The size spectrum of condensation nuclei by a new form of the ionic mobility method

Summary A novel form of ionic mobility spectrometer is described, based on the intrinsic properties of the construction of thePollak-Nolan nucleus counter. It is used for the size-frequency analysis of an artificial aerosol of Aitken nuclei at various stages in its decay. The first, construction of the instrument has been found to perform quite satisfactorily; suggestions for its improvement are discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Es wird ein neues Modell für ein Spektrometer zur Bestimmung der Ionenbeweglichkeit beschrieben, das auf den wesentlichen Konstruktionseigenschaften des Kernzählers vonPollak undNolan beruht. Es wird zur Analyse der Größenverteilung eines künstlichen Aerosols von Aitken-Kernen in verschiedenen Zerfallstadien benützt. Das Instrument hat sich in seiner ersten Ausführung als recht befriedigend erwiesen, und es werden Anregungen für seine Verbesserung diskutiert.

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Résumé L'auteur présente un nouveau modèle de spectromètre pour la mesure de la mobilité des ions. Cet appareil est basé sur les propriétés de conception du compteur de noyaux dePollak etNolan. Il s'emploie pour analyser la répartition des grandeurs d'un aérosole artificiel comprenant des noyaux de Aitken à différents stades de décomposition. L'instrument est tout à fait satisfaisant dans sa forme originale et l'on présente différentes suggestions pour l'améliorer encore.

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With 2 Figures     

屯溪地区巨盐核浓度分布特点

1981年6—7月安徽省屯溪地区巨盐核观测的结果表明:1.直径2微米左右的巨盐核可能对屯溪夏季积状云中一些初始大云滴的形成起重要作用;2.屯溪地区的巨盐核主要源地是海洋,该地的巨盐核浓度与风向、风速以及天气背景密切相关.     

Interrelation between variations of condensation nuclei concentration and cloud spectrum

The characteristics are studied of warm cloud mediums (size spectra, concentration, etc.) formed in the cloud chamber of the volume of 3200 m³ at adiabatic expansion of the humid air and at the variations of condensation nuclei concentration within the limits of 50–500 times from the initial one. To remove the nuclei, the volume electrostatic technique was used not requiring the ventilators. By means of the decrease in the cloud condensation nuclei concentration to the order of 100 cm^?3 and less, it was succeeded for the first time to prevent the formation of clouds and fogs at adiabatic cooling of the humid air with equivalent speed of less than U _z = 28 cm/s. At U _z = 28–35 cm/s and nuclei concentration of 50–200 cm^?3, it becomes possible to simulate the fine-droplet hazes and fogs with monomodal spectra at average droplet diameter of 4–6 μm. At small and moderate rate U _z = 11–100 cm/s and active nuclei concentration of 300–700 cm^?3, one can simulate the convective clouds with wide polymodal spectra. The potential of modern models of cloud spectra formation and the prospects of application of the technique of ion-stimulated variations of condensation nuclei concentration are discussed.     

Parameterization of the CCN-humidity spectrum in dependency on nucleation conditions and aerosol size distribution

Summary Atmospheric CCN-humidity spectra (describing the CCN-number concentration as function of supersaturation) are derived as the integral over given particle size distributions. In that concept the finite boundary, representing the limiting activated particle size, results from the critical values of the Köhler-curve. As utilization of this general outcome different representative aerosol size distributions of the power law type as well as the log-normal type are chosen for case studies which are compared to empirical results. The dependency on temperature of the limiting activated particle size is shown to provide a non-negligible influence on the number of activated particles.With 3 Figures     

新安江流域上空云内外巨盐核的分布

1979—1980年6—7月份在新安江流域上空进行了云内外巨盐核的观测,得到:(1)大气中云内外的巨盐核浓度分布都与天气背景有关;(2)云内巨盐核浓度大于同高度上的云外巨盐核浓度,不同云内巨盐核浓度和谱型不一样;(3)云内巨盐核浓度要比小云滴少两个量级,因此巨盐核作为凝结核,对形成小云滴的贡献是很小的。     

我国东部(30°N)从海岛到陆地巨盐核观测

1983年5月和8月在普陀(海岛)、宁波(沿海)和建德(内陆)三地同时进行了巨盐核的定时观测,取到样品1420份。三测站都位于纬度30°N左右,普陀到建德相距约300公里。观测结果表明:巨盐核主要来自海上;巨盐核浓度与天气背景、风向风速和潮汐现象等有关。并且还讨论了巨盐核浓度的大小分布、日变化规律以及巨盐核的水平输送等问题。     

