基于量化加权的居住空间准则决策方案

求职者对居住环境的选择是基于主观意愿与客观环境相互作用的结果,其实质为一个多目标、多准则的决策过程。针对目前缺乏结合个人就业现状与需求偏好对居住环境进行选择的研究的现状,该文分析并构建了影响因子的准则决策评价体系。以前台可视化界面获取求职者自身录入的偏好信息,确定各因子的准则权重;结合量化的基本思想与距离衰减的空间扩散形式,以赣州市为实验区制作准则因子的适应性分布图,而后加权计算得到居住环境的多级决策方案。     

土地生态质量遥感空间分异与主控因子研究——以广安市为例

本文以广安市为研究区,主要依据遥感数据源,以公里网格为评价单元,基于理想点模型,从生态本底、生态结构、生态效益及生态胁迫4个准则层14个评价指标构建评价指标体系。首先应用德尔菲法（主观法）和熵权法（客观法）相结合的方法计算各评价指标权重值。然后根据以理想点模型计算的结果对土地生态质量进行等级划分,并提取了土地生态质量的主控因子,根据热点模型对土地生态质量的空间分异规律与主控因子之间的关系进行了分析,对广安市2000、2005、2010、2015年的土地生态质量进行了综合评价。最后为土地整治部门提出了有效的土地生态质量监管建议。     

空间多准则决策研究概述

空间多准则决策分析是当前决策领域的一个研究热点,在实际空间决策问题中起着非常重要的作用。本文介绍了多准则决策从可能相互矛盾的标准中筛选出最优决策的分析方案发展为在多重标准下对一系列优劣排序的备选方案进行评估的决策工具的过程,以及用多准则决策分析来解决包含空间维度的空间决策问题即MCDA与GIS的融合;并研究了基于地理信息系统的多准则决策分析模式以及国内外对空间多准则决策分析的发展现状;最后探讨了目前空间多准则决策几点需要进一步研究的问题和未来的发展方向。     

基于多属性决策的统计数据分级综合评价模型

将决策理论中的多属性决策用于评价地图要素的分级(分类)方法是否最优,并用信息论中的熵函数法确定各个评价分级精度指标的权重,建立了统计数据分级(分类)的综合评价模型。模型的建立,不仅提高了评价的客观性,而且是建立分级方法与适合这种分级方法的数据之间的关系基础。最后,用实例说明这种方法的具体应用及计算过程。     

层次分析法在生态环境综合评价应用中的优化

层次分析法（Analytical Hierarchy Process,AHP）,是一种常用的系统分析与决策方法,但在应用于青藏高原区域生态环境综合评价时,由于因素的权重值只能为正数,影响了表达效果。为此,本文对其进行了优化,改进了构造判断矩阵时的赋值方法,在评价过程中引入了负数。实验证明,优化后的方法能准确地评价青藏高原的生态环境。     

基于属性数学理论的地图质量评价

首先,通过构造单指标属性测度函数以计算单指标属性测度;其次,以相似数定义相似权的方法,按一种客观性标准确定评价指标的权重值以计算样本综合属性测度;最后,利用置信度准则进行属性识别。研究表明:属性识别模型评判结果与模糊综合评判法和物元分析法的评判结果有较好的一致性,从而验证了属性识别模型应用于地图质量评价的可行性和可靠性。评价指标的权重不会影响属性识别结果,即认为评价指标的权重值相同,因而计算过程大大简化。新的地图质量综合评价与分类方法具有准确度高、易操作的优点。     

浅谈测量平差到空间数据分析的可靠性理论延伸

可靠性作为分析结果评价的质量指标,同时也是分析模型构建的优化准则。在传统测绘领域,李德仁于20世纪80年代中期提出了两个多维备选假设的模型误差可区分理论和验后方差选权迭代的粗差剔除方法,发展了测量平差可靠性理论及摄影测量应用。在电磁物理和普适计算支持下,传统测绘技术已经进化为现代地球空间信息科技。随之,可靠性理论内容从测量平差的粗差处理、空间数据分析的异常处理延伸到空间信息服务的可信计算,可靠性分析方法也从统计推断、优化计算延伸到逻辑推理。类比语言学,测量平差的粗差处理为语法分析,空间分析的异常处理为语义分析,空间信息服务的可信计算则为语用分析。简要地给出了空间数据分析的可靠性指标计算方法,分析了优化目标（成本或代价）函数构造的一般准则（物理系统的能量最小化、数据系统的信息量最大化和用户系统的决策风险最小化）,指出可靠性理论方法呈现整体模拟趋势（正常和异常的相对整体性,外在数据和内在状态的相对整体性,静态结构和动态行为的相对整体性,人机地系统的相对整体性）。     

