层状出溶结构导致拉长石晕彩形成——来自透射电镜的证据

从拉长石出溶结构的形态特征、成分差异和出溶结构的取向研究出发,采用TEM、STEM 以及SAED等手段对其进行测试,发现拉长石出溶结构层的厚度符合理论计算值,结构层的成分由富钙和贫钙两相长石组成,具备了产生干涉作用的必要条件.研究结果表明,拉长石的晕彩色是因其内部的层状出溶结构对光的干涉所致,结构层的厚度主要受富钙相长石的控制.随着钙(An)含量的增加,结构层相应地增厚,且富钙层的增大幅度大于贫钙层,从而导致晕彩色波长也随之增大.出溶结构层的取向为(153),近于平行晶体的(010)面,但不同产地的拉长石,尽管晕彩色相同,其出溶条纹中的钙含量和条纹的具体取向也不尽相同.     

拉长石晕彩与内部结构的关系

为了研究拉长石晕彩与其内部结构的关系,采用Philips CM12型透射电镜结合矿物薄片,对拉长石样品的不同颜色区域进行了观察.对晕彩效应成因的研究结果表明,拉长石的晕彩效应是典型的于涉型晕彩,内部的出溶连生结构是导致拉长石产生晕彩的根本原因.只有当连生片晶的厚度为128～252 nm时,拉长石才能产生可见光范围内的干涉色.由于连生片晶不是绝对平行,表面也并不完全平坦,导致所显现的干涉色不是单一颜色.为了更好地显现晕彩,宝石的切磨方向应与内部出溶连生结构的方向尽量一致,宝石表面与连生片晶的夹角越小,观察到晕彩的方向就越正,当夹角大于45°后,样品表面就观察不到晕彩了.晕彩的颜色受出溶条纹厚度的影响,条纹组的单元层厚度越大,干涉色波长越长;两组条纹的厚度比越大,干涉色波长越长;据此建立了晕彩拉长石的内部结构模型.     

南桥乔治王岛柯林斯冰帽冰芯（SDT）中火山物质成分特征

对柯林斯冰帽小冰穹冰芯中物质成分的研究，发现冰芯中有九层火山灰沉稷。它们由玻屑（橙玄玻璃）、岩屑（黑色）和晶屑（长石、辉石、橄榄石和微量的钛铁氧化物）组成，长石为钠钙系列的中长石到拉长石。橄榄石为镁质的贵橄榄石。     

南极乔治王岛柯林斯冰帽冰芯（SDT）中火山物质成分特征

对柯林斯冰帽小冰穹冰芯中物质成分的研究，发现冰芯中有九层火山灰沉积。它们由玻屑（橙玄玻璃）、岩屑（黑色）和晶屑（长石、辉石、橄榄石和微量的钛铁氧化物）组成。长石为钠钙系列的中长石到拉长石。橄榄石为镁质的贵橄榄石。主要元素和微量元素分析结果表明，该类火山灰为玄武质成分，其ＳｉＯ２含量在５０ｗｔ％左右，Ｎａ２Ｏ大于Ｋ２Ｏ，并具有轻稀土元素轻微的富集、重稀土元素亏损、Ｅｕ正异常的特征。这些火山灰的存在，证实了近百年来南极地区的企鹅岛和欺骗岛的火山喷发活动。     

注胶晕长石的鉴定方法

近期,国家黄金钻石制品质量监督检验中心对一串具蓝色晕彩的长石手链样品进行常规检测时,在长波紫外灯下多数珠子发中等强度的蓝白色荧光,且荧光在珠子中呈线状分布。为了对该长石样品进行准确定名,并探究其紫外荧光产生的原因,对其进行了常规宝石学检测、电子探针和红外光谱测试与分析。结果显示,该样品的折射率约为1.53,在显微镜下具有层状结构和针片状包裹体,结合其电子探针的分析结果,确定该样品为晕长石,即具有蓝色晕彩的钠长石;基于样品表面具有典型的＂蚯蚓行踪＂纹路、沿裂隙发出的紫外荧光及红外光谱下3 053,3 038cm^-1处的吸收峰,确定其为注胶处理的晕长石。     

