Comparison of organotin accumulation on the white-spotted charr Salvelinus leucomaenis between sea-run and freshwater-resident types

To examine the accumulation pattern of organotin compounds (OTs) in relation to the migration of diadromous fish, tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) compounds and their derivatives were determined in the muscle tissue of both sea-run (anadromous) and freshwater-resident (nonanadromous) types of the white-spotted charr Salvelinus leucomaenis. There were generally no significant correlations between the TBT and TPT accumulation and various biological characteristics such as the total length (TL), body weight (BW), age and sex in S. leucomaenis. It is noteworthy that the TBT and TPT concentrations in sea-run white-spotted charr were significantly higher than in freshwater-resident individuals, although they are intraspecies. These results suggest that the sea-run S. leucomaenis has a higher ecological risk of TBT and TPT exposure than the freshwater-residents during their life history.     

Variation in organotin accumulation in relation to the life history in the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica

In order to examine the ecological risks caused by organotin compounds (OTs) in diadromous fish migrating between sea and freshwaters, tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) compounds and their breakdown products were determined in the catadromous eel Anguilla japonica, which has sea, estuarine and river life histories, collected in Japanese sea, brackish and freshwaters within the same region. Ontogenic changes in otolith strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca) concentrations were examined along the life history transect to discriminate the migration type. There were generally three different patterns, which were categorized as ‘sea eels’, ‘estuarine eels’ and ‘river eels’ according to the otolith Sr:Ca ratio. The concentrations of TBT in silver eels (mature eels) were significantly higher than that in yellow eels (immature eels), and the percentages of TBT were also higher in silver eels than in yellow eels. A positive correlation was found between TBT concentration and the gonad-somatic index (GSI). It is thus considered that silver eels have a higher risk of contamination by TBT than yellow eels. TBT and TPT concentrations in sea eels were significantly higher than those in river eels, while no significant differences were observed in TBT and TPT concentrations in estuarine eels compared to sea and river eels. These results suggest that sea eels have a higher ecological risk of OT contamination than river eels during their life history, and the risk of OTs in estuarine eels is considered to be intermediate between that of sea and river eels. Positive linear relationships were found between Sr:Ca ratios and the concentrations of TBT and TPT. Therefore, these results suggest that the ecological risk of OTs increase as the sea residence period in the eel becomes longer. TBT and TPT concentrations in sea eels were significantly higher than those in river eels even at the same growth stage. Thus, it is clear that migratory type is the most important factor for OT accumulation during the life history.     

Specific accumulation of organotin compounds in tissues of the rock shell,Thais clavigera

Concentrations of organotin compounds (butyltins and phenyltins) were determined in gonad, accessory sex organs, penis, digestive gland, kidney, radula with sac, oesophagus with crop, stomach, hypobranchial gland, rectum, mantle, osphradium, ctenidium, heart, salivary gland, head ganglia and muscle of imposex-exhibiting female and male rock shells (Thais clavigera), by gas chromatography with flame photometric detection (GC-FPD). Different tissue distributions were observed between butyltin and phenyltin compounds. More than 1000 ng TBT/g wet wt. were observed in ovary, digestive gland, kidney, heart, ctenidium, osphradium, stomach, head ganglia and penis, of both imposex-exhibiting females and males. More than 1000 ng TPT/g wet wt. were found in almost all tissues of both sexes. Approximately one-third or more of total TBT was accumulated in the digestive glands of both females and males, respectively. Meanwhile, approximately 40–50% and one-half of total TPT accumulated in the digestive glands of females and males, respectively.     

