响程度略大,NDVI对降水的响应存在明显滞后效应;NDVI对温度和降水的响应程度与空间地理位置、高程有关。区域植被NDVI年际变化主要受年最低气温和人类活动的影响。     

潜在自然植被研究与展望

植被－环境关系是全球变化与陆地生态系统关系研究的关键,由于受人类几千年活动的影响,全球原始自然植被所剩极少,植被的破坏掩盖了植被与环境之间的关系。如何重演反映环境决定特点的潜在自然植被,是植被－环境关系研究的起点。本文对潜在自然植被的概念、研究的时空尺度进行了论述,指出潜在自然植被研究2个发展阶段的特点：（1）传统的以经验为主的定性研究;（2）以潜在自然植被预测模型为基础的定量研究。在此基础上,提出今后我国潜在自然植被研究的重点应放在：针对我国自然植被分布的特点,构建适用于我国特定区域的潜在自然植被预测模型,对不同时空尺度下的潜在自然植被类型及其地理分布进行模拟与制图;单纯将气候作为潜在自然植被预测模型自变量的方法正逐渐为综合的环境变量方法所取代,并强调了潜在自然植被研究必须考虑与大气环流模式的耦合。