海洋样品中~(231)Pa和U,Th同位素的联合分离测定

本文结合已报道的U,Th分离方法和~(231)Pa分离条件建立了Th-Pa-U联合分离流程和测试技术,并用以分离测定一个锰结核和一个深海沉积物样品中的~(231)Pa,U和Th同位素含量的深度分布。用~(231)pa_(ex),~(230)Th_(ex)和~(230)Th_(ex)/~(232)Th法分别计算该锰结核的生长速率为1.5,0.9和1.5mm/Ma。U,Th和~(231)Pa的化学回收率(％)分别为40—80,80—92和60—86。     

极谱法测定海水介质的铜络合容量

采用新极谱技术(1.5次微分)的阳极溶出伏安滴定方法测定天然海水的铜络合容量和条件稳定常数。对测试条件、EDTA回收率和有关问题进行了探讨。青岛近岸水样的九次平行测定表明,铜的表现络合容量为3.01×10~(-7)mol/dm~3,条件稳定常数为7.34×10~7,相对标准偏差分别为9.2％和13.8％。     

硫酸盐的测定——交流示波极谱滴定在海水分析中的应用(Ⅱ)

采用交流示波极谱滴定法研究海水中硫酸盐的直接测定法。在pH8的乙二胺—盐酸底液中,以标准K_2Cr_2O_7溶液滴定适当过量的钡,由微过量的Cr_2O_7~(2-)(或CrO_4~(2-))在交流示波极谱图上产生的切口指示滴定终点。方法准确快速.测定标准海水和卤水中的SO_4~(2-)的回收率分别为98.11±0.67和100.03±1.1％。相对标准偏差小于1％。     

獐子岛养殖海域颗粒有机碳、颗粒氮的时空分布特征

2011年8月、10月、12月和2012年4月对大连獐子岛养殖海域共14个站位进行了大面调查。对其中颗粒有机碳(POC)和颗粒氮(PN)的时空分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,獐子岛养殖海域水体中POC质量浓度的季节变化趋势是:夏季秋季春季冬季。夏季POC质量浓度最高,表、底层的质量浓度分别为0.159~1.672 mg/L和0.045~0.834 mg/L,平均值分别为(0.867±0.451)mg/L和(0.319±0.204)mg/L。冬季表、底层POC质量浓度最低,表、底层POC质量浓度分别为0.020~0.530 mg/L和0.061~0.458 mg/L。平均值分别为(0.240±0.125)mg/L和(0.221±0.129)mg/L。四个季节的POC质量浓度平面分布较为均匀。PN质量浓度的季节变化趋势是:夏季秋季冬季春季。夏季PN的质量浓度最高,表、底层PN的质量浓度分别为0.026~0.439 mg/L和0.020~0.393 mg/L,平均值分别为(0.193±0.067)mg/L和(0.172±0.060)mg/L。春季表、底层PN质量浓度最低,表、底层PN质量浓度分别为0.059~0.178 mg/L和0.024~0.212 mg/L,平均值分别为(0.120±0.047)mg/L和(0.100±0.050)mg/L。PN与POC的分布特征相似,空间分布均匀。叶绿素a(Chl-a)质量浓度的变化趋势为:夏季秋季春季冬季。POC、PN和Chl-a的垂直分布规律相似,春季底层质量浓度高于表层,夏秋两季表层质量浓度高于底层,冬季表、底层质量浓度基本一致。根据C/N以及POC/Chl-a的比值对POC的来源进行初步分析,表明该海域的POC主要来源于海洋生物,并且受陆源的影响较小。     

投喂新鲜、冷冻、烘干菲律宾蛤肉对三疣梭子蟹摄食、代谢及生长的影响

研究了投喂新鲜、冷冻、烘干的菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)肉对三疣梭子蟹(Portunus tritubercula-tus)摄食、代谢及生长的影响。实验结果表明:用干重表示的摄食不同蛤肉的三疣梭子蟹日平均摄食率、特定生长率、饵料转化效率有显著差异:投喂新鲜蛤肉、冷冻蛤肉、烘干蛤肉的蟹日平均摄食率分别为6.15%±0.98%,6.33%±0.91%,10.72%±1.18%,烘干蛤肉组显著高于其他两组(P0.05);日特定生长率分别为2.90%±0.37%,2.23%±0.46%,1.97%±0.30%,新鲜蛤肉组显著高于其他2组(P0.05);饵料转化效率分别为41.57%±5.67%,32.72%±6.60%,17.52%±1.04%,新鲜蛤肉组冷冻蛤肉组烘干蛤肉组(P0.05)。蜕壳率分别为169.23%,160.00%,166.67%。摄食代谢中,饱食后2~4 h内代谢率达到高峰,4~6 h代谢率仍较高但有下降趋势。摄食不同蛤肉的三疣梭子蟹在饱食后0~2 h和2~4 h内新鲜蛤肉组亚硝氮排泄率分别为(0.133±0.008)μg.g-1.h-1和(0.287±0.006)μg.g-1.h-1,显著低于冷冻蛤肉组[(0.180±0.013)μg.g-1.h-1,(0.334±0.007)μg.g-1.h-1]和烘干蛤肉组[(0.197±0.009)μg.g-1.h-1,(0.347±0.034)μg.g-1.h-1],而4~6 h内各组间差异不显著。各处理组氨氮排泄率、耗氧率在饱食后0~2h,2~4 h,4~6 h都有显著差异,冷冻蛤肉组烘干蛤肉组新鲜蛤肉组(P0.05)。新鲜蛤肉组蟹饱食后0~2 h,2~4h,和4~6 h内氨氮排泄率分别为平均每小时(0.689±0.007)μg.g-1,(0.959±0.048)μg.g-1,(0.752±0.028)μg.g-1;耗氧率分别为(0.073±0.003)mg.g-1,(0.099±0.005)mg.g-1,(0.072±0.006)mg.g-1。综合考虑,投喂新鲜蛤肉三疣梭子蟹特定生长率、饵料转化效率最高,氨氮排泄率最低,既有利于提高蟹产量,又有利于清洁生产。     

