Point Sources of Elastic Deformation: Elementary Sources, Static Displacements

Summary. We construct a catalogue of all possible elementary point sources for static deformation in an elastic solid. the familiar double-couples, CLVD's, centres of compression and dilatation, etc., are all members of the complete catalogue. the sources are classified according to the rank of the seismic moment tensor, and according to the weight (or order) of the irreducible tensor representation of the 3-D rotation group. These sources can be classified as belonging to one of three general classes. the static excitation functions are calculated for an infinite, homogeneous, isotropic medium for all these sources. We show that, except for sources belonging to these three general classes, all other sources — which are numerous for the tensors of high rank — are null static sources. That is, sources that do not produce any static displacement outside of the source region. Due to the presence of null sources, an inversion of the static deformation data is non-unique. the expansion of the equivalent-force tensors and the stress glut tensors (or seismic moment tensors) into a set of the symmetric trace-free source tensors is proposed. the sources corresponding to seismic moment tensors of the second, third and fourth ranks are considered in more detail. We identify the third-rank sources with rotational dislocations or disclinations.     

Generation of Long Internal Gravity Waves in Waveguides by Rising Buoyant Air Masses and Other Sources

Summary The displacement fields generated in an internal gravity wave waveguide between plane rigid walls are compared for two types of source: an explosive point source and a rising buoyant sphere moving at constant speed. It is concluded that for large enough spheres and comparable energy expenditures, the buoyant sphere is a far more efficient source of long internal gravity waves. In particular it appears possible to conclude that, in the case of large events such as nuclear or volcanic explosions in the atmosphere, the rising heated air mass can generate long wavelength (Λ > 500 km) internal gravity waves at ionospheric heights.     

Static Spheroidal Deformation of Degree 1 - Consistency Relation, Stress Solution and Partials

This paper treats the static spheroidal deformation of degree 1 in detail. We give a physical interpretation of the consistency relation imposed on it. the relation serves as a guiding principle to find out all of its members. Following Okubo & Saito, we derive the partial derivatives of the degree 1 Love numbers with respect to density, bulk modulus and rigidity.     

Deformation of a modern alluvial plain

The alluvial plain of the Waal River (The Netherlands), over 4000 m², showed large flow-lobe like structures after it had fallen dry following floodings. The upstream-directed parabola-shaped folds had mutual distances from < 1 m to about 10 m and amplitudes of up to a few decimeters. The deformation is ascribed to a rare coincidence of hydrological, topographic, and weather conditions. Local high-energy currents developed opposite to the main river current direction, dragging the top layer along over several meters. A drilled section indicates that no true detachment plane but rather a detachment zone is present. Similar structures formed under comparable conditions have not been described previously in the literature.     

堆积层斜坡震后变形发展规律的离心模型试验

地震作用后堆积层斜坡的变形规律与稳定特性是我国西南山区防灾减灾工程中关注的重要问题之一。为深入研究震后堆积层斜坡变形发展规律,将坡体概化为花岗岩强风化土与砂土配制而成的匀质土模型,采用土工离心模型试验的方法,探讨地震影响深度为10 m时不同震松程度(震松坡体压实系数分别为0.90、0.85、0.80)对边坡震后时效变形与长期稳定特性的影响,并进一步将离心模型试验结果与原型现场实测数据进行对比分析。研究发现,随震松坡体损伤程度增大,其应力与位移场于震后短期的调整幅度将相应提高;地震震松坡体密实程度以压实系数表征于0.90~0.80间变化时,其位移场于震后的主要调整时间为0.7~1.1 a;由于物理试验中边坡坡度较缓(约35.7°),地震震松坡体时效位移以竖向固结为主;离心模型坡面水平位移与原型斜坡代表性测孔顺坡向位移随时间的演进规律具有较好的相似性。