雌雄波纹巴非蛤不同组织中总类胡萝卜素含量比较分析

本文分析了波纹巴非蛤(Paphia undulata)斧足、外套膜、鳃、闭壳肌、性腺5个组织以及不同性别的总类胡萝卜素含量(TCC)。结果显示:波纹巴非蛤5个组织的总类胡萝卜素含量除外套膜与鳃之间没有显著性差异外(P0.05),其他各组织之间差异均达到极显著水平(P0.01),各组织总类胡萝卜素含量从高到低依次为:斧足性腺外套膜鳃闭壳肌;不同性别波纹巴非蛤的斧足、外套膜、鳃、闭壳肌中总类胡萝卜素的含量没有显著性差异(P0.05),但精巢中总类胡萝卜素的含量要显著高于卵巢(P0.05)。本研究结果初步揭示了波纹巴非蛤体内总类胡萝卜素含量的分布规律。     

Evidence of return of chum salmon released from Tangwang River by strontium marking method

In order to assess the effect of enhancement release of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta), otolith strontium (Sr) marking method was used to tag chum salmon released in Tangwang River in 2016. The homing chum salmon were detected and the samples were collected in Tangwang River, Ussuri River and Suifen River in the autumn of 2018. The samples were analyzed by examining Sr and calcium (Ca) fingerprints in the otolith using electron probe microanalysis. The results suggested that two samples collected in Tangwang River had the marking ring near the core of otolith where the Sr concentration and Sr/Ca ratio were significantly higher than comparative samples. Proving that the two fish belonged to the released population in Tangwang River in 2016. This article indicated the success of the enhancement release of chum salmon from the Tangwang River for the first time and also confirmed the validity of Sr marking in enhancement release of fishes.     

西施舌同工酶组织特异性研究

采用不连续垂直板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对西施舌5种组织(肝胰脏、鳃、后闭壳肌、外套膜和足)的酯酶(EST)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)同工酶进行了研究。同工酶图谱显示:西施舌上述组织的3种同工酶具有一定的组织特异性。其中,肝和鳃组织EST酶活性较高,闭壳肌MDH酶活性最高,而肝组织SOD酶活性略高,上述组织是进行同工酶分析的理想材料。     

有机锡对金藻（Dicrateria sp.）的毒性效应

研究了有机锡对金藻的毒性效应 ,结果表明 ,三丁基锡 (TBT)和三苯基锡 (TPT)在低浓度的情况下 ,即可限制金藻细胞的生长和存活。室内一次培养研究显示 ,该 2种有机锡化合物对金藻表现出很强的毒性 ,对生长速率的 72 h半数效应浓度 EC50 分别为 0 .58和 0 .77μg/ dm3。     

Enzymatic activities in spermatozoa and butyltin concentrations in Baltic turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

Spermatozoal enzymes of fish (NAD+- and NADP-dependent dehydrogenases and creatine kinase (CK)) were previously determined to be sensitive to tributyltin (TBT) in laboratory experiments and were thus indicated for use as biomarkers for TBT exposure. However, the potential ability of spermatozoal enzymes as biomarkers of TBT exposure has never been recapitulated in a field study. For this purpose, the kinetic activities of spermatozoal enzymes of the natural turbot Scophthalmus maximus population from the Gulf of Gdańsk (GDA) and the Pomeranian Bay (POM) in the southern Baltic Sea were measured. Gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to determine the concentrations of TBT and its breakdown products, dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT), in the muscle, liver and testes of the male turbot. Males from GDA had significantly higher enzymatic activities and butyltin (BT) content in tissues than those from POM. A general linear model (GLM) showed that lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and CK activities increased significantly with BT concentration in the testes and liver. We indicate the potential effects of TBT pollution on the spermatozoal enzymes of Baltic turbot.     

瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachellii)脂肪酸去饱和酶FAD2和延伸酶ELOVL5的克隆及表达分析

