浅谈手持GPS在地质矿区勘查中的应用

手持GPS未经参数校正时定位精度为80~120 m,利用测量控制点进行参数校正后定位精度可提高至5 m以内,在地质勘查中熟练运用手持GPS将大大提高野外工作效率。     

江西有色地勘局稀土矿产勘查回顾

江西有色地勘局稀土矿产勘查始于1968年,经历了稀土查定、单矿物型稀土勘查和离子吸附型稀土勘查三个阶段.后阶段同时开创我局联营办矿和地质市场服务的先例.获得了一定的地质效果和地质研究成果.按稀土元素配分特点划分轻、重和中钇富铕三个稀土配分类型,为选择利用提供依据.     

Automatic correction and simplification of geological maps and cross-sections for numerical simulations

Incorporating prior geological knowledge in geophysical process models often meets practical meshing challenges and raises the question of how much detail is to be included in the geometric model. We introduce a strategy to automatically repair and simplify geological maps, geological cross-sections and the associated meshes while preserving elementary consistency rules. To identify features breaking validity and/or the thin features potentially problematic when generating a mesh, we associate an exclusion zone with each model feature (horizon, fault). When these zones overlap, both the connectivity and the geometry of the geological layers are automatically modified. The output model enforces specific practical quality criteria on the model topology and geometry that facilitates the generation of a mesh with lower bounds on minimum angles and minimum local entity sizes. Our strategy is demonstrated on an invalid geological cross-section from a real-case study in the Lorraine coal basin. We further explore the impacts of the model modifications on wave propagation simulation. We show that the differences on the seismograms due to model simplifications are relatively small if the magnitude of simplifications is adapted to the physical problem parameters.     

固体矿产地质勘查中刻槽样的代表性

固体矿产地质勘查基本分析样品必须有岩矿石物质组构的代表性,刻槽样是最常用的基本分析样品,其代表性主要决定于岩矿石物质组分的均匀程度、样槽的断面规格和样槽的布设位置.岩矿石的物质组分分布越均匀,样槽断面规格越大,样品体积越大,样品的代表性越好.样槽断面规格过小、布设不合理、样品重量误差超限,都会影响地质勘查工作质量和成果的可靠性乃至矿床的技术经济评价结论.本文从岩矿石的物质组分均匀性和勘查工作程度的要求等方面,就常见矿种勘查工作中刻槽样规格的选取进行了全面论述,这对矿产地质勘查项目工作方案的制定和实施有一定的指导意义.     

江西有色地勘局稀有金属矿产勘查的回顾

回顾江西有色地勘局稀有金属矿产勘查的历史背景,大型-特大型钽、铌、锂、铷、铯矿床的发现及勘查经过和所取得的成果.提出钠长石化花岗岩型稀有金属矿床是今后勘查的主要类型、指出矿化花岗岩体的标志.     

刚果(金)加丹加省遥感地质解译与矿产勘查战略选区

为研究刚果(金)加丹加省内成矿特征和矿床分布规律,以Landsat ETM+为主要信息源,分析了加丹加省遥感影像特征,对其地层、岩体、构造等进行了遥感地质解译,将研究区划分出西部桑多阿—卡尼亚玛构造稳定区、中部北东向构造带影像区、东北部普韦托—卡莱米影像区、东南部卢菲利前陆影像区和南部卢菲利弧形构造带影像区等5个构造影像单元。分析总结了每个构造影像区的主要构造类型、成矿特征、控矿要素及各构造影像区区域应力特征,建立了加丹加省区域构造格架,厘定了各影像区内控岩、控矿大断裂,基本查明了研究区成矿地质背景。在此基础上,结合相关地质矿产资料,筛选出莫坎博铜矿预测区、穆梅纳铅锌矿预测区、Mobambi铜钴矿床预测区、勘苏祁铜钴矿床预测区、Mudinga铜银矿床预测区、Kavabala铜矿预测区及昆圭铜矿预测区等7处有利成矿地段。     

地质大数据方法在区域找矿靶区定量优选中的应用

通过查明数字间的相关关系,研究、解决地质问题的大数据研究思想和方法,已被越来越多的地质工作者接受并应用。文中应用大数据思想、方法对甘肃省西秦岭地区1∶20万区域水系沉积物测量数据进行深度挖掘,构建起"基于化探信息的区域Au找矿靶区定量优选系列模型"。系列模型不但对研究区Au找矿靶区做出了精确的定量预测(经随机抽样查证,在1/3的预测靶区发现Au矿化),同时获得了与Au成矿地球化学理论结果高度一致的元素组合,并且对各元素在找矿靶区预测模型中的重要程度做出定量评价,为进一步研究矿床成因和控矿条件提供了定量依据。该研究结果充分说明海量数据信息中隐藏着极大的潜能,依据地质大数据的思想和定量研究方法就能将其充分地挖掘出来。同时这也充分证明了通过"查明数据间的相关关系取代分析事物因果关系"开展地质研究、找矿靶区定量优选的可行性和必要性。     