Concentration and size variation of condensation nuclei at Mawson,Antarctica

Condensation nucleus (CN) concentrations have been measured at Mawson (67.6°S, 62.9°E) since mid 1981. Weekly median concentrations have an annual cycle with a maximum of around 300 to 400 cm^-3 in summer and a minimum of a few tens of particles per cm^-3 in winter. In this respect Mawson behaves very much like an Antarctic continental location. Preliminary measurements of the size distribution of CN particles taken over a nine month period suggest a seasonal change in typical particle radius from around 0.01 m in winter to around 0.04 m in summer. Diurnal variation in the CN concentration is generally very weak and does not show any systematic relation to the pronounced diurnal variation in wind-speed at Mawson.Department of Science, Antarctic Division     

Cloud condensation nuclei spectra derived from size distributions and hygroscopic properties of the aerosol in coastal south-west Portugal during ACE-2

In this work we propose and test a method to calculate cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) spectra based on aerosol number size distributions and hygroscopic growth factors. Sensitivity studies show that this method can be used in a wide variety of conditions except when the aerosol consist mainly of organic compounds. One crucial step in the calculations, estimating soluble ions in an aerosol particle based on hygroscopic growth factors, is tested in an internal hygroscopic consistency study. The results show that during the second Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-2) the number concentration of inorganic ions analyzed in impactor samples could be reproduced from measured growth factors within the measurement uncertainties at the measurement site in Sagres, Portugal.
CCN spectra were calculated based on data from the ACE-2 field experiment at the Sagres site. The calculations overestimate measured CCN spectra on average by approximately 30%, which is comparable to the uncertainties in measurements and calculations at supersaturations below 0.5%. The calculated CCN spectra were averaged over time periods when Sagres received clean air masses and air masses influenced by aged and recent pollution. Pollution outbreaks enhance the CCN concentrations at supersaturations near 0.2% by a factor of 3 (aged pollution) to 5 (recent pollution) compared to the clean marine background concentrations. In polluted air masses, the shape of the CCN spectra changes. The clean spectra can be approximated by a power function, whereas the polluted spectra are better approximated by an error function.     

Time variation of the size-distribution of stored condensation nuclei

Summary Stored aerosols belonging to the Aitken nucleus size range are investigated both experimentally and theoretically. Using the exhaustion method of diffusion, it is found that they tend to be composed of particles of different size ranges. The processes of sedimentation, diffusion and coagulation of aerosols in closed containers are discussed in the light of the results. It is considered that turbulence affects the results obtained.

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Zusammenfassung Gespeicherte Aerosole von der Größenordnung von Aitken-Kernen werden experimentell und theoretisch untersucht. Bei Benützung der Diffusionsmethode durch Evakuierung wird festgestellt, daß die Aerosole die Tendenz zeigen, sich aus Partikeln verschiedener Größenordnung zusammenzusetzen. Die Vorgänge der Sedimentation, Diffusion und Koagulation von Aerosolen in geschlossenen Behältern werden im Lichte der Meßresultate diskutiert; dabei wird auch die Wirkung von Turbulenz berücksichtigt.

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Résumé L'auteur examine, des points de vue expérimental et théorique, des aérosols conservés de l'ordre de grandeur des noyaux de Aitken. En utilisant la méthode de diffusion par evacuation, on constate que les dits aérosols ont la tendance à se composer de particules de différents ordres de grandeur. Sur la base des résultats obtenus, l'auteur discute les phénomènes de la sédimentation, de la diffusion et de la coagulation des aérosols en vase clos. Il tient compte alors des effets de la turbulence.

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With 1 Figure     

激光波段大气湍流模型初探

将射频波段大气湍流模型的精细结构模式转换到激光波段,计算结果表明：湍流常数的量级和高度变化趋势与我们对已有的了解是一致的,但是它随气象条件的变化很大,其起伏可以达到数个量级。     

激光波段大气湍流模型初探

将射频波段大气湍流模型的精细结构模式转换到激光波段,计算结果表明:湍流常数的量级和高度变化趋势与我们对已有的了解是一致的,但是它随气象条件的变化很大 ,其起伏可以达到数个量级.     

Technique for studying the chemistry of cloud condensation nuclei

When clouds are formed from water, ethanol or cyclohexane the relation between numbers of CCN activated over the range of supersaturations 0.25–1.25% can provide data on the chemistry of these very small, relatively numerous and environmentally important particles.     