大兴安岭五岔沟地区中生代粗安岩中斜长石环带特征及其地质意义

大兴安岭五岔沟地区中生代粗安岩中的斜长石晶体具有多次熔蚀现象并发育环带结构。长石分类图表明斜长石主要是拉长石,其次为更长石和中长石。通过探讨斜长石环带的成因,认为微量元素含量的变化(Fe、Sr、Ba等)可用来判断斜长石反环带的形成机制。最后根据斜长石环带特征和电子探针成分分析,做出斜长石环带间微量元素Fe和Sr随An的变化曲线,得出该区斜长石在其结晶过程中经历了3次岩浆混合作用的结论。     

大兴安岭五岔沟地区中生代粗安岩中斜长石环带特征及其地质意义

大兴安岭五岔沟地区中生代粗安岩中的斜长石晶体具有多次熔蚀现象并发育环带结构。长石分类图表明斜长石主要是拉长石,其次为更长石和中长石。通过探讨斜长石环带的成因,认为微量元素含量的变化（Fe、Sr、Ba等）可用来判断斜长石反环带的形成机制。最后根据斜长石环带特征和电子探针成分分析,做出斜长石环带间微量元素Fe和Sr随An的变化曲线,得出该区斜长石在其结晶过程中经历了3次岩浆混合作用的结论。     

南极乔治王岛第三纪火山岩中斜长石成分特征及成因意义

乔治王岛第三纪火山岩含大量斜长石斑晶。斜长石的主元素、稀土和微量元素分析表明,它们主要为中长石－钙长石。斜长石种类与寄主岩之间有较好对应关系,即玄武安山岩和安山岩中以中长石和拉长石为主,而高铝玄武岩中为倍长石和钙长石;它们的ΣＲＥＥ、Ｌａ／Ｙｂ和δＥｕ等之间也有明显对应关系。但不同种类的斜长石之过渡金属元素特征相近,反映了过渡金属元素在斜长石中的含量和分异趋势主要受制于斜长石的晶体结构。综合研究表,斜长石成分取决于其母岩浆成分,并反映了区域岩浆演化的趋势．     

芬兰晕彩斜长石晕彩成因探讨——包裹体及其与晕彩的关系

对芬兰斜长岩中斜长石的宏观和微观观测显示,无晕彩的斜长石包裹体不发育,有晕彩的斜长石发育定向排列的针状包裹体。依据斜长石中包裹体的发育程度,可将包裹体分为两类:密集型包裹体(35～50条/mm)和稀疏型包裹体(25～35条/mm)。发育密集型包裹体的斜长石的晕彩以蓝色为主,发育稀疏型包裹体的斜长石的晕彩以红色或橙红色为主。电子探针、扫描电镜和激光拉曼光谱的分析结果表明,该晕彩斜长石中的所有包裹体在成分上一致,均为磁铁矿,有晕彩的斜长石和无晕彩的斜长石的成分也一致。这表明该斜长岩中的斜长石是否具有晕彩与斜长石的成分、包裹体的成分及斜长石的双晶发育程度无关,而与包裹体的发育程度有关。斜长石和其中定向排列的磁铁矿针状包裹体类似于光学中的光栅效应,斜长石中晕彩的出现可能是光栅衍射和干涉造成的。     

苏联托勒巴契克火山拉长石巨晶火山砾的结晶演化历史

本文根据对苏联托勒巴契克火山(1975—1976年喷发)拉长石巨晶火山砾中岩浆包裹体的研究结果,重溯该类拉长石巨晶结晶生长的热历史及其形成过程。从拉长石巨晶的中心到边缘,随着结晶温度降低(1220→1160℃)化学成分逐渐贫钙(An_(62.7)→An_(57.2))。岩浆包裹体的化学成分表明,该类拉长石巨晶于一种碱性玄武质熔浆中结晶,尔后由火山爆发作用抛出地表。作者直接利用岩浆包裹体中所捕获的天然熔浆进行实验岩石学研究,重现了天然岩浆的结晶、演化过程。实验研究还查明了该类火山砾所经受的最后热事件,从晶体边缘到中心的最大热梯度为110℃。拉长石巨晶的边缘部分在1160℃遭受淬冷,从而使得该带中的岩浆包裹体为非演化型单相玻璃包裹体;中心部分在1220至1050℃间缓慢冷却,所含包裹体属演化型。托勒巴契克火山拉长石巨晶火山砾形成过程中,温度和冷却速率乃是控制其结晶生长的主导因素。     