用于内置式标签地图权重表达的等差字大策略评估

在标签地图应用日益增加的背景下,亟需开展标签权重表达策略的评估研究。引入眼动跟踪方法,针对常用于标签地图权重表达的一种等差字大策略进行评估。实验设定无目的自由浏览和有目的阅读分析两个应用场景,布置标签选取、识别/搜索、记忆和主观评价任务,统计分析被试完成以上任务的眼动数据和其他衍生数据,结果显示:（1）不同大小的标签在信息凸显性、视觉吸引力、权重记忆以及识别/搜索时的搜索效率、阅读效率和认知负担方面并未表现出明显差异性;（2）文字大小处于上游的标签相比处于下游的标签更加容易被识别/搜索,被试的兴趣度更高,但并不意味着文字越大的标签越容易被识别/搜索,被试的兴趣度越高;（3）采用等差字大策略的标签地图总体评价良好。该研究有助于地图设计者进一步了解等差字大策略的特点。     

空间自相关支撑下的地类分布模式一致性评价

空间分布模式是否保持一致是土地利用数据综合质量评价的一项重要内容。针对当前的研究缺少量化分析和位置表达的现状,提出了一种新的空间数据特有的自相关性评价方法。首先利用语义距离建立空间权重矩阵,随后通过莫兰指数（Moran’s I）计算数据处理前后全局和局部自相关度,最后利用莫兰（Moran）散点图和空间关联的局部指标（local indicators of spatial association,LISA）集聚图相结合的方法对综合前后的土地利用分布模式进行可视化对比。相较传统评价方法,所提方法顾及数据语义关系,计算可量化聚集程度,以直观可视化方法对比展示,更好地对土地利用数据在综合前后的全局空间分布模式一致性进行了评价。认知实验结果符合人类认知,表明所提方法切实有效。     

波形反演震源机制中的权重优化:应用于2013年芦山地震

对剪切-粘贴方法（cut and paste,CAP）和地震软件包（computer programs in seismology,CPS）两个较常用的震源机制格点搜索反演方法的加权策略进行分析,发现二者权重分别仅单独考虑了波形数据信噪比或振幅差异,且权重数值大小随震中距的变化趋势相互冲突。为了解决此数值矛盾并保留二者权重的优势,将两种加权策略进行联合,综合考虑波形信噪比和振幅差异对反演的影响。此外,考虑到震中距定权的粗糙性,提出了针对各波形本身的数据信息精化计算权重方案。为了检验联合定权的优越性,以2013-04-20的芦山地震为例,利用CPS程序分别用联合及单独定权进行多次反演,比较发现联合加权方法反演结果最优。最终的震源机制解为（走向211°±3°,倾角41°±1°,滑动角94°±2°）,震源深度17 km,与其他研究者的研究成果有很好的一致性,且与震源区的应力及地质构造情况均相互吻合,表明所提出的权重方法优化效果明显。     

GIS-based ordered weighted averaging and Dempster–Shafer methods for landslide susceptibility mapping in the Urmia Lake Basin,Iran

In this paper, GIS-based ordered weighted averaging (OWA) is applied to landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) for the Urmia Lake Basin in northwest Iran. Nine landslide causal factors were used, whereby the respective parameters were extracted from an associated spatial database. These factors were evaluated, and then the respective factor weight and class weight were assigned to each of the associated factors using analytic hierarchy process (AHP). A landslide susceptibility map was produced based on OWA multicriteria decision analysis. In order to validate the result, the outcome of the OWA method was qualitatively evaluated based on an existing inventory of known landslides. Correspondingly, an uncertainty analysis was carried out using the Dempster–Shafer theory. Based on the results, very strong support was determined for the high susceptibility category of the landslide susceptibility map, while strong support was received for the areas with moderate susceptibility. In this paper, we discuss in which respect these results are useful for an improved understanding of the effectiveness of OWA in LSM, and how the landslide prediction map can be used for spatial planning tasks and for the mitigation of future hazards in the study area.     

Ordered weighted averaging with fuzzy quantifiers: GIS-based multicriteria evaluation for land-use suitability analysis

The objective of this paper is to incorporate the concept of fuzzy (linguistic) quantifiers into the GIS-based land suitability analysis via ordered weighted averaging (OWA). OWA is a multicriteria evaluation procedure (or combination operator). The nature of the OWA procedure depends on some parameters, which can be specified by means of fuzzy (linguistic) quantifiers. By changing the parameters, OWA can generate a wide range of decision strategies or scenarios. The quantifier-guided OWA procedure is illustrated using land-use suitability analysis in a region of Mexico.     