海水、海洋生物和沉积物中 ~(54)Mn,~(59)Fe,~(60)Co,~(65)Zn的x谱仪联合测定

利用高灵敏度的Ge(Li)γ谱仪对海洋样品中的~(54)Mn,~(59)Fe,~(60)Co,~(65)Zn进行同时测定。~(54)Mn的分析灵敏度为10~(-11)Ci;~(59)Fe,~(60)Co,~(65)Zn均为10~(-10)Ci。水样中这4种核素的放化回收率分别为96.6%,100%,84.6%,97.7%。抗干扰能力较好。本方法也可用于陆地样品的分析。     

固相萃取——气相色谱联用测定海洋沉积物中的长链烯酮

建立了测定痕量长链烯酮的分析方法,获得了优化的前处理条件、气相色谱检测条件.对定性定量方法及实验条件必须满足的要求进行了评价.通过过程质量控制(Quality Control,QC)对整个方法进行了验证.结果显示,本研究所建立的分析方法能够满足沉积物样品长链烯酮测定的要求:仪器的检测限分别为25.75 ng/g和28.54 ng/g;方法的检测限分别为86 ng/g和95 ng/g;平均回收率介于67％～89％,回收率相对标准偏差分别为9.33％和9.39％;精密度RSD(C37∶3)=14.07％,RSD(C37∶2)=13.17％.利用此方法对部分样品进行了分析,测得的结果与布莱梅大学实验室所测的一致.     

桑沟湾楮岛近岸海域大叶藻生态学特征的基础研究

2010年8月至2011年9月期间,对桑沟湾楮岛沿海的大叶藻(Zostera marina L.)进行了一周年调查.结果显示,大叶藻周年平均株高变化范围为(16.97±5.99)~(87.60±20.68)cm,大叶藻平均密度为(613±201)株/m2,单株生物量为0.97~5.31g/株,单位面积平均生物量为594.61~3255.03 g/m2,大叶藻高度和湿重的周年生长变化与水温的变化趋于一致,呈正相关性;大叶藻生长环境水温为5.3~25.6℃,平均温度16.3℃;盐度为28.9~31.3,平均盐度30.6;底质类型为砾砂.大叶藻根茎、叶鞘和叶中碳含量的平均值分别为32.68%±1.27%、33.78%±3.06%、37.01%±1.86%,氮含量平均值分别为1.62%±0.63%、2.79%±0.81%、3.10%±0.81%,磷含量的平均值分别为0.28%±0.04%、0.51%±0.10%、0.48%±0.07%.     

三沙湾盐田港养殖海域沉积物中的有机碳、氮和磷

于2012年8月(夏季)、11月(秋季)和2013年2月(冬季)、5月(春季)共4个航次对三沙湾盐田港养殖海域表层沉积物组成成分及其变化趋势进行调查分析,并采用单因子污染指数(Pi)对沉积物质量进行评价。结果表明不同功能区沉积物中有机氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和有机碳(OC)含量差异显著(P0.05),TN和TP含量4季变化范围分别是0.15~1.39 g/kg和0.11~1.08 g/kg,平均值分别为(0.89±0.36)g/kg和(0.56±0.26)g/kg。OC含量在1.00~14.71 g/kg之间,平均值为(8.26±3.78)g/kg。各站位沉积物中TN污染指数4季变化范围为0.25~2.53,4季超标率分别为67%、81%、80%和90%;各站位TP污染指数4季变化范围为0.18~2.63,4个季节超标率分别为35%、80%、40%和51%;各季节OC含量均未超标;OC/N原子比全年变化范围在8.4~10.3之间,平均值为8.9±0.6。较弱的水流交换条件和海水养殖,特别是海水网箱养殖,是造成沉积物污染的主要原因,开展多营养层次的综合养殖模式是促进盐田港海水养殖可持续发展的有效途径。     

粤东沿岸上升流氧的各种变化过程

文章根据热量平衡和氧量平衡推导出计算公式,求得粤东上升流区海水的垂直涡动系数,垂直混合氧的增加率,生物化学过程氧的净增率,总增加率和消耗率。它们的平均值分别为(3.25±0.59)×10~(-5)m~2/s,(3.96±2.08)×10~(7)L~3/(m~3·s),(3.94±1.86)×10~(-7)L~3/(m~3·s),(26.64±7.30)×10~(-7)L~3/(m~3·s)和(22.7±6.8)×10~(-7)L~3/(m~3·s)。文章还讨论了氧各种过程的分布变化规律,并计算了上升流的上升速度和初级生产力。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。