Origin of iridescence in garnet: An optical interference study

The optical interference phenomenon of an iridescent grandite garnet was examined by using white light and laser light on the analogy of the X-ray diffraction method. A kinematical interpretation was also made for the observed angle and intensity of interference light. The regularly stratified layers which cause iridescence are deduced to be periodic twins oriented parallel to the growth layers in each sector with a periodicity of about 1,000 Å.     

日本彩虹石榴石的矿物学特征研究

利用带能谱仪的扫描电镜、电子探针、傅立叶红外光谱仪和激光拉曼光谱仪对日本奈良县吉野郡天川村彩虹石榴石样品进行了矿物结构、化学组成及光谱学特征的研究,分析彩虹效应成因,推测其形成环境。背散射图像可见深浅不一的条带交互排列,能谱半定量分析显示,浅灰色条带元素组成与较纯的钙铁榴石一致,深灰色条带元素组成为含Al的钙铁榴石,两者互层形成薄层结构,这种特殊结构使光发生干涉和衍射作用从而产生彩虹效应。电子探针测试确定日本彩虹石榴石主体成分接近纯钙铁榴石。在彩虹色矿物表面(简称彩虹面),垂直的薄层结构构成衍射光栅,使入射光产生光栅衍射,而平行彩虹面生长的薄层使入射光发生干涉作用,两种作用产生的光波结合形成彩虹色。日本彩虹石榴石的反射红外光谱中可见[Si O4]峰位以及受少量Al—O结构影响的Fe—O结构峰位,其红外光谱特征与含有少量Al的钙铁榴石结构对应。激光拉曼光谱测试发现Al含量高的部分较Al含量低(或无)的部分峰位向高频方向移动2 cm-1,整体谱学特征与钙铁榴石特征一致。日本彩虹石榴石具有钙铁榴石和铝含量较高的钙铁榴石交互排列的结构,据此推测其在富Fe贫Al的环境中形成。     

川西北地区泥盆系观雾山组紫红色白云岩成因初探

川西北地区泥盆系观雾山组是新发现的重要天然气产层。在青川何家梁以及葛底坝等地区,泥盆系观雾山组存在一种特殊紫红色调的白云岩,目前对该白云岩成因及形成环境的研究较为薄弱。本次研究采用宏观与微观、矿物学与地球化学相结合的方式对该白云岩进行了系统分析。该类白云岩呈紫红、肉红等色调,单层厚度3~50cm,显微镜下岩石本身呈晶粒结构。对其成因初步分析认为：白云岩中的紫红色、肉红色是一种次生色,是铁元素富集后被氧化的颜色;白云岩存在暴露、岩溶、垮塌现象,指示其形成于古地貌相对较高的局限蒸发环境;只有白云石核心变色,说明其形成时间较早,应为准同生期在相对局限的环境下,颗粒被富含铁元素的水体浸泡侵染所致,随后颗粒外继续形成白云石胶结物将其包裹。紫红色白云岩相对发育的地层往往白云岩的储层厚度大,物性好,岩溶现象发育,储集空间类型多样,是该地区油气勘探的一种重要指示标志。     

Ruby Occurrences in Turkey: Principle Characteristics

The G ksun Ophiolites in Do an ehir area (Malatya-Southern Turkey) contain corundum mineralizations with significant gem-quality (ruby). Modal mineralogical composition of ruby-bearing rocks consists of hornblende (65%-70 %), plagioclase (20%-25%), green garnet (4%-5 %), ruby (2%-3%), and opaque minerals (<1%). Although ruby shows varying colors in the groundmass, it is generally colorless and rarely very pale pink and has high relief. It has no cleavage but rotund fractures. It has highest interference colors and twinning in some poly-prismatic crystals under the microscope. Crystal sizes range from 2x10 mm up to 30x50 mm. The most remarkable properties are red to pink in color, low to medium transparency, medium to big crystal sizes, lamellar and deformation twinning, secondary liquid feathers, hollow tubes, mineral inclusions, asterism, high birefringence and refractive indices and specific gravity. Rubies show crimson red cathodoluminescence colors activated by Cr3+ in the crystal structure, which is confirmed by the Electron Probe Microanalyses (EPMA). Tectonic setting, geological environment, petrographical, mineralogical, geochemical and gemological characteristics of rubies suggest that the Do an ehir ruby mineralization can be classified into the amphibolite-hosted type of corundum deposits of Tanzania.     