脂肪酸去饱和酶(FAD,fatty acyl desaturase)及延伸酶(ELOVL,elongases of very long chain fatty acids)在鱼类脂肪代谢过程中发挥了重要作用。利用RT-PCR克隆得到瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachellii)肝脏中控制高不饱和脂肪酸合成的(FAD2)和(ELOVL5)基因cDNA序列。瓦氏黄颡鱼FAD2cDNA片段长2041bp,编码447个氨基酸,含有3个组氨酸簇(HDx GH,Hxx HH,Qxx HH),含亚铁血红素结合基序(HPGG)的类似细胞色素b5结构域等。瓦氏黄颡鱼ELOVL5 cDNA片段长1065bp,编码294个氨基酸,含有组氨酸簇(Hxx HH)、内质网停留信号(K、R)和4个ELO共有的保守区域(Kxx Exx DT,Qxx FLHx YHH,Nxxx Hxx MYx YY,Txx Qxx Q)等结构域。荧光定量PCR分析表明,FAD2和ELOVL5 m RNA在瓦氏黄颡鱼脑、肝脏的表达量最高,显著高于肠道、脾脏、肾脏、鳃等组织。结果表明,瓦氏黄颡鱼具有合成高不饱和脂肪酸的关键酶FAD2和ELOVL5,且肝脏为合成高不饱和脂肪酸的主要场所。     

Comparative oxygen radical formation and toxicity of BDE 47 in rainbow trout cell lines

The polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) constitute a class of flame retardants whose residues have markedly increased in fish and human tissues during the last decade. In particular, the levels of certain PBDE congeners in salmon have raised concern regarding potential risks associated with dietary PBDE exposures. However, little is known regarding PBDE-mediated cell injury in relevant in vitro cell models. We conducted a comparative study of oxyradical production and cell injury in rainbow trout gill (RTgill-W1) and trout liver cells (RTL-W1) exposed to 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 47), a predominant BDE residue found in fish tissues such as salmonids. Exposure to low micromolar concentrations of BDE 47 elicited a significant loss in RTgill-W1 and RTL-W1 cell viability as measured by alamarBlue assay. The dose-response of BDE toxicity differed among the two cell lines, with the RTL-W1 liver cells showing greater resistance to toxicity at lower BDE 47 doses, but a more dramatic loss of viability relative to gill cells when challenged with higher (50 microM) doses. The sensitivity of the trout liver cells at higher BDE 47 exposures was reflected by a higher basal production of oxygen radical production by 6-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescence that was markedly enhanced in the presence of BDE 47, suggesting an overwhelming of trout liver cell antioxidant defense pathways. Collectively, our data indicate that RTgill-W1 and RTL-W1 liver cells are sensitive to BDE 47-mediated cell injury through a mechanism that may involve oxidative stress. Our data also provide an in vitro basis for potential tissue differences in BDE 47-mediated cell injury.     

织锦巴非蛤不同组织及性别总类胡萝卜素含量比较分析

本文分析了织锦巴非蛤(Paphia textzle)斧足、外套膜、闭壳肌、鳃、性腺5个组织以及不同性别的总类胡萝卜素含量(TCC),结果显示:织锦巴非蛤5个组织的总类胡萝卜素含量除鳃与性腺之间没有显著性差异之外(P0.05),其它各组织之间差异均达到极显著水平(P0.01),各组织总类胡萝卜素含量从高到低依次为:斧足性腺鳃外套膜闭壳肌;不同性别织锦巴非蛤的斧足、外套膜、闭壳肌、鳃中总类胡萝卜素的含量没有显著差异(P0.05),但精巢与卵巢中的总类胡罗卜素含量有极显著性差异(P0.01),精巢中总类胡萝卜素的含量高于卵巢。本研究结果初步揭示了织锦巴非蛤中总类胡萝卜素含量的分布规律。     

The effect of tributyltin upon steroid titres in the female dogwhelk, Nucella lapillus, and the development of imposex

Exposure of female Nucella lapillus to tributyltin (TBT) in seawater at a concentration of 40 ng Sn/litre led to accumulation of TBT in the tissues, and an increase in penis length compared to control animals. Investigation of the steroid concentrations by radioimmunoassay revealed a significant increase in testosterone after 28 days exposure to TBT. No significant effect was noted upon the amounts of progesterone or estradiol-17β. When testosterone was injected into female N. lapillus in the absence of TBT, penis length was found to increase significantly. These observation suggest that there may be an association between the change in testosterone titre in response to exposure to TBT and the development of imposex in the dogwhelk.     