北京地区气溶胶粒度谱分布初步研究

本文对北京地区气溶胶数浓度及其诸分布特征进行了初步研究。重点探讨了气溶胶数浓度分布与相对湿度的关系。研究结果表明，气溶胶浓度和谱分布存在明显的日变化和逐日变化，并在很大程度上受空气相对湿度和理查森数影响。     

A new theory of the energy spectrum

In a recent paper, the author introduced a new viscous boundary layer, called the mesolayer, in turbulent shear flow. Its importance stems from its location between the inner and outer regions which are controlled by the law of the wall and Reynolds number similarity, respectively. This intrusion prevents the classical overlap assumption which appears to be fundamental in the derivation of the classical logarithmic behavior. The mesolayer has a thickness proportional to Taylor's microscale . This, and the analogy between the energy equation for the spectrum function of isotropic turbulence and the momentum equation for shear flow, suggest the existence of a similar region in wavenumber space with wavenumber k ~ ^-1. This mesoregion separates the inner region k ~ k _s(where k _s^-1 and is the Kolmogorov length) and the outer region k k _e(where k _e ^-1 and l is the energy-containing eddy size) and again invalidates the overlap assumption which appears to be fundamental in the derivation of the classical k ^-5/3-behavior of the inertial subrange.Incorporation of the mesoregion into the argument leads to a new theory with k ^-5/3-behavior in two regions (^-1 k k _s) and (k _e k ^-1) although with two different coefficients of proportionality (Kolmogorov constants). This leads to a wandering of the spectrum curve about the classical k ^-5/3 line similar to a wandering in turbulent shear flow about the logarithmic curve. This is clearly indicated by the data for the variation of the Kolmogorov constant.Other data support the new theory. In particular, the location of the point k _mwhere the curve of the nonlinear energy-transfer function goes through zero shows agreement with the theory, i.e., k _m^-1.     

大气气溶胶尺度分布分形特征研究

气溶胶作为大气环境中的重要组成部分,具有复杂的尺度分布结构。为研究其尺度分布特征,采用分形理论首先论述了常用的气溶胶谱分布函数具有分形不变性,然后在分形理论的指导下分别建立了气溶胶粒子和体积分形统计模型,而且以AERONET相关数据验证了分形模型的有效性和实用性,并采用分段分形的方法改进了气溶胶体积分形模型。最后分析研究了分维数的实用意义和分布情况,讨论了气溶胶分维数变化和粒度分布的关系。结果表明：气溶胶粒子数和体积分维数之间存在线性关系,上半年的大气溶胶粒子数分维数的变化幅度明显小于下半年的变化幅度;研究区域大气气溶胶中细粒子分布比较密集,大粒子分布比较分散。分形理论为研究大气气溶胶的尺度分布特征提供了新的方法与手段,具有广阔的研究与应用前景。     

Impact of Different Aerosols on the Evolution of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

The present work analyzes the effect of aerosols on the evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over Shangdianzi in Beijing.A one-dimensional ABL model and a radiative transfer scheme are incorporated to develop the structure of the ABL.The diurnal variation of the atmospheric radiative budget,atmospheric heating rate,sensible and latent heat fluxes,surface and the 2 m air temperatures as well as the ABL height,and its perturbations due to the aerosols with different single-scattering albedo (SSA) are studied by comparing the aerosol-laden atmosphere to the clean atmosphere.The results show that the absorbing aerosols cause less reduction in surface evaporation relative to that by scatting aerosols,and both surface temperature and 2 m temperature decrease from the clean atmosphere to the aerosol-laden atmosphere.The greater the aerosol absorption,the more stable the surface layer.After 12:00 am,the 2 m temperature increases for strong absorption aerosols.In the meantime,there is a slight decrease in the 2 m temperature for purely scattering aerosols due to radiative cooling.The purely scattering aerosols decrease the ABL temperature and enhance the capping inversion,further reducing the ABL height.     

Vertical profiles of hydrogen chloride in the troposphere

Vertical profiles of gaseous hydrogen chloride have been measured in the lower and middle troposphere. For sampling, denuder tubes coated with porous silica were used. Hydrogen chloride was determined by gas chromatography in combination with a derivatization method. The samples were collected over the Atlantic Ocean northwest of Norway in early September 1981 and over the Mediterranean Sea and north-eastern Spain in December 1981 at altitudes between 0.1 and 7 km. Above the 3 km altitude the mixing ratios are generally very low and relatively uniform with values of 50–100 ppt. Below 3 km, the variations of the HCl-mixing ratios are larger with maximum values of up to 500 ppt. The profiles are discussed with respect to the vertical and horizontal transport conditions and the possible sources and sinks of gaseous hydrogen chloride.     

基于离子配对法的黄山地区云凝结核闭合研究

为了对黄山地区云凝结核(Cloud Condensation Nuclei,CCN)进行闭合研究,2014年6月30日至7月28日在黄山光明顶对大气气溶胶理化性质和CCN数浓度进行观测,分析了气溶胶化学组分、谱分布以及CCN数浓度随时间变化的特征,通过κ-K?hler理论并使用离子配对法计算得到CCN数浓度与观测得到的...