闪锌矿的吸收光谱和颜色的本质

本文采用电子吸收光谱和分子轨道（MO）－能带理论模型，系统地研究了不同颜色的闪锌矿呈色的机理和本质。闪锌矿由于其形成条件不同，所含杂质元素各异而颜色变化。黑色闪锌矿含Fe高，其颜色是由于以配位体硫为特征的非键轨道2e到Fe^2 的晶体场型轨道的电子转移在500nm产生吸收所致。只有闪锌矿含Fe低（＜1％）时，它才可具有其他颜色，黄色与受主能级Cu^ 到导带或价带到施主能级Ga^3 的电子跃迁在410nm产生吸收有关；绿色是Co^2 的晶体场跃迁^4A2→^4T2(P)在700nm附近产生的吸收峰所致；红色可能与受主能级Hg^ 到施主能级Ga^3 的电子跃迁在470nm产生宽吸收带有关。当闪锌矿的吸收光谱有其中两个吸收带叠加时，它具有过渡的颜色，如黄绿色或绿黄色、桔黄色或桔红色，主要色调取决于两个吸收带的相对强度。     

Acidic dissolution of plagioclase: in-situ observations by hydrothermal atomic force microscopy

Hydrothermal atomic force microscopy (HAFM) provides in situ access to the surfaces of dissolving crystals at temperatures above the ambient boiling point of water. Here, we applied HAFM to the (001) surfaces of labradorite and anorthite at temperatures up to 125°C. In HCl solutions (pH 2) we observed the formation of a rough and soft surface layer on both minerals. By applying high loading forces to the scanning tip, the soft layer can be removed and the underlying interface (between the fresh solid and the altered layer) can be observed. In this way, in situ information about the thickness of the altered layer on plagioclase and the morphology of the underlying interface can be obtained. On labradorite, the thickness of this layer does not exceed about 30 nm within the first 5 hr of exposure to acidic solution at 125°C, but on anorthite thicknesses of up to about 300 nm were observed. The uncovered interface on anorthite shows a nonuniform morphology and either appears rough in AFM images or shows a step-like pattern.On anorthite, etch pits spread underneath the altered layer. This suggests that material must be released and transported through the layer without obvious changes in morphology of the layer’s surface. Based on the rate of spreading of etch pits, the dissolution rate was calculated to be about 2 × 10⁻⁶ mol m⁻² s⁻¹ at 125°C. This value agrees reasonably well with literature data and supports the suggestion that dissolution mainly takes place underneath the altered layer and not on its surface.     

Diaplectic labradorite glass from the manicouagan impact crater

Physical properties and the crystallization behavior of natural diaplectic labradorite glass of the shocked anorthosite from the Manicouagan impact crater have been studied. Glasses prepared by laboratory fusion of this anorthosite and a synthetic An₅₅ plagioclase composition were used for comparison. The close similarities in the mid-and far-infrared spectra of the diaplectic and fused glasses indicate a comparable degree of short-range order and lack of long-range order in their structures. They also show an identical viscosity-temperature relation, reflecting a similar and probably high degree of coherence of the (Si,Al)O₄ tetrahedra in the network. However, striking differences exist in the crystallization characteristics. Diffusion-controlled crystallization takes place in the fused glass between about 900 and 1,400° C and proceeds generally by the advance of dendritic crystal layers from the surface into the interior of the samples. By contrast, diffusion plays a minor, if any, role in the crystallization of the diaplectic glass, which, on annealing between 800 and 1,000° C reverts to the original plagioclase structure and the primary mineral grains are restored. From the present experimental results it is suggested that high shock-induced temperatures cause onset of the melting process in the compressed crystalline labradorite. However, due to the extremely short duration of the transient high-temperature excursions, the crystal-melt transition does not come to completion. Instead, a disordered transitional state of the compressed material is frozen-in which is recovered after pressure release as diaplectic glass. Its structure thus represents a frozen-in disordered state intermediate between the structures of the crystalline labradorite and its melt. It appears that the diaplectic glass structure is rather inhomogeneous, thereby reflecting the heterogeneous deformational and thermal conditions associated with shock compression.     