对现行固体矿产地质勘查规范中若干问题的思考

修订后的地质勘查规范已经实施。本文根据矿产资源储量评审工作实际情况,对在执行规范中经常遇到的问题进行了归纳和探讨,并针对这些问题提出了具体对策和相应的处理意见。     

The three faces of geological computer contouring

Three aspects of successful contouring with the computer are geologic interpretation, data, and the program or algorithm. All of these are important and must be considered jointly to combine good procedures with appropriate software, but interpretation is a critical requirement for mapping geologic variables. Several acceptable, though different, maps could be drawn with a given program and set of observations, so the map that best honors geologic concepts and interpretation is most desirable. Many computer-mapping projects are flawed because one of these three aspects is ignored.This paper points out how data handling and choice of an algorithm should be affected by geologic knowledge and interpretation, including: (a) data consisting of mixtures of populations should be handled with special methods, (b) the algorithm should allow calculation of values beyond the range of observed values, (c) mapping thickness of a unit that pinches out requires projection to negative values and special handling of zero-thickness data, and (d) mapping structure on two related horizons requires that the surfaces be dealt with jointly.     

地质勘探业档案信息服务管理体制的改革方向

随着改革开放的不断深化和社会主义市场经济体制的逐步完善，对地质勘探企业档案信息服务管理体制有了新的要求，地质科技档案作为无形资产和经济资源的一种形式，已开始通过市场得到优化配置，逐步实现自身的社会功能。 1 实现档案信息产品的规模经济 地质科技档案是一种重要的原始地质信息资源,对于新疆地勘业进行所有制改革,参与市场竞争,更好地开发资源提供了翔实、可靠的理论依据,市场经济体制的规律要求把档案信息推向市场,充分发挥其开发利用效率,逐步实现服务社会化.近年来,新疆一些地勘单位在这方面管理比较成功,经济效益明显且前…     

CO2气体测量方法在低山丘陵区隐伏矿勘查的试验研究

为了研究CO2气体测量方法在低山丘陵区隐伏矿勘查的应用效果,采用改进的CO2快速分析仪分别对湖南黄金洞金矿区金枚矿段和梨树坪矿段进行了CO2气体测量试验性研究和面积性测量研究.结果 表明,CO2气体测量方法在低山丘陵区能够发现深部隐伏矿和构造信息,并为梨树坪矿段圈定了3个找矿靶区,具有重要的实际意义,为我国覆盖区隐伏矿勘查突破积累了数据和经验.     

GA型旁压仪在海相淤泥地质勘察中的应用

介绍了旁压仪的基本原理和构成,并且指出了海相淤泥的性质。详细介绍了法国梅纳公司生产的GA型旁压仪在海相淤泥中原位测试的应用情况。对测试的成果进行了分析,结果表明：旁压模量、变形模量和压缩模量均随着孔深而增加,并逐步趋于稳定。临塑压力、极限压力和承载力在三种模量趋于稳定的时候有进一步增大的趋势。实践证明：本次试验的结果可以较好地应用于工程设计中,并且为类似的工程提供了参考依据。     

广西锰矿致矿地质异常分析及找矿有利地段圈定

广西锰矿床受地层层位、沉积-构造环境、表生成矿作用等因素控制,利用GIS技术对不同尺度致矿地质异常信息进行组合、层层叠加和筛选,圈定10处找矿有利地段、30多处潜在资源地段,实现了对潜在锰矿资源地段的逐步接近。     

Remote sensing for mineral exploration

Remote sensing is the science of acquiring, processing, and interpreting images and related data, acquired from aircraft and satellites, that record the interaction between matter and electromagnetic energy. Remote sensing images are used for mineral exploration in two applications: (1) map geology and the faults and fractures that localize ore deposits; (2) recognize hydrothermally altered rocks by their spectral signatures. Landsat thematic mapper (TM) satellite images are widely used to interpret both structure and hydrothermal alteration. Digitally processed TM ratio images can identify two assemblages of hydrothermal alteration minerals; iron minerals, and clays plus alunite. In northern Chile, TM ratio images defined the prospects that are now major copper deposits at Collahuasi and Ujina. Hyperspectral imaging systems can identify individual species of iron and clay minerals, which can provide details of hydrothermal zoning. Silicification, which is an important indicator of hydrothermal alteration, is not recognizable on TM and hyperspectral images. Quartz has no diagnostic spectral features in the visible and reflected IR wavelengths recorded by these systems. Variations in silica content are recognizable in multispectral thermal IR images, which is a promising topic for research.     