海水中多环芳烃的暴露浓度对鲈鱼体内脂质过氧化程度的影响

本文以鲈鱼为实验材料，以鲈鱼体内的丙二醛含量为指标研究了在水样中16种多环芳烃组分和外加芘为实验试剂的条件下，鲈鱼体内不同器官、组织的脂质过氧化程度的变化．实验结果表明：（1）在鲈鱼鳃、全血中的丙二醛浓度较高，而肝脏的丙二醛浓度较低。（2）水样中多环芳烃及外加芘的暴露能导致鲈鱼肝的丙二醛浓度升高，这表明多环芳烃以及芘的暴露能引起鲈鱼肝内脂质过氧化程度的提高。（3）水体中多环芳烃及外加芘浓度的变化对鲈鱼肝的丙二醛浓度的影响具有可逆性，且鲈鱼肝的丙二醛浓度与水环境的多环芳烃（包括芘）暴露浓度呈良好的正相关关系。这说明：鲈鱼肝的丙二醛浓度可作为指示水环境的多环芳烃污染程度的指标。由于生物体内的丙二醛浓度受多种因素的影响，在使用丙二醛浓度指标来指示海洋环境的多环芳烃污染时。最好与其他指标配合使用，以更准确地指示海洋环境多环芳烃污染。     

Imposex in the rock shell, Thais clavigera, as evidence of organotin contamination in the marine environment of Korea

Imposex was measured in the rock shell, Thais clavigera, from the coast of the Korean peninsula. Frequency of imposex was 0% at two reference sites, but at 47 out of 61 sites, frequency of imposex was recorded as 100%. The degree of imposex was relatively high at the sites near a harbor and a shipyard. Tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) concentrations in T. clavigera ranged from 5 to 508 ng/g and from 3 to 2460 ng/g, respectively. A significant positive relationship was found between degree of imposex and organotin concentration, whereas a significant negative relationship was obtained between female-to-male sex ratio and the degree of imposex. During a field transplantation of T. clavigera from a pristine area to a port, TBT and TPT were accumulated in T. clavigera, and imposex was induced. T. clavigera shows considerable potential as a bioindicator species of the adverse effects of TBT and TPT contamination.     

饥饿对金鱼卵巢型和脑型芳香化酶基因表达的影响研究

采用RT-PCR技术,研究了金鱼性腺型芳香化酶基因(CYP19A)和脑型芳香化酶基因(CYP19B)的表达对饥饿胁迫的响应机制.研究结果表明:正常投喂的雌性金鱼中CYP19A基因mRNA在卵巢、肝脏、肾脏、肌肉、鳃、头肾、脾脏、脑、肠和心脏10个组织均有表达,表达量呈现递减趋势;饥饿胁迫后,CYP19A基因mRNA在脑和卵巢中表达的变化规律基本一致,即饥饿5d时表达量显著降低(P<0.05),随后表达水平维持稳定.正常投喂的雌性金鱼CYP19B基因mRNA在脑、头肾、性腺、脾、肌肉和心脏6个组织中表达呈现递减趋势;CYP19B基因mRNA在脑和卵巢中的表达量,在饥饿5d时表达量显著降低(P<0.05),随后表达水平维持稳定.这些结果说明,雌性金鱼在饥饿条件下,性激素合成关键酶基因在脑和卵巢中的表达量显著降低,可能影响卵巢发育。     

从织锦巴非蛤提取总类胡萝卜素的两种前处理方法效果比较

以织锦巴非蛤(Paphiatextile)为研究对象,分别用湿法与干法(冷冻干燥法)两种前处理方法提取织锦巴非蛤斧足、外套膜、闭壳肌及鳃4种组织的总类胡萝卜素,并比较两种前处理方法的提取效果。结果表明:用两种前处理方法提取各组织中总类胡萝卜素的变异系数均较小,干法的变异系数普遍小于湿法(P0.05)。湿法处理后提取总类胡萝卜素含量从高到低依次为:斧足、鳃、外套膜、闭壳肌,干法处理后提取总类胡萝卜素的排序结果与湿法处理后提取的结果一致,但干法的得率要显著高于湿法(P0.05),建议以后在对贝类中总类胡萝卜素进行提取时,宜选用冷冻干燥法作为前处理方法。     