海南宝石级红锆石的组成及某些谱学特征研究

本研究中,采用电子探针、中子活化、红外和顺磁共振等手段,系统测定了海南砂矿中的宝石级红锆石。得出结论,宝石级红锆石纯度很高,是典型的晶质而并非变生晶体。 红锆石的红、红褐色,是由于480—500nm范围的色心吸收引起。该色心的形成与红锆石中的U、Th和REE含量有关。Fe~(3+)造成红锆石的黄色。室温下测出的7条ESR精细结构谱线属于Gd~(3+)的。而同时得出的超精细结构谱线由空穴心造成。     

Microstructures of olivine-plagioclase corona in meta-ultramafic rocks from Sefuri Mountains, NW Kyushu, Japan

Two types of reaction rims occur between olivine and plagioclase in ultramafic rocks from the Sefuri Mountains, NW Kyushu, Japan, which were metamorphosed under granulite-facies conditions. One occurs as a thin film of orthopyroxene along the boundary between olivine and plagioclase (orthopyroxene zone). The other is composed of two zones: symplectite of calcic amphibole and spinel on the plagioclase-side (symplectite zone) and calcic amphibole with sporadic orthopyroxene on the olivine-side (tremolite zone). In the tremolite zone, calcic amphibole shows a systematic decrease in Al content and increase in Mg/(Fe +Mg) with decreasing distance from olivine. Local equilibria maintained during the diffusion-controlled corona-forming reaction enable us to apply equilibrium thermodynamics to calcic amphibole and adjacent orthopyroxene. An integrated formulation of the Gibbs method for an Fe–Mg exchange reaction constrains the equilibrium temperature recorded in the tremolite zone to be 600–710 °C. It is significantly lower than the temperature of the granulite-facies metamorphism (800–900 °C) estimated using conventional geothermobarometry. Except for H₂O, the association of calcic amphibole and spinel in the symplectite zone is chemically equivalent to the association of olivine, plagioclase and orthopyroxene that was stable before the corona formation. This suggests that the following orthopyroxene-consuming reaction describes the paragenetic change taking place between 800–900 °C and 600–710 °C, olivine + plagioclase + orthopyroxene + aqueous fluid = calcic amphibole + spinel. In contrast, the overall reaction inferred from microstructures produces orthopyroxene as well as calcic amphibole and spinel at the expense of olivine and plagioclase. This reaction requires removal mainly of MgO that is also responsible for destabilizing the local association of olivine and plagioclase. These features suggest that the presence of orthopyroxene as a product in the corona is not always indicative of an orthopyroxene-producing reaction being responsible for the change of paragenetic relation. Microstructural features should be carefully applied to infer the reaction describing paragenetic change by which we argue the P–T path of the rocks.     

福建明溪蓝宝石的谱学特征及颜色成因

采用颜色测量、紫外-可见光谱、红外光谱等方法对福建明溪蓝宝石进行的研究表明,明溪蓝宝石颜色蓝中带黄,二色性强。紫外-可见吸收光谱中377,388和451nm吸收带较强。这些吸收带是Fe3 的d－d和Fe3 —Fe3 ,交换相合离子间的电子跃迁引起的。810nm带存在于各色蓝宝石中,强度变化较大,有时伴随有510nm吸收带。它是由Fe2 —Fe3 电荷转移形成的。570nm吸收带只出现在蓝色或绿色的蓝宝石中。结合蓝宝石红外33loom－‘吸收带与宝石颜色之间的关系,笔者将570nm吸收带归属于H、Fe、Ti构成的致色缺陷团。这一研究结果对蓝宝石呈色机理的进一步研究和宝石的合成等具有重要意义。