Mathematical models for mineral exploration

This papers shows a method whereby different factors and aspects of exploration can be transformed into mathematical models. Selected examples illustrate the procedures followed. Decisions on the basis of uncertain objectives have to be made long before the observations in the field can be started. In a pattern recognition phase, criteria are extracted and characterized on the basis of more or less representative, random samples collected in the surroundings of known mineral deposits. It is not certain the geological model of this training area can be transposed to the prospective areas. In a preparation and planning phase, it has to be proved whether or not a balanced and controlled risk can be expected from a fixed sampling design, the choice of criteria, and the accuracy of measurements performed. By applying mathematical techniques the quality of the decision making can be optimized. In special studies, the probability of design in the vicinity of the undiscovered deposit can be estimated from the observations and the quality of estimation can be controlled in an accurate way.     

Magnetic method applied to mineral exploration

Developments which have led to an enormous increase in the use of magnetic surveys for mineral exploration during the past 30 years are reviewed here. Advances in instrumentation and digital compilation of data have come about largely due to the extensive use of the airborne magnetometer as a geologic mapping tool. Currently there is a growing interest in the use of the aeromagnetic gradiometer for exploration surveys in the Precambrian Shield areas. The advantages of gradiometry as a complement to total field surveys is becoming well recognized. Miniaturized electronics has reduced the cost and size of many magnetic survey instruments and ancillary equipments. Advanced compensation techniques have made it possible to make optimum use of the increased sensitivity of magnetometers for various high-resolution applications.Quantitative interpretation of magnetic data in terms of models of causative bodies has advanced largely due to the development of computerized multiparameter inversion methods. Many of these permit interpreter interaction through computer-graphic display system to impose sensible geologic constraints. Several survey contractors have the software and hardware facilities to perform various data enhancement techniques and also interactive modelling. Susceptibility mapping and magnetization mapping techniques are of great potential utility in mineral exploration. There is still a great need for studies into the relationship between rock magnetism and magnetic anomalies.     

全国主要金属矿产找矿区带划分

在全国矿产资源潜力评价中圈定的铁、铝、铜、金、铅、锌、钨、锡、锑、银、钼、铬、镍、锰、硬岩锂15个矿种的28079处最小预测区成果的基础上,优选\归并具有大型及以上规模资源潜力的预测区584处。以此为基础和依据,结合勘查进展,划分全国主要金属矿产勘查部署区带。全国共划分Ⅱ级找矿区带13个、重点Ⅲ级找矿区带51个,可作为今后全国主要金属矿产找矿区域。     

成矿地质体找矿预测理论与方法在矿产勘查中的应用

成矿地质体找矿预测理论与方法的创建为中国勘查区找矿工作提供了理论指导和方法遵循, 已广泛应用于矿集区、老矿山深部与外围的找矿预测和矿产勘查中。在河南省银洞坡金银矿集区、甘肃省早子沟金矿、四川省拉拉铜矿集区等83个矿集区和168座矿山取得了良好的找矿效果。该理论方法的核心是构建成矿地质体-成矿构造和成矿结构面-成矿作用特征标志"三位一体"找矿预测地质模型。总结了应用成矿地质体找矿预测理论与方法开展找矿预测工作的流程和要点: 开展预研究提出找矿思路, 研究典型矿床确定主攻矿床类型; 研究成矿地质体确定找矿方向, 研究成矿构造与成矿结构面确定矿体赋存位置, 研究成矿作用特征标志提供矿体赋存依据, 构建找矿预测地质模型确定成矿作用中心; 综合地质、物探、化探方法, 预测深部矿体空间位置; 探矿工程验证实现找矿突破。本次研究为找矿预测工作提供了思路和示范, 为新一轮找矿突破战略行动提供了支撑服务。     

应用综合地质探测技术提高地质预测预报可靠性

阐述了应用综合地质探测技术,提高地质预测预报可靠性的方法.这一综合方法可为矿井安全生产提供地质保障.