大港原油对毛蚶部分抗氧化酶和代谢酶的影响研究

为研究港原油对毛蚶部分抗氧化酶和代谢酶的影响,设置0.01、0.1、1、3mg/L大港原油水溶液性成分(WSF),采用暴露法研究毛蚶天津群体的鳃、斧足中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)抗氧化酶等抗氧化酶及酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、钠/钾泵(Na^+/K^+ATPase)、钙泵(Ga²⁺/Mg²⁺ATPase)等代谢相关酶的活性变化,测定丙二醛(MDA)含量,采用整合生物标志物(Integratedbiomarkerresponse,IBR)进行分析。结果表明,毛蚶鳃和斧足中SOD、CAT、GPX表现出一定的剂量-效应关系, MDA含量呈先升高后降低的趋势, 3 mg/L组表现出MDA累积;ACP、AKP、Na^+/K^+ATPase、Ga²⁺/Mg²⁺ATPase表现出一定剂量-效应关系,酸性磷酸酶较碱性磷酸酶响应更迅速, Na^+/K^+ATPase较Ga²⁺/Mg²⁺ATPase更易受WSF影响;鳃中酶类活性受WSF影响更明显。鳃中SOD、GPX、MDA较斧足高,而CAT则相反。斧足、鳃组织RIB值呈现先下降后上升趋势,与WSF浓度及暴露时间存在剂量-效应关系和时间-效应关系,两组之间存在差异性,斧足累积RIB值高于鳃组织。     

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)Patched 1基因的克隆和表达分析

Hedgehog(Hh)信号通路在脊椎动物和非脊椎动物发育过程中细胞信号传导方面发挥重要的作用。Patched 1 (Ptc1)基因是Hh的受体,通过和Hh配体结合调节Hh信号通路。本研究克隆和鉴定了半滑舌鳎的Ptc1基因(csptc1),该基因cDNA全长为5212 nt,编码蛋白包括1543个氨基酸残基,序列比对和进化分析显示该蛋白在进化过程中较为保守。荧光定量显示该基因在脑,肝脏,心脏,鳃,肠,脾脏、肾脏和性腺组织中普遍表达,在精巢中的表达水平显著高于卵巢。精巢中的原位杂交信号主要位于该基因主要在初级精母细胞,次级精母细胞和支持细胞中,而在卵母细胞中的信号较弱。Csptc1基因在卵巢中的甲基化水平高于在雄鱼和伪雄鱼精巢中。这一研究结果可能说明csptc1基因参与了 Desert Hedgehog (DHH)基因维持雄鱼和伪雄鱼的生殖细胞系以及精子发生等生物学过程。     

STUDY ON METABOLISM OF MERCURY IN Tilapia Mossambica

Using 203HgCl2 as a tracer, uptake and combination of inorganic mercury in Tilapia mossambica (petres) and its transfer between different tissues of the fish were studied. The results demonstrate that gill is the main tissue uptaking mercury directly from seawater and that the mercury in gill, skin, digestive tube and fin would be transferred to the other tissues. The result of gel chromatography with Sephadex G-75 shows that most of mercury in gill filaments, liver, and digestive tube are bound in high molecules (MW-70000) and not in metallothionein, but in kidney and bile mercury binding proteins are similar to metallothionein and are accounted for up to 60% and 46% respectively.     

The effects of bunker c oil and an oil dispersant: Part 2—effects on the accumulation of chlorine-labelled bunker c oil in various fish tissues

Chlorine-labelled Bunker C oil was used to measure the differential accumulation in various fish tissues between a hydrocarbon and a hydrocarbon/oil dispersant mixture. There is an increased movement of the emulsified oil across the gill structure although accumulation by this tissue is similar for both test conditions. The liver and kidney showed significantly higher levels of the oil/dispersant mixture whereas muscle accumulations were less dramatic. The amounts of Bunker C found in the gills, liver and kidney were considerably higher than that found in the muscle. Consideration was given to the varying capability of the blood to carry polar, compared with non-polar, compounds.