Multi-criteria,personalized route planning using quantifier-guided ordered weighted averaging operators

This paper presents a generic model for using different decision strategies in multi-criteria, personalized route planning. Some researchers have considered user preferences in navigation systems. However, these prior studies typically employed a high tradeoff decision strategy, which used a weighted linear aggregation rule, and neglected other decision strategies. The proposed model integrates a pairwise comparison method and quantifier-guided ordered weighted averaging (OWA) aggregation operators to form a personalized route planning method that incorporates different decision strategies. The model can be used to calculate the impedance of each link regarding user preferences in terms of the route criteria, criteria importance and the selected decision strategy. Regarding the decision strategy, the calculated impedance lies between aggregations that use a logical “and” (which requires all the criteria to be satisfied) and a logical “or” (which requires at least one criterion to be satisfied). The calculated impedance also includes taking the average of the criteria scores. The model results in multiple alternative routes, which apply different decision strategies and provide users with the flexibility to select one of them en-route based on the real world situation. The model also defines the robust personalized route under different decision strategies. The influence of different decision strategies on the results are investigated in an illustrative example. This model is implemented in a web-based geographical information system (GIS) for Isfahan in Iran and verified in a tourist routing scenario. The results demonstrated, in real world situations, the validity of the route planning carried out in the model.     

Web-enabled spatial decision analysis using Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA)

 This paper presents a spatial decision support tool that implements the Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) method. OWA is a family of multicriteria evaluation operators characterised by two sets of weights: criterion importance weights and order weights. We propose a highly interactive way of choosing, modifying, and fine-tuning the decision strategy defined by the order weights. This exploratory approach to OWA is supported by a graphical representation of the operator's behaviour in terms of decision risk and tradeoff/dispersion between criteria. Our prototype implementation is based on the CommonGIS software, and thus, Web-enabled and working with vector data. We successfully demonstrate online, exploratory support of spatial decision strategies using a data set of skiing resorts in Wallis, Switzerland. Received: 24 September 2002 / Accepted: 10 January 2003     

Towards an automated approach to map flooded areas from Sentinel-2 MSI data and soft integration of water spectral features

In this work we propose an approach for mapping flooded areas from Sentinel-2 MSI (Multispectral Instrument) data based on soft fuzzy integration of evidence scores derived from both band combinations (i.e. Spectral Indices - SIs) and components of the Hue, Saturation and Value (HSV) colour transformation. Evidence scores are integrated with Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) operators, which model user’s decision attitude varying smoothly between optimistic and pessimistic approach. Output is a map of global evidence degree showing the plausibility of being flooded for each pixel of the input Sentinel-2 (S2) image. Algorithm set up and validation were carried out with data over three sites in Italy where water surfaces are extracted from stable water bodies (lakes and rivers), natural hazard flooding, and irrigated paddy rice fields. Validation showed more than satisfactory accuracy for the OR-like OWA operators (F-score > 0.90) with performance slightly decreased (F-score < 0.75) over heterogeneous conditions (e.g. rice fields). The algorithm was applied with no changes and/or tuning to independent sites from the Copernicus Emergency Management Service (EMS) activations to simulate operational conditions. Over these sites, the proposed approach achieved greater, more consistent and robust mapping accuracy compared to traditional approaches based on the segmentation of single input features. Moreover, OWA operators offer an appealing way of combining and aggregating multiple information in decision making by modelling uncertainty in decision process.     

GIS中属性不确定性的处理方法及其发展

属性数据的不确定直接影响决策的准确性和可靠性,特别是对侧重于属性分析的领域,在研究属性不确定性的基础上,分析了GIS中的主要处理方法及其研究进展,具体地就基于GIS的模型,概率论及数理统计学,模糊集合,云理论,粗集等方法及进展进行讨论.     

3DGIS地下燃气管道风险模糊综合评价

对地下燃气管道进行风险评价,可提供有效的辅助决策支持,对于建立城市地下燃气管网的安全评估综合管理体系具有十分重要的意义.给出了一种3DGIS地下燃气管道风险模糊综合评价方法,阐述了模糊风险评价的流程,基于层次分析法进行管道风险因素权重分析,结合单因素相对隶属度的模糊评价矩阵,建立了模糊综合评价模型;最后对研究区域燃气管...     

基于Web Services的GIS与应用模型集成研究

分析GIS与应用模型集成的研究现状及存在的问题。针对存在的问题,提出基于Web Services的GIS与应用模型集成方法。具体定义应用模型服务体系及其与空间信息服务体系的关系,讨论基于服务链的GIS-ervices与应用模型服务集成服务链样式、集成实现过程、集成开发流程,给出基于服务集成实现小流域地貌演化问题计算的服务集成分析设计与实验结果。实验结果证明本文提出的基于Web Services的GIS与应用模型集成方法正确可行。     

加权网页排序算法在道路网自动选取中的应用

针对现有算法在计算道路网节点重要度时忽略节点间的相互影响以及道路密度引起的重要度异常等问题,提出了一种基于加权网页排序算法的道路网自动提取方法。首先将道路连接成路段,以路段为网络节点,道路交叉作为节点连线,路段长度作为边的权重,将道路网抽象成有向有权图;然后利用加权网页排序算法计算有向有权图节点的重要度,并利用链接作弊检测的方法修正由道路密度引起的节点重要度异常,得到道路节点的最终重要度排序,从而完成道路网的提取。通过真实路网数据进行实验分析,结果表明,相对基于网络中心性的方法,该算法的提取结果能够更好地保留原始路网的密度差异和整体结构。